Strategy to adapt Punjab Agriculture to Climate Variability Dr B S Sidhu Dr. B.S. Sidhu Commissioner Agriculture, Punjab
Punjab Agriculture: Basic Characteristics Intensively cultivated area with dominance of rice-wheat crop pattern, double cropped, irrigated and high use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Cropping intensity: 189% (India: 138%) Production of rice and wheat (lakh tonnes) Rice Wheat Irrigated area: 98% (India: 45%) -Through surface water: 27% -Through groundwater:73% 180 160 140 150 165 N+P+K use: 243 kg/ crop ha (India: 135 kg/crop ha) 120 100 122 103 108 Area under rice-wheat rotation: 80.5% of cropped area 60 52 80 77 65 Productivity/annum of paddy+ wheat: 11.2 t/ha (2011-12) Source: Official Statistics, Govt. of Punjab and GOI 40 20 0 32 7 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2007-08 2010-11 Year 2
Climate Variability Weather means the condition of atmosphere are over short period of time Climate means the behaviour of atmosphere over relatively eat eylonger period of time. Climate variability is the change in long term average of daily weather. Variability in weather parameters particularly in rainfall Variability in weather parameters particularly in rainfall and temperature has a major impact on agriculture productivity both in short term and long term.
Punjab: Variation in Monsoon Rainfall (June to September) Period: Years 1901-2013 (Periodicity) 120 100 80 ormal (%) Varia ation from n 60 40 20 0-20 -40-60 -80 1901 2013-100 -120
Punjab: Excess and Deficient Rainfall Years
Punjab: Withdrawal of Monsoon September ber of Days from 15 th S Numb Both the normal on-set and withdrawal of Monsoon are changing
Punjab: Linear trends temperature (1901-2013) Mean max 0.17deg c Mean min 0.27deg c Years (1901 to 2013) Years (1901 to 2013)
Growing water scarcity for agriculture Irrigation Water Demand : 4.93 m ha-m Irrigation Water Availability: 3.48m ha-m Irrigation water deficit : 1.45m ha-m 2 Average annual rainfall declining i Increase in number of tubewells (for better control of water supplies and higher profit - 2.00 lac in 1970 to 13.83 lac in 2011) Decline in water table (area with depth to water table >20 mgbl 23 3 110 increased from 29 sq.km. in 2000 to 12758 sq.km in 2011) Use of more power for pumping (5100 MU in 1990-91 to 11000 MU in 2010-11) Increased private investment (replacement of centrifugal pumps with submersible) Increasing subsidy bill of the government (>Rs.5000 crore annually) Water scarcity is growing in the face of increasing demand-supply gap and decreasing rainfall.
Policy initiatives for adaptation Groundwater legislation (enacted Punjab Preservation of Sub-soil Water Act, 2009 to ensure timely planting of paddy) Crop diversification (shift about 1 million ha from paddy to alternate crops viz. maize, cotton, basmati rice and agro-forestry) Laser Land Leveling Crop Residue Management Resource conservation technologies minimum tillage, direct seeding rice, on-farm storage and use of solar power Efficient use of available supplies Micro Irrigation (Drip and Sprinklers), Underground Pipeline System, FIRB, Tensiometer, Capacity Building of Stake holders
Consequently the rate of depletion of GW has declined Period Average decline Average Rainfall (cm) (cm/year) 1980-1990 20 66 1990-2000 25 64 2000-2005 90 37 2005-2008 75 41 2008-2013 45 53 2000-05 Less Rainfall Area under rice( + 3 lakh ha) New tube wells ( 2.5 lakh) 2008-13 More rainfall New tube wells ( 1.5 lakh) Preservation of Sub-soil Water Act-2009 But is it enough.? Source: PAU
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Time trend of 20 years mean weekly water deficit at Ludhiana ALTERATION IN CROP CALENDER Recommended Date of Paddy Transplantation EVEL (CM) IN WATER LE DEPLETION I Dpy Transplant Paddy after 15 th June, then net recharge and net draft balance each other in case rainfall is normal (648 mm) Back
Laser assisted land leveling Area 15.00 lac ha No. of Machines - 11580 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Uniform water application 9370 Larger plot size and better water use efficiency Better crop stand and lesser weeds Reduction in GHG emission 8 150 Better nutrient use efficiency Back Numb ber of Laser Lev vellers 550 1000 2000 4100 6250 11580 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Years
Crop Residue Management to check burning Distribution of Balers, Choppers, Rotavator, Happy Seeders on subsidy Establishment of Agro Service Centers (1509 established) Reduction in GHG emissions Back