Correlation Coefficient Study in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes for Fodder and Grain Yield Characters

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1 J. Agric. Technol., 1(1): (2014) ISSN: Correlation Coefficient Study in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes for Fodder and Grain Yield Characters Dinesh Tulsiram Surje 1 and Dilip Kumar De 2 1,2 Department of Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia , (W.B) 1 dinosurje@gmail.com An experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, B.C.K.V, Kalyani, West Bengal to estimate the green forage and grain yield of fifteen oat genotypes under two different modes; one to determine the yield when the crop is subjected to one cut as fodder and then left to regenerate and produce seed and the other to produce seed only without taking any cut. Thirteen important forage yield characters were considered to work out 15 genotypes variability, heritability, genetic advance, GCV, PCV and genetic advance over grand mean. A close proximity between GCV and PCV were obtained for all the characters. The characters like number of grain per panicle, grain yield per plant, crude protein content and weight of flag leaf had significantly higher values for GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance and genetic gain as a percentage of mean. The grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with plant height, tiller number per plant, length of panicle, number of spikelet per panicle in both cut and uncut managements. Besides, in the uncut management, number of grain per panicle, chlorophyll b content and total chlorophyll content also showed significant positive correlation. The genotype Kent and JHO-99-2 were found to produce the highest total grain yield per plant and number of grain per panicle in both cut and uncut managements. Regarding green forage yield and dry matter yield it was observed that the genotype NDO-609 produced the highest and significantly higher yield. Keywords: Characters Association, Oat, Cut Fodder INTRODUCTION Oat is rich in energy, protein, vitamin B, phosphorus and iron. The nutritive value of oat forage is high and showed to have dry matter digestibility in excess of 75% when fed to dairy cattle Burgess et al. (1972). Cereal straws have similar chemical compositions but oat straw has higher digestibility organic matter content (Cuddeford, 1995). Oat straw is soft and more acceptable to livestock than other cereal straws. The health benefits of oats have only recently been acknowledged. The above attributes offer new opportunities for improvement of oat as a green-feed crop for intensively farmed grazing animals, and as a dual purpose crop for resource-poor farmers. It is, therefore, timely to contemplate what oats have to offer at the beginning of the new millennium. Thus the present study was undertaken to estimate the variability in germplasm and other standard varieties of Avena sativa sp for different fodder and grain yield characters viz. plant height (cm), tiller number per plant, green forage yield, weight of flag leaf (g), length of panicle (cm), number of spikelet per plant, number of grain per panicle, 100 seed weight (g), leaf area (cm 2 ), chlorophyll content (mg/g fresh tissue) and protein content (%). However, to obtain a clear picture of the inheritance pattern of different grain yielding attributes the present experiment was under taken to evaluate the variability in forage Oat (Avena sativa L.) and to find out the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between grain yield and its components and also between the component. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment was conducted at the Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal during The experimental material for present investigation comprised 15 diverse forage genotypes of oat (Avena 89

2 Journal of Agriculture and Technology sativa L.) obtained from different forage research station like Hisar, IGFRI, Jhansi, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Faizabad, Srinagar, Jabalpur. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. The plot size for each genotype in each replication was 3.0 m 3.0 m. Each plot accommodated 12 rows of 3m length at a distance of 25 cm from Row to Row. The fertilizer schedule, irrigation and other cultivation aspect were adopted as per recommendations for commercial cultivation of fodder oat. For practicing cut and uncut managements data with respect to different morphological and biochemical characters were collected from each of the two different cutting management plants. In each plot of three replications, five plants were selected randomly (cut and uncut plant) separately for collection data for green forage yield and dry matter yield obtained from cut plants when they were cut at a height of 20 cm from ground was recorded on harvest at fifty five days age of the crop, and data for plant height and tiller number were noted from the randomly selected plants before final harvesting of the crop. For collecting data on leaf area, fag leaf weight and chlorophyll analysis the selected flag leaf were collected at flowering from main tillers in each replication. For panicle length, number of grain per spikelet, number of spikelet s, 100 seed weight, grain yield per plant, were counted after harvesting the panicle from selected plants. Seed was used for estimation of protein content. The genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variances and heritability were estimated according to the formula suggested by Singh and Choudhary (1985), genetic advance were estimated according to the formula suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). Genotypic correlation coefficients were according to the formula suggested by Johnson et al. (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Genetic Parameters of Yield and its Attributing Characters under Cutting Management The genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability % (BS), genetic advance and genetic advance as a percentage of mean of 15 genotypes of oat grown during winter season, have been presented in Table 1. A wide spectrum of variation was noticed among the genotypes for plant height, length of panicle, number of grains per panicle, leaf area and grain yield. This would offer a good scope of selection for evolving promising and desirable types considering such characters. In general phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance against all the characters. The highest estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances were observed for number of grain per panicle followed by plant height. The lowest genotypic and phenotypic variances was observed in the character like, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, dry matter yield and weight of flag leaf respectively. Characters like number of grain per panicle and plant height showed the high estimate of phenotypic variance simultaneously with high value of genotypic variances. So, selection for these characters would be effective for the improvement of forage in oat. The magnitudes of PCV were higher than the corresponding GCV for all the characters, indicating the importance of environment on the expression of these characters. High estimates of GCV and PCV were obtained for the character like, number of grain per panicle, grain yield per plant, green forage yield per plant and crude protein (%). Sankar et al. (2002) observed high estimates of GCV and PCV in green forage yield and dry matter yield in oat. A close proximity between GCV and PCV indicated very less influence of environment on the expression of the characters. The estimates of heritability were very high for all the characters. The magnitude of GA was very high for plant height, green forage yield, weight of flag leaf, number of grain per panicle, crude protein percentage and yield per plant. High heritability along with GA is expected due to additive gene action. High heritability along with high GA is expected due to additive gene action (Panse, 1957a).Since in the present experiment the afore mentioned characters exhibited a close proximity between GCV and PCV along with high heritability and high genetic gain in percentage of mean selection in the desirable 90

3 Correlation Coefficient Study in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes for Fodder and Grain Yield Characters direction on the basis of phenotype will be beneficial. The magnitude of GA was low for all the remaining characters viz. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, tillers number per plant, grain per panicle. These characters indicated predominance of non-additive gene action and the high heritability was being exhibited due to favourable influence of environmental factors rather than genotype and selection for these characters may not be rewarding. The genotypic correlation coefficient between 15 different quantitative characters was studied. The results obtained so far with respect to such correlation have been presented in the Table 2. The present investigation was undertaken to know the nature of character association of cut management and uncut management level, which would facilitate the selection criteria to identify and develop suitable seed yield varieties in oats for seed yield production. Table 1: Variances (Genotypic and Phenotypic), Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV), Heritability in Broad Sense and Genetic Advance and Genetic Advance over Mean (GA %) of Different Forage Characters in Oat Practices are Cut Variable Mean Vg Vp GCV PCV h2 (%) GA GA% PH TN GF DM WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% GY PH = Plant height; TN = Tiller number./plant; GF = Green forage yield/ plant; DM = Dry matter yield/ plant; WFL = Weight of flag leaf; LP = Length of panicle; NSP = Number of spikelet/ panicle; NGP = Number of grain/panicle; HSW = 100 seed weight; FLA = Flag leaf area; CHL a = Chlorophyll a; CHL b = Chlorophyll b; TCHL = Total chlorophyll; CP% =Crude protein( %), GY = grain yield/plant. Table 2: Genotypic Correlation among Fifteen Characters under in Cut Management of Oat Character PH TN GF DM WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% GY PH TN GF DM WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% significant, at 5% and 1% respectively, Abbreviations as per Table 91

4 Journal of Agriculture and Technology Table 3: Variances (Genotypic and Phenotypic), Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV), Heritability in Broad Sense and Genetic Advance and Genetic Advance over Mean (GA %) of Different Forage Characters in Oat Practice are Uncut Variable Mean Vg Vp GCV PCV h2 (%) GA GA% PH TN WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% GY PH = Plant height; TN = Tiller number/plant; WFL = Weight of flag leaf; LP = Length of panicle; NSP = Number of spikelet/ panicle; NGP = Number of grain/panicle; HSW = 100 seed weight; FLA = Flag leaf area; CHL a = Chlorophyll a; CHL b = Chlorophyll b; TCHL= Total chlorophyll; CP%= Crude protein content%. Table 4: Genotypic Correlation among Fifteen Characters under in Uncut Management of Oat Character PH TN WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% GY PH TN WFL LP NSP NGP HSW FLA CHL a CHL b TCHL CP% GY significant at 5% and 1% respectively, Abbreviations as per Table, Genetic Parameters of Yield and its Attributing Characters under Uncut Management The mean values, genotypic and phenotypic variance, genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability % (BS), genetic advance and genetic advance as a percentage of mean of 15 genotypes of oat grown during winter season, are presented in Table 3. A wide spectrum of variation was noticed among the genotypes against all the characters. This would offer a good scope of selection for evolving promising desirable types. In general phenotypic variance was higher than genotypic variance against all the characters. The highest estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances were observed for number of grain per panicle followed by plant height. The lowest genotypic and phenotypic variances was observed in the character like, chlorophyll 92 a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, weight of flag leaf respectively. Characters like number of grain per panicle and plant height showed the high estimate of phenotypic variance simultaneously with high value of genotypic variances. So, selection for these characters would be effective for the improvement of forage in oat. The magnitudes of PCV were higher than the corresponding GCV for all the characters, indicating the importance of environment on the expression of these characters. High estimates of GCV and PCV were obtained for the character like, grain yield per plant, number of grain per panicle, crude protein (%) and weight of flag leaf. Sankar et al. (2002) obtained moderate GA for plant height in oat. Lakshmana et al. (2001) in foxtail millet and Prasad et al. (2002) in sorghum reported high heritability and moderate genetic advance for plant height.

5 Correlation Coefficient Study in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes for Fodder and Grain Yield Characters The estimates of heritability were high for almost all the characters. The magnitude of GA was high for number of grain per panicle and plant height respectively, and the magnitude of GA was moderate for grain yield per plant and leaf area while low for all the remaining characters viz. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, tiller number per plant, weight of flag leaf, grain per panicle etc. These characters indicating predominance of non-additive gene action and the high heritability was being exhibited due to favourable influence of environmental factors rather than genotype and selection for these characters mat not be rewarding. Number of grain per panicle and plant height showing high heritability along with high GA, indicated the predominance of additive gene action for controlling these characters. GCV together with heritability estimates would give reliable indication about the expected improvement. High heritability along with GA is expected due to additive gene action (Panse, 1957a). High heritability was observed for plant height (66.56%) by Chaubey et al. (2001) in comparison to green fodder yield (47.3%). Genetic advance as a percentage of mean was highest for grain yield per followed by number of grain per panicle and lowest GA as a percentage of mean was observed in 100 seed weight and chlorophyll b. So, selection may be effective for the characters like, plant height, number of grain per panicle for developing better genotypes. Other characters with high heritability along with low GA may be controlled by additive and non-additive genes. Therefore, separate breeding programme would have to be practiced for exploiting both additive and correlation coefficient between 15 different quantitative characters were studied and the results have been presented in Table 4. The present investigation was undertaken to understand the nature of character association of cut management and uncut management level, which would facilitate the selection criteria to identify and develop suitable seed yielding varieties in oats. Interestingly, some of the genotypes exhibited no substantial reduction of plant height even after taking one cut (e.g. JHO-99-2, JHO , SKO-148, UPO-09-1, OS-374 and Kent) but such genotypes could not always produce significantly higher green forage yield (e.g. JHO-99-2 and Kent). Most importantly, the common genotypes where both the above two characters exhibited desirable result i.e., no substantial reduction of green fodder after one cut and could produce significantly high green fodder could not produce desirable grain yield. However, considering seed yield only OS-363, JHO-99-2, JHO and NDO 603 appeared to be the most desirable genotypes. Considering the green forage yield and seed yield UPO-09-2 appeared to be the best genotype. The genotype Kent and JHO-99-2 were found to produce the highest total grain yield per plant and number of grain per panicle in both cut and uncut managements. Considering green forage yield and dry matter yield it was observed that the genotype NDO-609 produced the highest and significantly higher yield. This genotype produced significantly higher mean in six different characters out of fifteen characters studied. REFERENCES Burgess. 1972: Fodder oats: An overview (c.f. Stevens EJ, Amstrong KW, Bezar HJ, Grittin WB, Hampton JG). Chaubey RN, Roy AK, Prasad VS Study on variability associations and path analysis in forage oat. Range Management and Agro-forestry. 22(2): Cuddeford Fodder oats: An overview (c.f. Stevens EJ, Amstrong KW, Bezar HJ, Grittin WB, Hampton JG). Johnson HS, Robinson HF, Comstock RE Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soyabean. Agron J. 47(7): Lakshmana D, AK, Guggari Genetic variability studies in foxtail millet. Karnataka J Agril Sci. 14(2): Panse UG. 1957a. Genetics of quantitative characters in plant breeding. Indian J Genetics Plant Breed. 17: Prasad SV, Baig S, Sultan MJ, Singh, Singh S Components of green fodder yield in stay-green sorghum. Annals Agril Res. 23(3): Shankar S, Jha PB, Ghosh, Nirala RBP. 2002: Variation and association studies in oat (Avena sativa L.). Forage-Res, 28(2): Singh RK, Choudhary BD Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp

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