Energy and Water: Emerging Issues and Challenges Mike Hightower Water for Energy Project Lead Sandia National Laboratories 2011 Summer Seminar August 1, 2011
Energy and Water are Interdependent Water for Energy Energy and power production require water: Thermoelectric cooling Hydropower Energy minerals extraction/mining Fuel production (fossil fuels, H 2, biofuels) Emission control and Energy for Water Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use require energy: Pumping Conveyance and transport Treatment Use conditioning Surface and ground water 3
Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability Little increase in surface water storage capacity since 1980 Concerns over climate impacts on surface water supplies (Based on USGS WSP-2250 1984 and Alley 2007) Many major ground water aquifers seeing reductions in water quality and yield (Shannon 2007) 4
OR WA SD WI ID MT WY ND SD MI Most State Water Managers WY IA NE Expect MN PA Shortages NJ CTRI OR MI VT NV ID NH OH UT IL IN MD SD WI IA DE Over the Next Decade Under Average MI NY PA NE Conditions MA NJ CA CO WV NV WY Survey KS Responses MO VA OH CTRI UT KY IL IN MDDE IA PA NE NJ CA CO WV Extent NV of State Shortages Likely over the NC Next Decade TN OH UT KS OK ILMO IN MDDE VA AZ KY CA NM CO AR WV SC under Average Water Conditions AK AK AK KS MO VA NC MS AL KY GA TN OK WAAZ NC NM TX AR TN SC OK LA AZ NM MT ND AR SC ME MS AL FL GA MN OR MS AL MI GA VT ID NH TX TX SD LAWI MI NY LA MA WY CTRI IA FL FL PALegend NE NJ NV OH UT IL IN shortagemdde CA CO WV Statewide KS MO VA KY Regional Legend Local NC TN shortage OK None AZ NM AR SC Statewide shortage No response or uncertain MS AL GA Regional Statewide Local Regional TX LA None Local AK No FL response or uncertain MI WI MI NY MA CTRIME NY VT NH None MA Legend No response or uncertain Source: GAO 2003 5 Legend shortage Statewide Regional Local
Water Provider Assessment of Global and Regional Water Stress 6
The Transportation Fuel Supply Challenge Source: NPC 2007 Report The Hard Truths One Year Later 140 120 Global Liquids Supply Millions B/D 100 80 60 40 20 Existing Production Capacity 2015 30 45 MBOE/D 2030 70-100 MBOE/D Unconventional, biofuels, and substitution Conventional Non-OPEC Conventional OPEC 0 2007 2015 2030 7
Alternative Transportation Fuels Water and Land Challenges Land Needed for Biofuel to Replace 50% of Current Petroleum/Diesel using oil from: Corn Soybean Algae 8
Water Demand/Impact of Transportation Fuels 9
Shale Gas Shale Gale or Pale Shale Development Depends on Water Availability Water is used in drilling, completion, and fracturing 2-5 million gallons of water is needed per well Water recovery can be 20% to 70% Recovered water quality varies from 10,000 ppm TDS to 100,000 ppm TDS Recovered water disposal or treatment can be problematic in some areas Well pads can be up to 5 km apart Extensive North American Reserves 10
Kwh/m^3 Growing Use of Non-Traditional Water Resources Power Requirements For Treating 10 9 Today The Future 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Conventional Treatment Brackish NF Brackish RO Sea Water RO (Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003) (Einfeld 2007) Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments Non-traditional water use is energy intensive 11
Research Program for Electric Power Sector Improve dry and hybrid cooling system performance Improve ecological performance of intake structures for hydro and once-through cooling Improve materials and cooling approaches compatible with use of degraded water Electric grid infrastructure upgrades to improve low water use renewable technology integration Hybrid Wet-Dry Cooling System 12
Upcoming Electric Power Energy Water Initiatives ASME Energy Water Track at IMECE Technical affiliates include EPRI and EEI November 2011 in Denver 60 papers on power plant fresh water use efficiency improvements, lessons learned, and technical guide ASME Power Plant Water Issues Survey http://surveys.asme.org/waterusage.survey 13