Frederic L. Kolb Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois f-kolb@illinois.edu (217) 333-9485
I. Introduction II. Selection of Wheat Varieties III. Management Practices for Wheat
Rotation is beneficial to the entire cropping system. Spreads out the workload and weather risks. Reduces input costs. Reduces soil erosion. Aids in weed control. May increase soil organic matter. Breaks disease cycles. Wheat serves as a cover crop over the winter.
Corn yield, bu/acre 250 200 150 100 50 0 Monmouth Rotation x Tillage, 1998-2015 170 * 152 Tilled No-till 200 * 195 212 204 209 205 * * C B A A Cont corn Soy-corn S-wheat-C W-S-C Rotation Courtesy of Emerson Nafziger
Return over variable costs, $/acre Monmouth, 1998-2015 $450 $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Tilled No-till $/bu Corn $3.75 Soy $8.75 Wheat $4.75 Cont. Corn Cont. Soy Corn-Soy C-S-W C-W-S Cropping system Courtesy of Emerson Nafziger
Corn yield, bu/acre 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Perry 1998-2014 Tilled No-till 182 184 190 189 * 186 174 164 158 B A A A Cont corn Soy-corn Soy-wheat-corn Wheat-soy-corn Rotation Courtesy of Emerson Nafziger
Corn yield, bu/acre 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Brownstown rotation, 2004-2014 146 139 137 137 143 130 Cont C Soy-Corn CCS-C1 CCS-C2 WsSC SWsC Rotation Courtesy of Emerson Nafziger
Return over variable costs, $/acre $250 Returns, Brownstown rotation, 2004-14 $200 $171 $181 $192 $167 $172 $150 $100 $50 $0 Cont C C-S C-C-S C-S-W/dcS C-W/dcS-S Crop Sequence Courtesy of Emerson Nafziger
1. Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance - also called scab 2. Test weight 3. Early Maturity 4. Yield 5. Winter hardiness 6. Resistance to other diseases 7. Lodging resistance / height
Illinois Variety Trial website Southern Region performance http://vt.cropsci.illinois.edu/wheat.html Also see handout and website with FHB resistance data http://vt.cropsci.illinois.edu/wheat.html Scabsmart website http://scabsmart.org/ (go to Variety Resistance)
Table 1. Southern Illinois regional wheat variety trial results, 2015 Regional Average Mulkeytown Belleville Company Variety ST 1 Yield Yield Rank Test wt. Height Yield Test wt. Yield Test wt. bu/ac 1 to 84 lb/bu in. bu/ac lb/bu bu/ac lb/bu Virginia Crop Impr. Assoc. VA11W-106 G 100.1 1 54.9 35 106.3 57.6 93.8 52.3 Beck's Hybrids EX 5315 S 97.2 2 57.1 36 104.0 58.8 90.5 55.4 Merschman Agnes G 97.2 3 56.5 36 109.4 58.1 84.9 54.8 BioTown Seeds Diener 496 F 96.9 4 56.9 35 98.9 59.2 94.9 54.7 Dyna-Gro 9522 G 96.9 5 54.9 35 107.9 59.1 85.8 50.6 Dyna-Gro 9223 G 95.9 6 56.4 36 116.2 58.6 75.7 54.3 AgriMAXX 413 C 95.7 7 56.5 36 110.7 58.7 80.7 54.4 Trial Mean 91.0 55.9 35 99.2 58.1 82.8 53.7 LSD, 10% 9.5 1.8 2 10.8 1.6 9.1 2.7 CV, % 10.9 3.3 6 8.1 2.0 8.1 3.7 1 ST- Seed Treatment: C= Cruiser+Fungicide, F= Fungicide, G= Gaucho+Fungicide and S= Escalate+Fungicide. The Brownstown location was removed from the regional average due to significant areas of water standing. Data from Emerson Nafziger and Darin Joos, Illinois Variety Testing
Table 1. Southern Illinois regional wheat variety trial results, 2015 Regional Average Mulkeytown Belleville Company Variety ST 1 Yield Yield Rank Test wt. Height Yield Test wt. Yield Test wt. bu/ac 1 to 84 lb/bu in. bu/ac lb/bu bu/ac lb/bu Virginia Crop Impr. Assoc. VA11W-106 G 100.1 1 54.9 35 106.3 57.6 93.8 52.3 Beck's Hybrids EX 5315 S 97.2 2 57.1 36 104.0 58.8 90.5 55.4 Merschman Agnes G 97.2 3 56.5 36 109.4 58.1 84.9 54.8 BioTown Seeds Diener 496 F 96.9 4 56.9 35 98.9 59.2 94.9 54.7 Dyna-Gro 9522 G 96.9 5 54.9 35 107.9 59.1 85.8 50.6 Dyna-Gro 9223 G 95.9 6 56.4 36 116.2 58.6 75.7 54.3 AgriMAXX 413 C 95.7 7 56.5 36 110.7 58.7 80.7 54.4 Trial Mean 91.0 55.9 35 99.2 58.1 82.8 53.7 LSD, 10% 9.5 1.8 2 10.8 1.6 9.1 2.7 CV, % 10.9 3.3 6 8.1 2.0 8.1 3.7 1 ST- Seed Treatment: C= Cruiser+Fungicide, F= Fungicide, G= Gaucho+Fungicide and S= Escalate+Fungicide. The Brownstown location was removed from the regional average due to significant areas of water standing. Data from Emerson Nafziger and Darin Joos, Illinois Variety Testing
Table 1. Southern Illinois regional wheat variety trial results, 2015 Regional Average Mulkeytown Belleville Company Variety ST 1 Yield Yield Rank Test wt. Height Yield Test wt. Yield Test wt. bu/ac 1 to 84 lb/bu in. bu/ac lb/bu bu/ac lb/bu Virginia Crop Impr. Assoc. VA11W-106 G 100.1 1 54.9 35 106.3 57.6 93.8 52.3 Beck's Hybrids EX 5315 S 97.2 2 57.1 36 104.0 58.8 90.5 55.4 Merschman Agnes G 97.2 3 56.5 36 109.4 58.1 84.9 54.8 BioTown Seeds Diener 496 F 96.9 4 56.9 35 98.9 59.2 94.9 54.7 Dyna-Gro 9522 G 96.9 5 54.9 35 107.9 59.1 85.8 50.6 Dyna-Gro 9223 G 95.9 6 56.4 36 116.2 58.6 75.7 54.3 AgriMAXX 413 C 95.7 7 56.5 36 110.7 58.7 80.7 54.4 Trial Mean 91.0 55.9 35 99.2 58.1 82.8 53.7 LSD, 10% 9.5 1.8 2 10.8 1.6 9.1 2.7 CV, % 10.9 3.3 6 8.1 2.0 8.1 3.7 1 ST- Seed Treatment: C= Cruiser+Fungicide, F= Fungicide, G= Gaucho+Fungicide and S= Escalate+Fungicide. The Brownstown location was removed from the regional average due to significant areas of water standing. Data from Emerson Nafziger and Darin Joos, Illinois Variety Testing
FHB Resistance Rating* DON rating** Company Entry Name 2015 2014 2013 2011 Ave. 2015 2014 2013 2011 Ave. Hoffman Seed House L-Brand 400 -- 3 -- -- 2.6 -- 2 -- -- 2.2 Merschman Julie 8 -- 3 -- -- 2.7 -- 2 -- -- 1.8 Merschman Bintee 10 3 -- -- -- 3.0 3 -- -- -- 2.5 Hoffman Seed House L-Brand 168 3 3 -- -- 3.0 2 2 -- -- 1.9 Merschman Peyton 3 -- -- -- 3.1 2 -- -- -- 1.8 Pro Harvest X2001 3 -- -- -- 3.2 1 -- -- -- 1.4 Baird Seed Farms L-Brand 228 4 3 -- -- 3.3 2 2 -- -- 2.4 Merschman Genie 12 -- 3 -- -- 3.5 -- 2 -- -- 2.1 Pro Harvest X8001 4 -- -- -- 3.5 3 -- -- -- 2.7 Hoffman Seed House LCS L163 -- -- 4 -- 3.5 -- -- 2 -- 2.0 Virginia Crop Impr. Assoc. VA11W-108 7 -- -- -- 6.6 8 -- -- -- 8.0 Virginia Crop Impr. Assoc. Merl -- -- -- 7 6.7 -- -- -- 10 10.0 Pro Harvest PH 295 7 -- -- -- 6.8 7 -- -- -- 7.1 Pro Harvest XP4113 -- 7 -- -- 6.8 -- 5 -- -- 4.7 Syngenta W1566 -- -- -- 7 7.0 -- -- -- 8 8.2 Limagrain Cereal Seeds L- 377 8 -- -- -- 7.6 7 -- -- -- 6.9 Susceptable Check Pioneer 25R40 6 5 5 6 5.6 6 7 7 10 7.6 Mod. Resistant Check Ernie -- 4 5 5 4.8 -- 5 4 6 4.7 Resistant Check IL02-18228 3 2 4 2 2.9 3 2 3 2 2.2
Select several early varieties with somewhat different maturities. Plant treated seed (if not organic). Plant winter wheat at the Hessian fly-free date. Drill in 7 rows if possible. Plant wheat 1 1.5 deep deeper crown establishment increases the chances of winter survival. Plant 1.3 1.5 million seeds / acre = ~ 30-35 seeds per square foot) (~21 seeds /ft in 7 rows). Apply 30-40 lbs N / A and some P preplant (18-46-0) For late planting or planting in a lot of residue increase the seeding rate by 10 20 %. Preferable to plant following soybeans rather than corn. Planting into stubble may increase winter survival.
Sept. 29 Oct. 2 Oct. 2-6 Oct. 4-10 Oct. 9-11 Oct. 11-12
Apply 40-60 lbs N / A In our environment split N application has generally not increased yield. Typically farmers apply N at, or before, spring green up. Convenient to apply when the ground is frozen A better practice is to apply N later when the crop is using more N, but this is harder to do.
Decreased yield Reduced test weight Fungus produces toxins including deoxynivalenol (DON) DON is detrimental to humans and livestock FDA guideline 1 ppm DON in products 5-10 ppm DON in feed wheat depending upon species
Plant resistant or moderately resistant varieties. Reduce the risk by planting several varieties that have somewhat different maturities. Use scab forecasting tool to assess the risk of scab. Apply either Prosaro or Caramba at the beginning of flowering. Do NOT apply strobilurins (ex. Headline ) for control of scab. Increase air on combine if scab occurs to blow out shriveled kernels.
Available at: http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/ Sign up for Scab Alerts: See postcard or go to http://www.scabusa.org/fhb_alerts.php
Use only Prosaro or Caramba. Ground application preferable to aerial. Nozzles angled 45 degrees forward provide better coverage. Application should be at the beginning of flowering. Picture source: http://ipcm.wisc.edu/blog/2013/03/using-fungicides-onwheat/wheatflowering3june09_lancaster/
Using a scab resistant variety AND a fungicide is better than either practice individually. For organic producers strong host resistance to scab is crucial.
ppm 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 No Fungicide Caramba Prosaro 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Resistant Susceptible
Varieties vary in resistance to stripe rust and leaf rust. Application of Prosaro or Caramba at flowering will also control leaf rust and stripe rust. Other fungicides may be applied at boot stage.
Harvest wheat at 15-18 % moisture and dry Reasons: Waiting for wheat to dry down in the field results in lower test weight and reduced quality and increases the chance of rain before harvest. Get soybeans planted sooner. Be careful that you do not use too much heat.
$/bu Yield TW TW discount /bu DON DON discount/bu Discount or premium /bu Gross Return Variety Y 4.65 100 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $372 Differ Variety TW 4.65 80 59 0.00 2 0.00 0 $372 $0 Variety Y 4.65 100 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $372 Variety TW 4.65 90 59 0.00 2 0.00 0 $419 $47 Variety Y 4.65 100 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $372 Variety TW 4.65 80 59 0.05 1 0.05 0.1 $380 $8 Variety Y 4.65 100 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $372 Variety TW 4.65 90 59 0.05 1 0.05 0.1 $428 $56
$/bu Yield TW TW discount /bu DON DON discount/bu Discount or premium /bu Gross Return Variety Y 4.65 60 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $223 Differ Variety TW 4.65 50 59 0.00 2 0.00 0 $233 $9 Variety Y 4.65 60 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $223 Variety TW 4.65 55 59 0.00 2 0.00 0 $256 $33 Variety Y 4.65 60 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $223 Variety TW 4.65 50 59 0.05 1 0.05 0.1 $238 $14 Variety Y 4.65 60 55-0.18 5-0.75-0.93 $223 Variety TW 4.65 55 59 0.05 1 0.05 0.1 $265 $42
2015 Scab Evaluation of Variety Test Entries at Urbana. Scab Resistance Company Name Rating (0-9) Hoffman Seed House L-Brand 168 2.8 Merschman Bintee 10 3.0 Merschman Peyton 3.1 Baird Seed Farms L-228 3.5 GROWMARK FS 604 3.6 Pro Harvest PH 303 3.7 Miller Bros Farm and Fert. L-171 3.7 Hoffman Seed House L-Brand 182 3.9 Kitchen Seed Company KSC 413W 4.0 Dyna-Gro Dyna-Gro 9441 4.0 Susceptible Check Pioneer 25R40 6.5 Resistant check IL02-18228 3.4
Online at: http://extension.cropsciences.illinois.edu/handbook/ Chapter 4: Small Grains and Grain Sorghum Emerson Nafziger
Please complete the wheat variety survey. Thank you!