CHAPTER - IV GROWTH OF AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN PUNJAB STATE AND IN PATIALA DISTRICT The horticultural crops e.g. fruits and vegetables play an important role in human nutrition by preventing diseases and contributing to ones vigour and vitality. In India, the production of fruits and vegetables has showed a remarkable increase because of adoption of hybrid/high yielding varieties, proper use of fertilizers and intensive use of plant protection chemicals. Main fruits and vegetables growing states in India are J & K, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and H.P., etc. So far as Punjab is concerned, it is not a very big producer of fruits and vegetables on account of its diverse climatic conditions. However, the area under fruits and vegetables has increased in the state in the recent years. Among the different districts of Punjab, Patiala is the sixth largest producer of fruits and vegetables. The total area in the district under fruits and vegetables has increased from 14717 hectares in the year 1997-98 to 16172 hectares during the year 2007-08 and production has increased from 194306 M.T to 271092 M.T in the same period. Due to increasing awareness about the nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables among masses, the demand of these crops is rising day by day. The study of growth trends of commercial crops has significant impact on crop production planning. The study of growth trends of area, 83
production and yield may be useful to farmers, administrators and policy makers to take appropriate action in time. In this chapter, an effort has been made to compile area, production and yield statistics of fruit and vegetable crops combined and separately for Punjab state, and for Patiala district for the period 1981-82 to 2007-08. Using these data, compound growth rates have been computed by using exponential function for each of area, production and yield data both at the state level and at the district level. Table 4.1 Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production (metric tonnes) Yield (kg per hectare) 1981-82 69315 148790 2146.58 1982-83 78727 164000 2083.15 1983-84 84225 184060 2185.33 1984-85 114416 386599 3378.89 1985-86 129838 441590 3401.08 1986-87 131725 497834 3779.34 1987-88 135125 535717 3964.60 1988-89 141092 548163 3985.15 1989-90 146947 608639 4141.89 1990-91 151835 642669 4232.68 1991-92 156715 679137 4333.58 1992-93 161818 707930 4374.85 1993-94 180355 733993 4069.71 1994-95 184266 754016 4091.99 1995-96 189422 778462 4109.67 1996-97 198030 806983 4075.05 1997-98 205780 834956 4057.51 1998-99 213570 860660 4029.87 1999-00 165441 442220 2672.97 2000-01 174609 503032 2880.90 2001-02 182605 556093 3045.33 2002-03 188845 603435 3195.39 2003-04 197322 654051 3314.63 2004-05 205728 706319 3433.26 2005-06 215945 771402 3572.22 2006-07 225543 855940 3795.02 2007-08 234958 1083345 4610.80 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues. 84
It is clear from the table 4.1 that area and production of both fruits and vegetables in Punjab increased continuously up to the year 1992-93. This increase in area and production of fruits and vegetables was mainly due to the establishment of Pepsi Unit at Zahura (Hoshiarpur) in the year 1989, which brought quantum jump in area under fruits in Punjab. As far as yield is concerned, it showed a marginal decrease in the year 1982-83. After the year 1982-83, it continued to increase up to the year 1992-93. After the year 1992-93, the yield revealed no definite pattern up to the year 1998-99 whereas both area and production continued to increase. This increase may also be due to the planned diversification of Indian agriculture encouraged by the government during the Eighth Five- Year Plan (1992-97). But, during the year 1999-00, there was sudden decline in area, production and yield of both fruits and vegetables. This decline was due to problem of water logging in south-western districts of Punjab. The reason may also be that the state had to achieve Ninth Five- Year Plan (1997-2002) target of food production. But, after the year 1999-00, again an increasing trend in case of area, production and yield of fruits and vegetables was observed. Contract farming introduced in the state after the year 1999-00, helped a lot to increase area as well as production of fruits and vegetables. But no significant increase was observed over time. 85
Table 4.2 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B 0.015 0.019 0.004 B value 1.036 1.045 1.009 C.G.R (per cent) 3.60 4.54 0.91 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.1. Functional form: Log Yj =Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under fruits and vegetables during t th year Y2= Production of fruits and vegetables during t th year Y3= Yield of fruits and vegetables during t th year t = time u = error term Table 4.2 indicates that for the period 1981-82 to 2007-08, both the area and yield registered an increase of 3.60 per cent per annum and 0.91 per cent per annum respectively. As a result, the production showed an increase at the rate of 4.54 per cent per annum. Area played a significant role for this increase in the combined production of both fruits and vegetables, as 79.3 per cent of increase in the production was attributable to increase in area and residual to enhancement in the yield. The growth rate of production is sum total of growth rates of area and yield. 86
Table 4.3 Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production Yield (kg per hectare) (metric tonnes) 1981-82 8009 76389 9537.89 1982-83 6625 87467 13202.57 1983-84 6654 79137 11893.15 1984-85 7391 109404 14802.33 1985-86 9681 138989 14356.88 1986-87 9128 97254 10654.47 1987-88 10665 153159 14360.9 1988-89 11063 157102 14200.67 1989-90 10763 163263 15168.91 1990-91 12261 219860 17931.65 1991-92 12636 204590 16191.04 1992-93 10571 158030 14949.39 1993-94 11930 167541 14043.67 1994-95 12192 182922 15003.55 1995-96 12573 191132 15201.78 1996-97 13855 206464 14901.77 1997-98 14717 194306 13202.83 1998-99 15912 240196 15095.27 1999-00 14999 260287 17353.62 2000-01 15443 274563 17779.12 2001-02 16238 294203 18118.18 2002-03 19124 321129 16791.93 2003-04 19394 347745 17930.54 2004-05 20023 342118 17086.25 2005-06 20593 326581 15858.84 2006-07 15781 262502 16634.05 2007-08 16172 271092 16763.05 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues. The district level analysis revealed that area under fruits and vegetables decreased sharply from the year 1981-82 to 1982-83. After this, it continued to increase up to the year 1985-86. But, after the year 1985-86, it revealed no definite pattern up to the year 1994-95. From 1995-96 up to the year 2005-06, area continued to increase with one exceptional year, i.e., 1999-00 when it declined. In the case of production, it increased from 76389 m.tonnes in the year 1981-82 to 138989 m.tonnes during the year 1985-86. Both area as well as yield 87
were found to be responsible for this type of trend. But, during the year 1986-87, both production and yield declined. After this, the production increased from 153159 m.tonnes in the year 1987-88 to 347745 m. tonnes in the year 2003-04 whereas yield did not follow any systematic pattern during this period. After the year 2003-04, the declining trend was observed in the production except for the year 2007-08. Both area and yield were found to be responsible for this decline. The production technologies of fruits and vegetables as well as uncertainties of the market were found to be responsible for this type of trend. During the years 2004-05 and 2005-06, yield revealed a negative role whereas area played a positive role. But, for the year 2006-07, area played a negative role whereas yield played a positive role. During the year 2007-08, all the three variables revealed a marginal increase. Table 4.4 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B 0.017 0.023 0.006 B value 1.039 1.054 1.014 C.G.R (per cent) 3.91 5.31 1.40 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.3 Functional form: Log Yj =Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under fruits and vegetables during t th year Y2= Production of fruits and vegetables during t th year Y3= Yield of fruits and vegetables during t th year t = time u = error term 88
It has been observed from the table 4.4 that for the period 1981-82 to 2007-08, all the three variables, i.e., area, production and yield revealed a positive increase. The production of both fruits and vegetables increased at an annual compound growth rate of 5.31 per cent. Both area and yield played a positive role for this increase in the production. However, more than two-third of this production gains were attributable to expansion in area and residual to yield enhancement. Table 4.5 Area, Production and Yield of Fruits in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production Yield (kg per hectare) (metric tonnes) 1981-82 28847 140733 4878.6 1982-83 32189 155000 4815.3 1983-84 35663 174700 4898.63 1984-85 40979 373819 9122.2 1985-86 46987 431206 9177.13 1986-87 53225 485044 9113.08 1987-88 56925 521897 9168.15 1988-89 61092 533653 8735.23 1989-90 64947 593949 9145.13 1990-91 68835 628279 9127.32 1991-92 72665 664607 9146.17 1992-93 76519 693377 9061.5 1993-94 79105 717680 9072.49 1994-95 81766 736803 9011.12 1995-96 84422 760721 9010.93 1996-97 87683 789996 9009.68 1997-98 90290 819553 9076.89 1998-99 93220 841429 9026.27 1999-00 30091 419371 13936.75 2000-01 34209 479659 14022.3 2001-02 37508 531719 14176.14 2002-03 40489 578455 14286.72 2003-04 43721 628170 14367.69 2004-05 47087 679546 14432.02 2005-06 51638 746331 14453.14 2006-07 57309 830577 14492.95 2007-08 61618 1055408 17128.24 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues. 89
It is clear from the data given in table 4.5 that both area as well as production of fruits in the state increased continuously up to the year 1998-99. As far as yield is concerned, it varied between 4878.6 kg per hectare to 4898.63 kg per hectare during the period 1981-82 to 1983-84. But, it increased sharply to 9122.2 kg per hectare in the year 1984-85. After this, it remained almost stagnant up to the year 1998-99. But, during the year 1999-00, both area and production declined suddenly whereas yield continued to increase up to the year 2007-08. The major reason for decline in area as well as production was the problem of water logging in south-western districts. It may be stated here that the irrigation in south-western districts of the state is by canals. There was seepage of water from canals, which resulted in severe water logging problems in these districts. It adversely affected the soil and fruit crops. Since 2000-01, again there was an increasing trend in area as well as production of fruits in Punjab, but increase in area could not reach the previous level attained during the year 1998-99. The reason for this slow growth was the falling returns from the fruit orchards, which is due to inadequate market infrastructure for fresh fruits in Punjab state. Lack of technological advancement, was another important reason, which led to low profit earned by fruit growers. 90
Table 4.6 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Fruits in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B 0.003 0.019 0.016 B value 1.007 1.046 1.038 C.G.R (per cent) 0.70 4.55 3.83 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.5 Functional form: Log Yj = Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under fruits during t th year Y2= Production of fruits during t th year Y3= Yield of fruits during t th year t = time u = error term From the table 4.6, it has been observed that for the period 1981-82 to 2007-08, the area under fruits registered an increase at the rate of 0.70 per cent per annum and yield increased at the rate of 3.83 per cent per annum. As a result, production of fruits revealed a growth of 4.55 per cent per annum. Approximately, 84 per cent of this increase in production was attributed to enhancement achieved in the yield and 15 per cent was attributed to expansion in area. 91
Table 4.7 Area, Production and Yield of Fruits in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production (metric tonnes) Yield (kg per hectare) 1981-82 1671 8653 5179 1982-83 1879 9952 5297 1983-84 2138 11446 5353.72 1984-85 2541 26386 10384.31 1985-86 2973 37739 12693.91 1986-87 3429 36915 10765.67 1987-88 3694 39703 10748.34 1988-89 4005 39259 9802.52 1989-90 4245 40101 9446.64 1990-91 4561 42984 9428.38 1991-92 4812 45379 9430.38 1992-93 4177 38952 9325.35 1993-94 4393 40812 9290.23 1994-95 4510 41743 9247.45 1995-96 4647 42804 9211.1 1996-97 4805 44000 9157.12 1997-98 4930 44970 9121.7 1998-99 5070 46032 9079.29 1999-00 1653 21551 13037.5 2000-01 2356 31016 13164.68 2001-02 2502 33216 13275.77 2002-03 2580 34563 13396.51 2003-04 2698 36352 13473.68 2004-05 2784 37656 13525.86 2005-06 2850 38649 13561.05 2006-07 2065 29179 14130.27 2007-08 2141 33782 15778.6 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues. The district level analysis of data revealed that the yield showed an increasing trend up to the year 1985-86 but then it declined continuously up to the year 1998-99. Total production of fruits in Patiala district increased continuously up to the year 1998-99 except for two or three years when it showed a declining trend. The main contributory factor was area, which showed an increasing trend. During the year 1999-00, there was a significant decline in both area as well as production of fruits. The major reason for decline was that fruit 92
orchards trees became old and had been cut without replacement. Since the year 1999-00, again there was an increase in the area as well as production of fruits in Patiala district up to the year 2005-06. During the year 2006-07, there was sharp decline in area. As a result, production declined but yield continued to increase. Again, in the year 2007-08, all the three variables increased but this increase could not match the previous level attained during the year 1998-99. This is mainly due to the reason that marketing system in the district lacks infrastructure (such as absence of cold storage facilities, absence of sound packaging material, etc.) for the post harvest handling of fresh produce. Small growers cannot afford to send their produce to distant markets for better returns. Table 4.8 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Fruits in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B -0.001 0.011 0.012 B value 0.997 1.026 1.029 C.G.R(per cent) -0.28 2.56 2.85 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.7 Functional form: Log Yj =Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under fruits during t th year Y2= Production of fruits during t th year Y3= Yield of fruits during t th year t = time u = error term 93
It is clear from the table 4.8 that for the period 1981-82 to 2007-08, the production of fruits increased at the rate of 2.56 per cent per annum. But, during the same period the area under fruits diminished at the rate of 0.28 per cent per annum. Therefore, the enhancement in the yield was solely responsible for production growth, which increased at the rate of 2.85 per cent per annum. Table 4.9 Area, Production and Yield of Vegetables in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production (metric tonnes) Yield (kg per hectare) 1981-82 40468 8057 19910.6 1982-83 46538.2 9000 19339.03 1983-84 48561.6 9360 19274.72 1984-85 73437 12780 17402.67 1985-86 82851 10330 12468.16 1986-87 78500 12790 16292.99 1987-88 78200 13820 17672.63 1988-89 80000 14510 18137.5 1989-90 82000 14690 17914.97 1990-91 83000 14390 17337.35 1991-92 84050 14530 17287.66 1992-93 85299 14553 17061.27 1993-94 101250 16313 16112.28 1994-95 102500 17213 16793.94 1995-96 105000 17741 16896.2 1996-97 110347 16987 15394.72 1997-98 115490 15403 13337.41 1998-99 120350 19231 15979.26 1999-00 135350 22849 16882.02 2000-01 140400 23373 16647.67 2001-02 145097 24374 16798.82 2002-03 148356 24980 16838.21 2003-04 153601 25881 16849.57 2004-05 158641 26773 16876.96 2005-06 163307 24671 15107.63 2006-07 168234 25363 15076.18 2007-08 173340 27937 16116.88 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues 94
As it is evident from the above table that both area and production of vegetables in Punjab state increased up to the year 1984-85 but yield declined during this period. This decline in yield was more significant in the year 1985-86. As a result, production also declined but area continued to increase. The reason for decline in production was that the wheat/paddy rotation had its adverse effect on the health of the soil. Due to over exploitation of groundwater, production of vegetables had fallen. For the next two years, i.e., 1986-87 and 1987-88, both area and yield showed reverse roles, i.e., area decreased and yield increased. After the year 1987-88, area showed a continuous increasing trend up to year 2007-08. Production also revealed an increasing trend with one or two exceptional years. So far as yield is concerned, it revealed no definite pattern due to lack of technological advancement. Table 4.10 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Vegetables in Punjab State, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B 0.021 0.019-0.022 B value 1.050 1.044 0.951 C.G.R(per cent) 4.96 4.46-0.50 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.9 Functional form: Log Yj =Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under vegetables during t th year Y2= Production of vegetables during t th year Y3= Yield of vegetables during t th year t = time u = error term 95
The table 4.10 stated that production of vegetables in Punjab state increased at the rate of 4.46 per cent per annum during the period 1981-82 to 2007-08. The main contributory factor for this increase in production was found to be area, which increased at the rate of 4.96 per cent per annum. The yield registered a fall at the rate of 0.50 per cent per annum. Table 4.11 Area, Production and Yield of Vegetables in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Year Area (hectares) Production (metric tonnes) Yield (kg per hectare) 1981-82 6338 67736 10687.28 1982-83 4746 77515 16332.7 1983-84 4516 67691 14989.15 1984-85 4850 83018 17117.11 1985-86 6708 101250 15093.91 1986-87 5699 60339 10587.65 1987-88 6971 113456 16275.43 1988-89 7058 117843 16696.37 1989-90 6518 119162 18281.98 1990-91 7700 176876 22970.9 1991-92 7824 159211 20349.05 1992-93 6394 119078 18623.36 1993-94 7537 126729 16814.24 1994-95 7682 141179 18377.89 1995-96 7926 148328 18714.11 1996-97 9050 162464 17951.82 1997-98 9787 149336 15258.61 1998-99 10842 194164 17908.5 1999-00 13346 238736 17888.21 2000-01 13087 243547 18609.84 2001-02 13736 260987 19000.22 2002-03 16544 286566 17321.44 2003-04 16696 311393 18650.75 2004-05 17239 304462 17661.23 2005-06 17743 287932 16227.92 2006-07 13716 233323 17011 2007-08 14031 237310 16913.26 Source: Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, Chandigarh: Advisor to Economic and Statistical Organization, Punjab, Various Issues. 96
As it is evident from the data shown in table 4.11 that all the three variables, i.e., area, production and yield did not show any definite trend up to the year 1992-93. But, after the year 1993-94, both area and production continued to increase up to the year 2005-06 with one or two exceptional years when area and production declined. Again, during the year 2006-07, there was decline in production, which was due to decrease in area under vegetables in the district. The various factors like irregular rainfall, outbreak of pests and diseases were responsible for this decline. Further during the year 2007-08, both area and production showed a marginal increase. So far as yield is concerned, it revealed no definite pattern throughout the period 1981-82 to 2007-08. Table 4.12 Compound Growth Rates (C.G.R.) of Area, Production and Yield of Vegetables in Patiala District, 1981-82 to 2007-08 Area Production Yield Log B 0.022 0.025 0.004 B value 1.052 1.060 1.008 C.G.R(per cent) 5.26 6.07 0.81 Source: Computed from the data in table 4.11 Functional form: Log Yj =Log A+ (Log B) t + u Where, Yj denotes, Y1= Area under vegetables during t th year Y2= Production of vegetables during t th year Y3= Yield of vegetables during t th year t = time u = error term It is clear from the table 4.12 that production of vegetables registered a growth of 6.07 per cent per annum, which was mainly due to 97
increase in area, which revealed a growth of 5.26 per cent per annum. Yield also revealed a positive growth at the rate of 0.81 per cent per annum. Here, both area and yield played a positive role in the production growth performance. However, more than 85 per cent of this increase in production was attributable to expansion in area under vegetables and residual to enhancement in yield. Summing-up To sum up, the production growth performance of both fruits and vegetables taken together in Punjab state as well as in Patiala district was mainly due to changes in area rather than in yield. Further, it may be noted that land is a natural resource and fixed in its supply. Therefore, expansion of area cannot be ascertained, as land is a limiting factor of production. Hence, it is very much necessary to raise the productivity level to meet the growing demand of fruit and vegetable crops. In the case of vegetables separately, both at the state level as well as at the district level, again the production growth performance was mainly attributable to expansion in area rather than enhancement in yield. The technological advancement in the case of vegetables is not comparable to cereals particularly wheat and rice. On the other hand, in the case of fruits separately, both at the state level as well as at the district level, area showed reverse role. Here, yield was found to be mainly responsible for the production growth performance. In other 98
words, in the case of fruits, yield revealed a positive role due to some technological advancement in explaining the production behaviour in the state as well as in the district. Whereas in the case of vegetables, yield revealed reverse roles in explaining the production behaviour both at the state level and at the district level. At the national level and at the state level, the maximum stress is on the breeding of hi-tech and environmental resistant varieties of cereals, pulses, and cotton, etc. with very little emphasis on breeding of vegetable and fruit crops. Due to perishable nature and lack of long time storage, there is a need of developing transgenic varieties with staggered production. Along with it, proper marketing infrastructure and adequate price policy is equally important. On the basis of these findings, it may be inferred that there is a need to increase yield of both vegetables as well as fruits crops as cultivation of these crops has good potential and can be economically viable alternative to the existing crop cultivation in Punjab state as well as in Patiala district. ******************************************************** 99