Thailand Policy and Strategy for Waste Management Taweechai Jiaranaikhajorn Environmentalist, Professional Level Municipal Solid Waste Management Section, Thailand
Contents 1 2 3 4 Status Quo: Waste Management Policy Frameworks Examples of Successful WTE Project Keys to Success
Status Quo: Waste Management (2009) 41,410 T/d BMA 8,834 T/d 2,007 Municipalities 16,368 T/d 5,770 SAOs * 16,208 T/d *SAOs = Sub-District Administrative Organizations (Oboto)
Status Quo (2) Generated 100% Recyclable Potential 80% Collected 84% 15.11 Million Tons 12.01 million Tons 12.69 Million Tons Sanitary Disposed 37% Improper Disposed 63% Actual Recycled 22% From recovery activities: Garbage Banks, Municipal Collectors, junk shops 96 Operated Sites * 92 Landfills * 1 Incinerators * 3 Integrated SW 22 Under construction Open Dump Sites Open Burning 3.3 Million Tons
Numbers of MSW Disposal Facilities Sanitary Landfill Working 96 sites Never Run 8 sites Stop Operating 5 sites Under Construction 22 sites Incineration Phuket 250 tons/day Samui Island* 150 tons/day Lamphun** 10 tons/day *System stop due to maintenance **Currently dysfunction Integrated Systems Wieng Fang (Chiang Mai) 150 tons/day Rayong Municipality 80 tons/day Mae Sai (Chiang Rai) 60 tons/day Source: Surveys of Waste and hazardous Substances Management Bureau,, July 1, 2009
Policy Frameworks Applying 3Rs for achieving waste reduction & utilization; Promoting the integrated waste management system to reduce the landfill areas and generate the renewable energy; Encouraging the cooperation of adjacent Local Governments for establishment of waste management facility; Endorsing public and private sectors to participate in waste management project.
National Waste Management Targets Waste Reductions: - Applying 3Rs - Promoting Green Procurement Waste Utilization Rate not less than 30% Integrated Waste Management System Waste Disposal in Engineered Practices not less than 40% Household Hazardous Waste Management System HHW properly managed at least 30%
Waste Management: Policy Waste Reduction: Applying 3Rs promoting Green Procurement
WTE Strategic Approaches Waste Reductions: Applying 3Rs, Promoting Green Procurement Recycled Waste 3Rs Digestion Compost WASTE Non-Combustible RDF Heat/Electricity Landfill Incineration Wastewater Treatment Plant Integrated Waste Management System Specifically for Generating Renewable Energy
Waste as Renewable Energy Source Equivalent to 3.5 million tons of lignite Waste 15.11 Mton or 400 MW power generated
Appropriate Technologies L M1 Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Incineration + Landfill Sorting + Anaerobic Digestion + Gasification/Pyrolysis/ Stoker Incineration + Landfill M2 M3 S Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Pyrolysis/ Gasification + Landfill Sorting + Bio-conversion Process + Landfill
Optimum Sizing Systems Sizing (T/d) 1. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) > 50 2. Landfill Gas to Energy > 100 3. Stoker Incinerator 75 500 4. Fluidized Bed Incinerator > 100 5. Gasification > 15 6. Pyrolysis N/A 7. Anaerobic Digestion >100 (per unit)
Cost Comparison Systems Capital (Million B/T) O&M (Baht/T) 1. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) 0.74-1.75 248-629 2. Landfill Gas to Energy 0.94-1.25 257-932 3. Stoker Incinerator 6.5-1.5 800-2,000 4. Fluidized Bed Incinerator N/A N/A 5. Gasification 2-4.9 638-1,004 6. Pyrolysis 7 N/A 7. Anaerobic Digestion 1.25-1.8 128-704
Power Generation Potentials Systems Power Generation Potentials 1. Landfill Gas to Energy more than 1.38 tons/ton of waste (based on 20-year landfill lifespan) 2. Incinerator more than 150-200 tons/ton of waste 3. Gasification more than 170-190 tons/ton of waste 4. RDF 1 ton of waste produced 0.17 0.23 ton of RDF; 1 ton of RDF generated power more than 300 kwh 5. Anaerobic Digestion more than 80-120 tons/ton of waste
MSW Management: Practical Concept M = Municipality M SAO M SAO Transfer Station SAO SAO Waste Disposal Center SAO M Transfer Station M SAO SAO SAO SAO SAO = Subdistrict Administrative Organization
WTE Objectives To handle waste generated by applying properly WTE technologies and retrieving renewable energy; To initiate public participation in WTE project; To perform WTE model for high potential Local Governments; To develop and demonstrate appropriate technologies on WTE through R&D projects and pilot plants.
WTE Goals Local Governments have sufficient capacity for implementing WTE project to attain the targets indicated in 15-year Renewable Energy Development Plan; At least 1 facility would be developed as WTE pilot model; Regulatory consistency for private sector investment and supporting mechanisms would be encouraged; R&D on practical and cost effective technologies to generate renewable energy in the country would be supported.
Renewable Energy Sources Sources Present Generating Capacity (MW) Target (MW) Potential (MW) Biomass 1,507 2,800 3,300 Wind 0.958 115 1,600 Hydro Power 50 156 700 Biogas 29.2 60 190 Solar 32 45 > 50,000 Waste 5.0 100 147 Source: DEDE (March 2008)
Scheme of Waste Management Integrated Waste Management System Source reduction and separation Waste Diversion Composting Energy recovery Material recovery Final Disposal (Sanitary Landfill) Waste Disposal Center (Cluster) Municipal solid waste disposal facility for nearby Local Governments.
Examples of Integrated Waste Management System 100 % Commingled Waste Sorting System Composting 50-60 % Recycled materials 20-30 % Leftover 10-20 % Final Disposal < 5 % Conversion to RDF Power and Energy Utilization
Examples of Successful WTE Projects in Thailand
MSW Disposal Facility Fang Municipality, Chiang Mai 150 T/d Sorting Recycled materials Composting Compost ฝ งกลบ Waste baling Landfill
Organic Waste Compost and Energy Production Plant, Rayong 70-80 T/d Sorting Organic waste Power generated of 625 kw Gas Collection Tank Gas Digestor
Phuket Incineration Plant 350-370 T/d Weighed Station Sorting Platform Ash 50 t/d Buring 250 T/d Cramping Power generated of 2.5 MW
Keys to Success Maximized Recycle; Good Management; Efficient Technology; Proper Regulation; Private Endorsement
Involvement with Relevant Disciplines Socio-Economic - Employment/Occupation - Sustainable Development Natural Resources - Conservation - Management to obtain Maximum Benefits Waste Management Environments - Local/Regional Impacts - Global Impact Trade and Environments - Package&Packaging Waste Management - WEEE Management - Transboundary Movements of Waste Energy - Promotion & Conservation of Energy - Waste to Renewable Energy
Tel. 66 2298 2000 Fax. 66 2298 2425 Email: msw@pcd.go.th http://www.pcd.go.th