Renewable Energy Applications in the Built Environment Our Practice in Hong Kong COBRA 2006 Yang Hong-Xing Renewable Energy Research Group Department of Building Services Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2007-10-8 1 Main Topics 1. Concept of BIPV applications 2. Development of photovoltaic applications in the world 3. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Hong Kong 4. Other renewable energy applications in the built environment in Hong Kong 5. Conclusions 2007-10-8 2 1
Energy Consumption in Buildings in Hong Kong - 50-55% of the total demand is consumed in buildings - For each building: Item Annual (kwh/m²) % Airconditioning 123.9 57.0 Lighting 50.0 23.0 Small power 22.4 10.3 Others 21.1 9.7 Total 217.4 100 2007-10-8 3 How to reduce Carbon emissions? Saving on Energy Consumption Renewable Energy Applications Reduction of Carbon Emissions 2007-10-8 4 2
BIPV Applications: Modular BIPV claddings PV module is a real building element like standard glass panes and can be integrated into building facade or roof structure. Photovoltaic element for building-integration as curtain wall 2007-10-8 5 BIPV Applications: Benefits Renewable energy resource Replacement of building claddings Power generation where needed No power transmission No land use Power generation for peak power supply Reduction of carbon emission from fossil fuel energy consumption 2007-10-8 6 3
BIPV Applications: System mounting structure types Slope roof Summarized from 400 PV projects listed in the IEA-PVPS database 2007-10-8 7 Good practice for BIPV design Design criteria for good-quality PV projects: Natural integration of the PV system; The PV system is architecturally pleasing, within the context of the building; Good composition of colors and materials; The PV system matches the context of the building; The system, and its integration, are well engineered; The application of PV has led to innovative designs. 2007-10-8 8 4
Development of photovoltaic applications World PV Module Shipment 2007-10-8 9 Development of photovoltaic applications PV module and cell prices 2007-10-8 10 5
Application of PV modules Cumulative installed grid-connected and off grid PV power (From IEA-PVPS Annual report 2005) 2007-10-8 11 The cumulative installed PV power capacity (kw) The grid-connected distributed system may be on or integrated into the customer s premises, on public and commercial buildings, or simply in the built environment on motorway sound barriers etc. So the installed capacity of this system approximately equals to that of BIPV. 2007-10-8 12 6
BIPV development in leading countries: - Germany Policy & Programme: Government authority: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) 100 000 Rooftops Solar Electricity Programme "Way Paving Programme Photovoltaic 2005 Other programme supported by some of the Federal States 2007-10-8 13 BIPV in Germany Achievements: The accumulative total installed PV power reached 794MW at the end of 2004. In 2004 alone, the annual rate of growth is 137 %. Germany now leads the way at 10 W per capita. Status of 100,000 roofs solar power programme in Germany 2007-10-8 14 7
BIPV in Japan National programmes: Original Sunshine Project: focus on the integrating PV on to the roofs of residential buildings. Residential PV System Dissemination Programme(1994) Field test project (1993) New Sunshine Programme 2007-10-8 15 BIPV in Japan Achievements: Residential PV systems were installed to 162 525 houses, total 595,1 MW, from FY1994 to FY2003. In FY2004, 54,475 houses equipped with PV systems totaling 200.1 MW. 2007-10-8 16 8
BIPV in USA Programme: The million solar roofs program. The California "buy down" program: The California "PV Pioneer" phrase 2 program: offering subsidized photovoltaic systems to its customers. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) PV program. 2007-10-8 17 BIPV in USA Achievements: Installations in the United States increased from 63 MW in 2003 to 86 MW in 2004. The installed cost of grid connected PV systems from $4.50 per AC Watt installed to $3.50 per watt. LONG-TERM GOALS FOR PV LEVELISED COST OF ENERGY (LCOE) AND INSTALLED SYSTEM PRICE (from US DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program) 2007-10-8 18 9
BIPV in Netherlands Stimulate programme: The PV learning programme: cultivating the acceptance of general public, basic PV cell and modular R&D The PV tender PV-GO programme: creation of a market for grid connected and stand alone PV system. The PV Covenant: general commitment of different government department, property developers, PV industry and research institute. The new EOS (Energy Research Subsidy) programme (2004) 2007-10-8 19 BIPV in Netherlands Achievements: Cost reduction: PV modules deceased from 17 Euro/Wp in 1991 to 4.5 Euro/Wp in 2004. The installed PV capacity reached 19.8 MW in 2003. Although PV market in the Netherlands is modest, the fundamental Research of PV materials are very active. 2007-10-8 20 10
BIPV in Hong Kong, China Achievements: BIPV application started from 1999 and now there is 1 MWp installed on roofs. There is no national programme so far, but the new energty policy is being developed. Private companies are interested in the application. 2007-10-8 21 The BIPV project on the Shaw Amenities Total solar radiation on tilted PV panel 1500 Yeraly Solar Radiation (kwh/y) 1300 1100 900 0-90 -45 45 700 90 500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Tilted Angle (degree) 2007-10-8 Renewable Energy Research Group (RERG) 22 11
4kWp BIPV in the Kadoorie Farm Specifications: Power rate: 4 kwp PV module area: 40m² DC voltage: 110V AC voltage: 220V Load: and A/C Lighting 2007-10-8 23 The BIPV projects in the Science Park The BIPV systems in the Science Park: roof integration, sun-shaded type and façade integration 2007-10-8 24 12
Other BIPV project in Hong Kong No 1 Peking Road Ma Wan Primary School 2007-10-8 25 The BIPV project at Penny Bay: 2007-10-8 26 13
EMSD Headquarters BIPV project EMSD Headquarters at Kowloon Bay (350 kw) 2007-10-8 27 The Ma Wan Theme Park The PV system and wind turbines 2007-10-8 28 14
The Phase 7 Development at PolyU 2007-10-8 29 Solar lighting in Kadoorie Farm 2007-10-8 30 15
Hong Kong s first large commercial wind turbine at Lamma Island Height: 71m Power: 800kW Wind speed: 3-25m/s Annual energy: 1GWh Investment: HK$15m 2007-10-8 31 Proposed Local RE Targets 1% annual electricity demand of 1999 in year 2012 (355 GWh/year) 2% annual electricity demand of 1999 in year 2017 (710 GWh/year) 3% annual electricity demand of 1999 in year 2022 (1,065 GWh/year) 2007-10-8 32 16
Conclusions Building-integrated photovoltaic technology for electrical power generation has been well developed these years Financial incentives from government are key factors for further dissemination of BIPV systems The cost of BIPV system needs to be further reduced More educational and demonstration projects are needed. 2007-10-8 33 The End Thank You 17