EVALUATION OF NEW FLUORINE-BASED NON-FUMIGANT NEMATICIDES IN FLORIDA J.A. Desaeger, University of Florida Gulf Coast Research and Education Center (GCREC), Wimauma, FL August 13-16, 217
3 field trials October 16-March 17 Tomato (1), strawberry (2) Fluensulfone (Nimitz), fluopyram (Velum) and fluazaindolizine (Salibro), applied via drip tape (1 or 2), either by themselves or combined with other nematicides (fumigants and Vydate) Efficacy against root-knot (tomato), sting and lesion nematodes (strawberry) Effects on plant vigor and yield Impact on non-plant parasitic nematode groups 2 tapes
New fluorine (3-F) vs old nematicides Chemical name Trade name Structure Soil movement / solubility (water) Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat. Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d? Danger Oxamyl Vydate Good- 24, ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d? Caution Fluopyram Velum Poor 1 ppm Long > 2 d SDHII Warning Fluazaindolizine Salibro (219) Medium+ 2 ppm Medium 3 d? TBD New products are less toxic and more selective true nematicides New modes of action or unknown; Different soil behavior efficacy and application
Tomato Trial GCREC, Oct. 16-Jan. 17 6/4/218 Beach sand root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica
Gall index (-1) 6/4/218 Root gall ratings on tomato (-1) 6 Low-medium RKN pressure; all nematicides reduced gall ratings end of the season 5 a 4 4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks 3 2 1 cde cde bc b b bcd e bc de 7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 lb 1 lb + Vydate 2 Qt + 1 2 Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 6 gal Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
J2's/2 cc soil 6/4/218 Root-knot nematode soil counts end of season Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (-1 J2 / 2 cc soil) 25 2 Other PPN: stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes a 15 1 ab ab ab 5 ab b ab b b b 3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 lb 1 lb + Vydate 2 Qt + 1 2 Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 6 gal Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC
NDVI (-1) 7 Plant vigor(ndvi) during the season New nematicides had similar crop vigor, in between check and K-pam Greenseeker.75.7 K-pam Check.65.6.55.5.45.4.35 K-pam Check Nimitz + Vydate Velum + Vydate Salibro + Vydate Vydate + Vydate K-pam Check 4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks
LBS PER PLOT 6/4/218 Tomato Fruit Yield 3 picks 9 8 7 6 1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick Sclerotium rolfsii 5 a 4 ab 3 2 b b b b b b b b 1 3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 lb 1 lb + Vydate 2 Qt + 1 2 Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 6 gal Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
9 Strawberry 2 farms - 3-F nematicides with and w/out fumigants FSGA farm, fumigant = K-pam (metam) GCREC farm, fumigant = C-35 (1,3-D + chloropicrin) 3-F nematicides: Nimitz, Velum and Salibro Metam None- Metam - None FSGA farm, Dover, FL: nematicide application (pre-plant, left), post-plant (right)
Nematodes per 2 cc soil Belonolaimus longicaudatus Sting nematodes in soil no significant effect of nematicides or K-pam (FSGA farm) 25 Mid season Late season 2 15 1 5 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x.5 lb x 2 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
Nematodes per 2 cc soil Pratylenchus penetrans Lesion nematodes in soil no significant effect of nematicides or K-pam (FSGA farm) 3 Mid season Late season 25 2 15 1 5 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
nematodes per 1 g roots # nematodes per 5 g root 12 Lesion nematode inside roots Salad spinner extraction Lesion nematodes collected from strawberry roots over 24 days 2 18 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lesion nematodes collected from strawberry roots - peak after 12 days 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Salibro Nimitz UTC Velum
# nematodes/5 g root Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Q8 1lb Q8 1 lb +.5 UTC # nematodes/5 g root Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Q8 1lb Q8 1 lb +.5 UTC 13 Lesion nematodes inside strawberry roots Numerical differences mostly, slight significant difference late season non-fumigated Mid season Late season 45 12 4 35 1 3 8 25 2 6 15 4 1 5 2 kpam none kpam none (P=.4)
Sting (+ lesion) nematode damage + black root rot FSGA farm
25-Oct 1-Nov 8-Nov 15-Nov 22-Nov 29-Nov 6-Dec 13-Dec 2-Dec 27-Dec 3-Jan 1-Jan 17-Jan 24-Jan 31-Jan 7-Feb 31-Oct 7-Nov 14-Nov 21-Nov 28-Nov 5-Dec 12-Dec 19-Dec 26-Dec 2-Jan 9-Jan 16-Jan 23-Jan 3-Jan 6-Feb 13-Feb NDVI (-1) NDVI (-1) 6/4/218 Plant vigor (NDVI) similar early fumigants better later New nematicides had similar crop vigor, no negative effect on strawberry FSGA farm high nematodes GCREC farm no nematodes.8.7 Fumigant (K-pam) No fumigant.8.7 Fumigant (C-35) No fumigant.6.6.5.5.4.4.3.3.2.2.1.1
Fruit weight (kg) per plot Fruit weight (kg) per plot 16 Charcoal rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, FSGA farm Strawberry Fruit Yields 216-17 no effect of nematicides or fumigant FSGA, Dover, FL (1 picks) 8 7 GCREC, Wimauma, FL (11picks) 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 1 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb 3 2 1 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb +.5 lb 3.5 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTCNimitz Velum Salibro UTC NimitzVelum Salibro UTCNimitzVelum Salibro UTC K-pam None C-35 None
Nematode feeding groups in tomato - Early season, 1-2 days post-treatment 6/4/218 (7-21 (a) bacterial feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e) omnivore. Bacterivores Fungivores (P<.1) Omnivores (P<.1) Herbivores K-pam Fungivores, omnivores and herbivores knocked out no effect of new nematicides Check Vydate Salibro Velum Nimitz Full Nimitz Half 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Number per 15 cc soil
18 Nematode feeding groups in tomato Late season, 12 days post-treatment Bacterivores (P=.1) Fungivores (ns) Omnivores (ns) Herbivores (P<.1) K-pam Check Vydate Velum+Vydate Vydate+Velum Herbivores dominate, minor differences among other feeding groups Salibro Nimitz Full Nimitz Half 5 1 15 2 25 3 Number per 15 cc soil
early season mid season late season 19 Nematode feeding groups in strawberry with or w/o K-pam (early, mid and late season, FSGA, FL) No effect of new nematicides No fumigant B F H K-pam B F H No fumigant B F H K-pam B F H No fumigant B F1 Bacterivores (P=.3 mid season) Fungivores (P<.1 early and mid, P=.5 late season) Omnivores (P<.1 early, P=.8 mid season) K-pam B F2 Herbivores 2 4 6 8 1 Number per 15 cc soil
early season mid season late season 2 Non-parasitic nematodes in strawberry with or w/o C-35 (early, mid and late season, GCREC, FL) No effect of new nematicides No fumigant C-35 No fumigant C-35 No fumigant C-35 Bacterivores (P=.8 early and mid season) Fungivores (P<.1 ealy and mid, P=.4 late season) Omnivores (P<.1 mid season) Herbivores 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Number per 15 cc soil
New 3-F Nematicides 6/4/218 Less toxic and safer to use no more danger label More selective true nematicides less impact on nonparasitic nematode feeding groups New modes of action or unknown Different soil behavior efficacy and application Not replacements for soil fumigants
22 216 Gulf Coast REC Nematology Lab Andrea Ruthes Jake Helmer Mike Burrell Johan Desaeger Paul Dahlin Homan Regmi Chenzhao Bonnie Xie David Moreira
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6/4/218 15-2 slides 1. 3 field trials, 1 tomato, 2 strawberry 2. New nematicides name and properties 3. Efficacy with and w/out fumigants 1. Root-knot in tomato - gall ratings and soil counts gall ratings on 2 nd crop 2. Sting and lesion in strawberry soil and root counts 3. Fumigants in tomato and strawberry production in FL 4. Impact on non-plant parasitic soil nematode groups 1. New nematicides 2. Fumigation 5. Effect on tomato and strawberry growth and yield 1. NDVI tomato and strawberry 2. Yield tomato and strawberry 3. NDVI and yield correlation? 6..
Tomato trial October 16-January 17 Treatment Rate/A Application time Nimitz 7 pt 7 d pre-plant Nimitz 3.5 pt 7 d pre-plant Salibro 1 lb ai At plant Nimitz + Vydate 3.5 pt + 1 qt 7 days pre-plant + 2 DAP Salibro + Vydate 1 lb ai + 1 qt At plant + 2 DAP Velum + Vydate 6.5 z + 1 qt At plant + 3 d post-plant Vydate + Velum 2 qt + 6.5 oz At plant + 2 DAP Vydate + Vydate 2 qt + 1 qt At plant + 2 DAP K-pam 62.5 gal 15 days pre-plant UTC 2 tapes Crop: Tomato cv. HM1823 planted on September 29, 216 using a transplanter (24 spacing, 25 plants per plot), with fertilizer (2-2-2) and Venom applied in the transplant water; 5 ft long rows, 6 reps
NDVI (-1) 6/4/218 Vigor ratings vs measurements ( Johan vs Trimble ).7 Vigor rating (3 weeks) vs NDVI.65.6.55.5 NDVI 8 weeks: y =.6x +.87 R² =.89.45.4.35 NDVI 4 weeks: y =.6x -.89 R² =.68.3 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 1 Vigor rating (1-1)
# per 2 cc soil 6/4/218 Other plant-parasitic nematodes end of season (GCREC, Jan 17) stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes 12 1 Stubby root (P=.4) Lance 8 6 4 2 3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt + Vydate 1 lb 1 lb + Vydate 2 Qt + 1 2 Qt + Velum 6.5 oz + Vydate 6 gal Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC Less stubby root nematodes when post-plant Vydate application
Strawberry trials Farm Pre-plant Treatment Rate/A Application time FSGA None Nimitz 7 pt 7 d pre-plant Salibro 1 lb At plant Salibro 1 lb +.5 At plant + 3 days Velum Prime 6.5 oz At plant UTC K-pam Nimitz 48 EC 3.5 pt At plant Salibro.5 2 d post-plant Salibro.5 +.5 2 and 4 d post-plant Salibro.5 +.5 +.5 At plant + 2 + 4 DAP Velum Prime 6.5 oz 3-4 d post-plant UTC GCREC None Nimitz 7 pt Velum 6.5 oz Salibro 1 lb ai At plant 1 lb +.5 At plant + 3 days UTC C-35 Nimitz 3.5 pt Velum 6.5 oz Salibro.5 3 DAP.5 +.5 3 and 45 d post-plant UTC
# nematodes/2 cc soil 29 Mid season - Sting and lesion nematodes in soil no differences 25 2 sting lesion 15 1 5 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
# nematodes/2 cc soil 3 End of season - sting and lesion nematodes in soil no differences 3 25 sting lesion 2 15 1 5 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
# nematodes/5 g root 31 12 # lesion nematodes end of season (5 g roots) 1 8 6 4 2 Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Q8 1lb Q8 1 lb +.5 kpam none UTC
Nematodes per 5 g roots Lesion nematodes in roots no effect of nematicides or K-pam 12 mid season late season 1 8 6 4 2 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x.5 lb x 2 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
# nematodes/2 cc soil 33 Bacterivores, strawberry, FSGA no difference no effect of nematicides or fumigant 14 12 Early season Mid season Late season 1 8 6 4 2 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
# nematodes/2 cc soil 34 Fungivores no effect of nematicides, significant reduction with fumigant (strawberry, FSGA) 3 25 2 Early season Mid season Late season Fumigant effect: Early and Mid (P<.1), Late (P=.2) 15 1 5 3.5 pt 6.5 oz.5 lb.5 lb x 2.5 lb x 3 7 pt 6.5 oz 1 lb 1lb +.5 lb Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC Nimitz Velum Salibro UTC K-pam None
# nematodes/2 cc soil 35 14 12 K-pam No K-pam Fungivores 1 8 6 4 2 early (P<.1) mid (P<.1) late (P=.5)
K-pam None Ni mit z Ni mit z UT C Vel um Salibro UT C Vel um Salibro 36 Bacterivores, strawberry, FSGA Early season Mid season Late season 1lb +.5 lb 1 lb 6.5 oz 7 pt.5 lb x 3.5 lb x 2.5 lb 6.5 oz 3.5 pt 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 Number per 15 cc soil
37 Non-Plant-parasitic nematodes Impact throughout growing season Fumigation vs no fumigation Non-fumigant nematicides Fumigants vs nematicides K-pam vs new nematicides in tomato K-pam vs new nematicides in strawberry C-35 vs new nematicides in strawberry Nematicides vs nematicides Vydate vs new Fluorine nematicides Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e) omnivore.
6/4/218 How do nematicides / fumigants affect non-parasitic nematode feeding groups? ( soil health ) Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e) omnivore. Significant effect on non-plant-parasitic nematodes with the fumigant early season, but not for the non-fumigant nematicides By the end of the season, only root-knot soil numbers were reduced for all nematicides; non-parasitic feeding groups were similar for all nematicides (fumigant and non-fumigant) showed, except for fluopyram, which showed lowest number of esp. fungivorous nematodes
39 3 Chart Title 25 2 15 1 5 Tomato Strawberry Strawberry Fumigant B'vore F'vores O'vores H'vores
6/4/218 Nematicide Testing 217 GCREC: Tomato, watermelon root-knot Grower fields: cantaloupe and cucumber root-knot Strawberry sting, foliar, root-knot, lesion New Nematicides Only nematode control no effect on soilborne fungi and weeds (>< fumigants) no effect on insects (>< Vydate) Good fit in double crops (via drip) First crop vegetables (strawberries)? Combined with fumigants, or mixed with soil fungicides and herbicides?
Several farms with root-knot damage March 217 strawberries and double-crop cantaloupe, watermelon, 41
42 Nematicide rescue trial on-farm Northern root-knot nematode field 1 ft plots, 4 reps Nimitz @ 7 pts 7 days pre-plant Velum @ 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant Vydate and Majestene 1 day preplant and 4 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal Root gall index at 4 and 7 days
Gall Index (-1) 43 6 M. hapla Root Infection on Cantaloupe 5 a 4 days 7 days 4 ab 3 a a b ab b b 2 1 ab b Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz
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Soil Behavior / Fate of Nematicides Spray coverage 6/4/218 Metabolism Photodecomposition Crop Removal Absorption & Exudation Volatilization Chemical decomposition Adsorption Biological degradation Leaching Capillary flow