FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Design and Construction with the 2009 International Building Code Robert W. Day Principal Engineer American Geotechnical San Diego, California Second Edition Mc Graw Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 1.1. Definitions / 7,7 1.2. Project Requirements / 1.3 1.3. Preliminary Information and Planning the Work / 1.4 1.4. Engineering Geologist / 7.5 1.5. Outline of Chapters / 1.7 Part 1 Geotechnical Engineering Chapter 2. Subsurface Exploration 2.3 2.1. Introduction / 23 2.2. Document Review / 23 2.3. Purpose of Subsurface Exploration / 2.7 2.4. Borings / 2.9 2.5. Test Pits and Trenches / 2.49 2.6. Preparation of Logs / 2.57 2.7. Geophysical Techniques / 2.55 2.8. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / 2.67 2.9. Subsoil Profile / 2.65 Notation / 2.66 Problems / 2.69 Chapter 3. LaboratoryTesting 3.1 3.1. Introduction / 3.1 3.2. Index Tests / 3.2 3.3. OedometerTest / 3.16 3.4. Shear Strength of Cohesionless Soil / 3.19 3.5. Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil / 3.29 3.6. Laboratory Compaction Tests / 3.65 3.7. Permeability Tests / 3.77 Notation / 3.81 Problems / 3.84 Chapter 4. Soil Mechanics 4.1 4.1. Introduction / 4.1 4.2. Soil Classification / 4.1 4.3. Phase Relationships / 4.17 v
Vi CONTENTS 4.4. Effective Stress / 4.21 4.5. Stress Distribution / 4.24 4.6. Total Stress and Effective Stress Analyses / 4.41 4.7. Permeability and Seepage / 4.57 Notation / 4.72 Problems / 4.74 Part 2 Foundation Design Chapter 5. Shallow and Deep Foundations 5.3 5.1. Introduction / 5.3 5.2. Selection of Foundation Type / 5.3 5.3. Shallow Foundations / 5.4 5.4. Deep Foundations / 5.6 Problems / 5.17 Chapter 6. Bearing Capacity of Foundations 6.1 6.1. Introduction / 6.1 6.2. Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations / 6.5 6.3. Bearing Capacity for Deep Foundations / 6.16 6.4. Lateral Load Capacity of Deep Foundations / 6.31 6.5. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / 6.41 Notation / 6.49 Problems / 651 Chapter 7. Settlement of Foundations 7.1 7.1. Introduction / 7.1 7.2. Collapsible Soil / 7.2 7.3. Settlement of Cohesionless Soil / 7.9 7.4. Other Common Causes of Settlement / 7.27 7.5. Foundations on Rock / 7.34 7.6. Allowable Settlement / 7.40 Notation / 7.46 Problems / 7.47 Chapter 8. Consolidation 8.1 8.1. Introduction / 8.1 8.2. Laboratory Consolidation Test / 8.3 8.3. Immediate Settlement / 8.11 8.4. Primary Consolidation / 8.16 8.5. Rate of Primary Consolidation / 8.24 8.6. Secondary Compression / 8.33 8.7. Consolidation of Soil beneath Shallow Foundations / 8.34 8.8. Consolidation of Soil beneath Deep Foundations / 8.38 8.9. Settlement of Unsaturated Cohesive Soil / 8.41 Notation / 8.45 Problems / 8.47
Chapter 9. Foundations on Expansive Soil 9.1 9.1. Introduction / 9.1 9.2. Expansion Potential / 9.2 9.3. Basic Expansive Soil Principles / 9.17 9.4. Methods Used to Predict Foundation Movement / 9.30 9.5. Foundation Design for Expansive Soil / 9.41 9.6. Flatwork / 9.47 9.7. Expansive Rock / 9.49 Notations / 9.50 Problems / 952 Chapter 10. Slope Stability 10.1 10.1. Introduction / 10.1 10.2. Rockfall / 10.5 10.3. Surficial Slope Stability / 10.10 10.4. Gross Slope Stability / 10.18 10.5. Landslides / 10.32 10.6. Debris Flow / 10.47 10.7. Slope Softening and Creep / 70.50 Notations / 10.56 Problems / 70.57 Chapter 11. Retaining Walls 11.1 11.1. Introduction / 77.7 11.2. Simple Retaining Wall without Wall Friction / 77 J 11.3. Simple Retaining Wall with Wall Friction / 77.7 11.4. Design and Construction of Retaining Walls / 11.13 11.5. Restrained Retaining Walls / 77.77 11.6. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls / 77.20 11.7. Sheet Pile Walls / 77.25 11.8. Temporary Retaining Walls / 77.37 11.9. Moisture Migration through Basement Walls / 11.37 Notation / 11.41 Problems / 11.43 Chapter 12. Foundation Deterioration and Cracking 12.1 12.1. Introduction / 72./ 12.2. Timber Decay / 72.7 12.3. Sulfate Attack of Concrete / 12.3 12.4. Frost / 72.7 12.5. Historic Structures / 72.S 12.6. Shrinkage Cracking / 72.73 12.7. Moisture Migration through Slab-on-Grade Foundations / 72.18 Chapter 13. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Soils 13.1 13.1. Introduction / 73,7 13.2. Basic Earthquake Principles / 73.2 13.3. Peak Ground Acceleration / 73.73
viii CONTENTS 13.4. Liquefaction / 13.19 13.5. Slope Stability / 13.31 Notation / 13.45 Problems / 13.46 Chapter 14. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering for Foundations and Retaining Walls 14.1 14.1. Introduction / 14.1 14.2. Earthquake Structural Damage / 14.2 14.3. Foundation Settlement / 14.9 14.4. Retaining Walls / 14.20 14.5. Foundation Alternatives to Mitigate Earthquake Effects / 14.31 Notation / 1434 Problems / 14.35 Part 3 Foundation Construction Chapter 15. Grading and Other Soil Improvement Methods 15.3 15.1. Grading / 15.3 15.2. Compaction / 15.14 15.3. Soil Improvement Methods / 75.22 Notation / 15.27 Problems / 15.27 Chapter 16. Foundation Excavation, Underpinning, and Field Load Tests 16.1 16.1. Introduction / 16.1 16.2. Foundation Excavation and Construction / 76.2 16.3. Field Load Tests / 76.25 16.4. Foundation Underpinning / 16.32 16.5. Observational Method / 16.40 Chapter 17. Geosynthetics and Instrumentation 17.1 17.1. Introduction / 77.7 17.2. Geosynthetics / 17.1 17.3. Instrumentation / 77.7 Part 4 2009 International Building Code Chapter 18. International Building Code Regulations for Soils 18.3 18.1. Introduction / 18.3 18.2. Soils Investigation / 75.5 18.3. Excavation, Grading, and Fill / 7S.7 18.4. Presumptive Load-Bearing Values of Soils / 75.70 18.5. Expansive Soil / 75.72
CONTENTS ix Chapter 19. International Building Code Regulations for Foundations 19.1 19.1. Introduction / 19.1 19.2. General Regulations for Footings and Foundations / 19.1 19.3. Foundations Adjacent Slopes / 19.2 19.4. Retaining Walls / 19.4 19.5. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / 19.6 Appendix A. Glossary A.1 A.l. Subsurface Exploration Terminology / A.4 A.2. Laboratory Testing Terminology / A.10 A.3. Terminology for Engineering Analysis and Computations / A.16 A.4. Compaction, Grading, and ConstructionTerminolgy / A.21 A.5. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Terminolgy / A.28 Bibliography / A.34 Appendix B. Example of a Foundation Engineering Report B.1 B.l. Introduction / B.l B.2. Site Observations / B.l B.3. Geology / B.4 B.4. Site Investigation / B.6 B.5. Conclusions / B.6 B.6. Foundation Recommendations / B.6 B.7. Other Considerations / 8.8 B.8. Closure / B.8 Appendix C. Solutions to Problems C.I Appendix D. Conversion Factors D.1 Appendix E. Bibliography E.I Index 1.1