Seed Trade opportunities in Dryland Crops production in Africa ICRISAT

ICRISAT research Mandate Crop Mandate Ecological mandate (Semi-Arid Tropics) Crops Groundnut Pigeonpea Chickpea Sorghum Millets (Pearl and Finger)

Sorghum

Low High Harvested area Rainfed Sorghum

Sorghum Production in ESA Area under sorghum (ha x 10 3 ) and production (tons x 10 3 ) in ESA Country Area Production Yield t/ha Eritrea 225 234 1.04 Ethiopia 1923 3951 2.05 Kenya 224 167 0.75 South Sudan - - - Sudan 6000 4470 0.75 Tanzania 780 825 1.06 Uganda 401 438 1.09 Zimbabwe 166 103 0.62 Botswana 90 12 0.13 Zambia 37 26 0.70 Malawi 56 39 0.70 Mozambique 380 297 0.78 South Africa 110 293 2.66 Rwanda 155 146 0.94 Source: ICRISAT ESA reports

Sorghum Production Diversity in ESA Countries Source: ICRISAT-ESA reports

Constraints in Sorghum Value Chain Genetic resources Collection Conservation Characterization Utilization Biotic stresses Leaf diseases Leaf/foliar insect pests Striga Underdeveloped Seed System Lack of varieties With preferred Attributes Limited use of productivity enhancements Unreliability of grain supply Poor market access Abiotic stresses Drought Poor post Harvest handling Reduce grain quality

Develop sorghum varieties/ hybrids with High yield multiple/specific end use Food-white and brown grain types depending on region Feed Fodder Malting/Brewing-white grains Adaptation to Breeding objectives Abiotic stresses- drought tolerant Biotic stresses- resistance to: diseases blight and anthracnose Insect pests-shootfly, Stem Borer, Midge fly

Finger Millet Evaluation

Finger millet

Low High Harvested area Rainfed Millet

Finger Millet: Trends in Area and Grain production in four ESA countries Country Area under production (000 ha) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ethiopia 374.1 399.3 408.1 369.1 397 Uganda 437 448 460 470 474 Tanzania 270.2 214.0 398.5 345.9 350 Production ( 000 MT) Ethiopia 484.5 538.0 560.3 505.5 598.2 Uganda 732 783 841 850 870 Tanzania 218.9 149.8 310.8 349.3 234.5

Major constraints to Finger Millet production Blast disease Striga weed Drought Low soil fertility. Labor intensity Poor post harvest handling Lodging especially among varieties with big head

Preferred market qualities High grain yield Brown seeded for stiff and soft porridge Early maturity to take advantage of higher prices Bigger grain size Good brewing quality, usually manifested by dark color Easy threshability to avoid the glume (bitter) remaining

Finger Millet: On-going research Selection for high grain yield Selection for early maturity Resistance to Blast disease, Striga, drought, and lodging Increasing grain nutrient content Integrated Striga and Blast disease management Appropriate labor saving planters, Weeders and threshers

Pearl Millet: Current Research A core collection of pearl millet acquired from ICRISAT India has been characterized Collections from different African countries have been characterized Ethiopia (1), Kenya (11), Malawi (36), Namibia (86), Sudan (71), Tanzania (56), Uganda (10) and Zimbabwe (124). Selections from these characterizations have been constituted to regional trials and promising accessions advanced for possible release in the member countries

Pearl Millet: Current Research Current work is in the development of hybrids for high yield and high nutrient content Evaluation of biofortified Pearl Millet hybrids - 30% higher Fe content Three hybrids identified for multi locational testing for possible release

SEED SYSTEMS key to increased productivity GRAIN MANAG EMENT SEED

Table of Released varieties Ethiopia sorghum 76T1#23 1976 223 27795 76T4#416 1976 M36121 (meko) 2000 186 18570 Teshale (3443-2-op 2002 139 13898 IS 9302 1986 IS 9323 1986 Melkam 2009 139 13898 ICSV 1112Inc 2005 Hormat (ICSV 1112BF) 2005 Gambella 1107 1976 72 8900 IESH 1 (Hybrid) IESH 2 (Hybrid) Finger millet Tadese (KNE 1098) 1998 21 5270 Padet (KNE 409) 1998 Boneya (KNE 411) 2002 Pearl millet ICMV 221 (Kola) 2007

Released Varieties

Sorghum Hybrids

New Initiatives for increasing Uptake Hybrid Parents Consortium with Seed Companies Breeder and Basic Seed maintenance and production ICRISAT and NARS Enhancing the grain market pull for investment by smallholder farmers Alternative uses

Acknowledgement Governments, Scientists and Extension Services in various countries Smallholder Farmers in various countries Seed Certification Agencies Seed Companies Development Partners: BMGF and EU(IFAD)

THANK YOU Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything George Bernard Shaw