THE PROSPECT FOR ACACIA MANGIUM WILLD AS A RAW MATERIAL OF PULP AND PAPER IN INDONESIA By Sipon Muladi1, Othar Kordsachia2 and R. Patt2 (Presented at Kyoto University 0) 1Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University 2Hamburg University
Introduction The pulp and paper industry is one of the high capital industries that have tended to grow quickly in recent times. To become one of the 10 biggest producers in the world, we need many strategies, such as, planting fast growing species over large areas, as in Plantation forests. Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina arborea, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta and other species were chosen to be planted in order to fulfill the raw material needs of pulp and paper factories. Good planning in choosing species and accurate information were needed to avoid a great risk in this program. Based on these reasons, research was conducted to determine the optimum condition for the Kraft-pulping process as well as the quality of pulp and paper, fiber anatomy, physical properties of wood and bleaching of plantation forest species, especially Acacia mangium.
Distribution of plantation forest in Indonesia (06) - Plantation area million Ha (concession area) - Planted area 2.8 million Ha: 1.8 million Ha (pulp wood, 80% acacia spp.) 1.0 million Ha (construction wood) 241,10 Ha 81,43 Ha,500 Ha 68,43 Ha 1,185,02 Ha 241,10 Ha 34,03 Ha 1,460,040 Ha 332,35 Ha 5,63 Ha 0,114 Ha 53,350 Ha 535,355 Ha 0,50 Ha 14,22 Ha 0,505 Ha 102,0 Ha 48,000 Ha 6,880 Ha Source: Indonesian Ministry of Forestry (0) 1,633,100 Ha
Materials and Methods Flowchart of analysis Wood chips pulping beating Active alkali : 12-18% Na2O or 16-24% NaOH Sulfidities : % Na2O or 40% NaOH Antraquinone : 0.0-0.1% per wood weight (oven dry) Pulping temp(max) : 10-15oC Pulping time (t-max): 1-2 hours Weight of chip : 0-800 gram (OD) Ratio of chip : liquor : 1 : 4 papermaking paper strength properties
Material and methods Table 1. The testing methods for pulp and paper Type of Test - Screened yield, wood reject and total yield Kappa number Beating degree Paper making Weight, thickness and density of paper Strength of paper Methods of Merkblatt No. 1/15/63 No. IV/3/80 No. V//51 No. V/8/6 No. V/11/5 No. V/12/5
Table 2. Chemical composition of A. mangium in various ages Wood Chemical Wood extractives : Cold water solvent (%) Hot water solvent (%) 1% NaOH solvent Ash (%) Lignin (%) Ages 6 8 1.28 2.26 10.12 0. 2.55 1.46 4. 12.80 0.33 2.53 1.64 3.0 15.5 0.62 2.40 1.15 1.0 15.60 0.45 2.06
Table 3. Fiber dimensions of A. mangium Age of Tree (Years) Fiber Diameter (µm) Lumen Diameter (µm) Thickness of Fiber Wall (µm) Fiber Length (µm) Fiber Proportion (%) Axial Parenchyma Proportion (%) Pore Proportion (%) 6 8 Average 21.6 21.63.6 21.38 21.36 14.82 18.84 13. 14.45 14.3 3.42 3.58 3.4 3.46 3.4 83.6 8.10 82.33 102.2 5.62 4.4.5 6.0 6.13 6.1 10.1 10.18. 10.85 10. 6.33 5.6 6.21 5.40 5.1 Age of Tree (Years) Fiber Length (µm) Ray Parenchyma Proportion (%) Coefficient Of Rigidity Muhlsteph Ratio (%) Flexibility Ratio Runkel Ratio Felting Power 6 8 Average 83.6. 8.10 82.33 102.2 5.62 8,56 6,53,3,5,60 0,160 0,16 0,12 0,165 0,16 53,53 55,4 56,2 54,60 54, 0,6 0,662 0,656 0,60 0,666 0,501 0,540 0,551 0,511 0,526 4,02 4,12 48,85 4,28 48,0
Table 4. Physical Properties of A. mangium Ages (Year) Physical Properties Average 6 8 DBH (cm) 14.58 1. 21.10 21.4 1.35 MC green wood (%) 111.50 4.80 105. 8.0 102.6 ρ green wood (g/cm3) 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.88 0.88 ρ OD (g/cm3) 0.45 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Table 5. Physical pulp and physical mechanical paper properties of A. mangium in various ages. No. Physical Properties of Pulp and Physical Mechanical of Paper Ages (Year) 6 8 Average 1. Screened yield (%) 53.62 51.66 51.23 52.16 52.16 2. Unscreened yield (%) 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.04 3. Total yield (%) 53.64 51.6 51.33 52. 52.21 4. Kappa number 14.58 16.10 1.3 16.00 16.51 5. Beating degree (osr) 6. Tensile strength (m) 6083 6263 34 25 648. Bursting strength (kpa) 34 3 368 432 382 8. Tearing strength (cn) 56. 5.5 3.8 55. 68.0 Pulping conditions: 16% Active alkali; % sulfidities; 15oC temperature; 1 hour pulping time and ; ratio of liqour : wood chip = 4 : 1
Table 6. The physical-mechanical properties of pulp and paper of A. mangium. Ages Gramatur (gr/cm2) Thickness of Paper (mm) Density (gr/cm3) Unbeaten osr Unbeaten osr Unbeaten osr 6 85.1 0.0 0.14.22 0.62 0.8 82.88 0.0 0.13 80.8 0.63 0.88 8 84.24 0.13 0.14 81.85 0.60 0.64 82.0 0.0 0.13 80. 0.61 0.8 Average 83.60 0.10 0.14 80.3 0.62 0.82 Ages Tearing Strength (mn) Bursting Strength (kpa) Tensile Strength (m) 6 241.1 568.81 88.5 348.5 1.26 6083 241.1 55.34 103.5 3.88 1548.43 6263 8 346.51 38. 11.50 268.5 1361.53 34 35.5 555.3 103.5 432.50 1323.06 25 Average 2.48 60.6 103.44 356. 132.5 64.5
Table. Kraft and ASAM pulping process of A. mangium in various ages No A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.. 8. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.. 8.. 10. 11. 12. 13. Descriptions Method of Process Number Chip (g oven dry) Moisture Factor Chemical: Active Alkali as NaOH (%) Sulfidities (%) Na2SO3 : NaOH (%) Methanol (%) volume) Antraquinone (% 0f wood) Ratio (Liquor : wood) Pre-hydrolysis (Min) Pulping Time (to T max, Min) Pulping Time (T max, Min) Pulping Temp. (T max, oc) Screened Yield (%) Wood Reject (%) Total Yield (%) PH (End of Pulping) Moisture Factor Kappa Number Brightness (%ISO) Viscosities (ml/g) Tensile Strength (Km), osr Bursting Strength 80 gr (kpa) Tearing Strength 100 gr (cn) Opacities 80g/m3 LSC (m2) 15 Years 15 Years 15 Years 15 Years 8 Years ASAM AM2 00 0.00 ASAM AM4 00 0.00 KRAFT AM1 00 0.00 KRAFT AM3 00 0.00 KRAFT AM5 00 0.8850 0 : 0.1 4:1 66 1 15 0 : 0.1 4:1 85 1 180 22 40 0.0 4:1 60 1 10 22 40 0.1 4:1 60 1 10 22 40 0.1 4:1 60 1 10 45.54 2.8 48.43 10.6 0.32.6 18.11 5.8 556 66.4.4 15.6 42.54 3.52 46.06 10.5 0.315 28.2 21.38 6.10 5 1...1 46.2 0.56 46.83 12.6 0.3121 28.2 22.2 852 8.6 456 4.5.8 22.1 43. 0.1 44.41 12.5 0.3114 2.5 18.82 28 8.42 433 5.. 1.8 53.42 0.01 53.43 12.5 0.3140 16.45 24.16 862 8.84 410 86.4.3.6
Table 8. Bleaching of pulp with alkali/oxygen Number AM5 01 02 03 04 NaOH 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 ph Initial ph Final ph Kappa Number 12.6 12. 13.0 13.1. 11.3 12.1 12.3 16.5..2.0 6. Remarks: Unbleached of pulp from AM5 Consistency: 15 % Temp: 100 oc, and Time: 0 min MgSO4 = 0.3% O2 = 0.6 Bar GZV (ml/gr) Brightness (% ISO) 862 2 06 663 24.2 45.1 50.4 52.1 52.8
Table. Washing treatment using sulfuric acid after oxygen bleaching (The effect of consistency) Number AM5 Oxygen A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Consistencies (%) 3 5 11 ph Initial ph Final ph 2.52 2.46 2.40 2.10 1.0 Remarks: Unbleached pulp from AM5 (0,50 N H2SO4 of Pulp OD) Temp. : 5 oc, and Time: 0 min 3.2 2. 3.1 2.2 2.0 Kappa Number GZV (ml/gr) Brightness (% ISO) 16.50 6.61 3.83 3.5 3.63 3.34 3.22 862 685 654 635 624 61 24. 55.5 55.2 55.84 55.4 54.5 53.6
Table 10. Washing treatment using sulfuric acid after oxygen bleaching on normal sulfuric acid and ph Code AM5 Oxygen A6 A A8 A A10 A11 H2SO4 (N) 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 0.8 PH Initial ph Final ph 4.3 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.1.3 6.4 4.1 3.2 3.0 3.2 Kappa GZV Number (ml/gr) 16.50 11.3 11.33 10. 10.55 10.23.5.1 862 1054 8 3 0 64 53 46 Brightness (% ISO) 24. 41.81 43. 43.08 41.54 44.62 44.82 44.26 Remark: Unbleached Pulp from AM5; Consistency = 10 %; Temp = 5 oc, and Time = 0 minutes
Table 11. The combination of pulp bleaching using 6 stages Acacia mangium (AM5) - Kraft Bleaching Kappa Number Viscosities (ml/g) Brightness %ISO Yield (%) Un 16.5 862 24.2 53.4 O 4.2 86 46.5 52. A 3.8 68 4. 52.4 D1 1.4 658 68.0 51. OP 0. 656 80.3 51.5 D2 0.6 645 8.5 51.3 P 0.5 51 8. 50.3
Table 11. Contd. Table 11. Cont d Acacia mangium (AM3) - Kraft Bleaching Kappa Number Viscosities (ml/g) Brightness %ISO Yield (%) Un 2.5 28 18.8 44.4 O 11.1 805 40.2 43.0 A 8.2 65 44.5 41.5 D1 5.1 8 5.8 41.0 OP 3.3 52 3.6 40.1 D2 2.1 4 84. 40.0 P 1.4 01 0. 3.
Table 11. Cont d Acacia mangium (AM2) - ASAM Bleaching Kappa Number Viscosities (ml/g) Brightness %ISO Yield (%) Un.6 5 18.1 48.4 O 11. 6 43.3 45. A.4 41 43.8 44. D1 5. 54.5 44. OP 2. 84 3.6 44.2 D2 1.1 804 86.8 44.1 P 0. 863 8.0 44.0
ASAM, 15 years Kraft, 15 years 80 5 Relationship between beating degree and strength of bleached and unbleached paper 0 65 80 60 0 55 60 50 55 45 50 50 40 40 60 Bleached 450 565 Bursting Strength (kpa) Unbleached 0 65 450 400 515 465 415 365 315 400 350 350 0 0 0 265 215 165 0 0 150 0 11 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 10 Tensile Strength (KM) Tearing Strength (cn) Figure 1. 0 Kraft, 8 years 8 3 B e a ti n g D e g r e e (o S R ) B e a ti n g D e g r e e (o S R ) B e a ti n g D e g r e e (o S R )
Conclusions The best quality of Pulp and Paper from 6 - years old Acacia mangium obtained more than 50% total yield, below Kappa Number, and above Quality Standard for mechanical properties of Paper The elementary chlorine free bleaching process using six stages combination had 0% ISO brightness. Based on IAWA Standard, the quality of fiber was classified into II - III class.
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