MEASURES OF FOOD INSECURITY & HUNGER

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1 MARK WINNE (860) Senior Advisor, Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future Books: Closing the Food Gap and Food Rebels, Guerrilla Gardeners, and Smart Cookin Mamas Food policy resources at Center for a Livable Future:

2 MEASURES OF FOOD INSECURITY & HUNGER U.S. 2015: Total food insecure 13.2% v 10% in : SNAP 25 m. (8% of US) 2015: 44 m. SNAP (14% of US; $75 B. annually) World population 10 billion by curity/

3 OBESITY & DIET-RELATED ILLNESS 37% of adults obese today v. 13% in 1994 Higher for Black, Hispanic & Native Americans Food assistance recipients 33% diabetic, 58% high blood pressure; general pop. 10% and 31% Food insecure eat half of fruit and veg. of food secure 23 million live in food deserts & food swamps Restaurants have made little progress in meeting their pledge to make kids meals

4 FOOD BANKS? Food banking system is not what anyone would have chosen if we sat down to rationally end hunger, Sharon Thornberry, Oregon Food Bank College and University Food Bank Alliance: 240 members 11/15; 400 today Zero large food banks 1979; 206 today Feeding America: 54% food pantry clients use them as regular food source

5 POVERTY 13.5% of Americans live in poverty Low income high predictor of food insecurity and obesity food deserts and fewer physical activity options (U. of Mich. Health System) 19.5% of children improverished 2 nd highest rate among industrialized countries 99 million Americans: 185% of poverty qualifies for many federal food assistance programs

6 DISCONNECT IN THE FOOD MOVEMENT Lack of unity among food movement sectors Limited application of collective impact: goals, measurements, related activities, and communication not in place No national joined-up food policy: Food security, health, sustainability, economic development $100 billion in federal food funds have marginal impact on local economies and nutritional health

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8 COMMUNITY FOOD SECURITY Focus is on the food system Develops capacity of local communities to meet a greater share of food needs Promotes economic justice, resilience and sustainability, and healthy people Based on collaboration and citizen participation Nurtures a local food economy

9 LOCAL FOOD, FOOD ACCESS AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Farmers markets: ; ,500 est. CSAs: First in 1984; 3,000-plus today Farm to School: 1 in 1996; 42,000 schools 200+ food hubs Re-storing Food Deserts: 200 projects, e.g. new supermarkets, Healthy Food Financing Initiative Food policy councils: 246 today; first one 1981 Federal policies connect low-income to Local Food: WIC and Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program; SNAP at farmers markets; Community Food Project; Food Insecurity Nutrition Initiative (FINI)

10 PURPOSES OF FOOD POLICY COUNCILS Influence government food policies, especially ones that promote justice, health, and sustainability Coordinate efforts of food system stakeholders within a specified geography and jurisdictions Tend to favor policies over projects, but Tend to not take on the most controversial food issues of the day, but Conduct food assessments and prepare food plans

11 FPC GROWTH & ORIENTATION Specific geographic and jurisdictional focus: municipal, county, state (about 20), regional, and tribal Considers all elements of the food system Multi-stakeholder orientation 2010: 111 FPCs 2012: 193 FPCs 2016: 246 FPCs

12 FOOD POLICY COUNCIL IN NYS New York State Council on Food Policy (statewide) Food & Health Network of So. Central NY (region) Buffalo and Erie County Food Policy Council Mohawk Valley Food Action Network (Oneida Co.) Suffolk County Food Policy Council

13 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS & FOOD SYSTEMS MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY SURVEY ~400 communities address food in an official plan or strategy 182 comprehensive plans; also economic development, sustainability, strategic, food-specific plans & more ~400 communities collaborate across regions on food systems 300+ communities have government staff participating in food councils 171 communities have conducted an assessment or mapping Goddeeris, L., Rybnicek, A., Oztekin, B., & Newton, J. (2016). [2015 MSU-ICMA Local Food Survey]. Unpublished raw data.

14 HARVESTING HEALTHIER OPTIONS: STATE LEGISLATIVE TRENDS IN LOCAL FOOD NATIONAL CONF. OF STATE LEGISLATURES & CLF 6 states took legislative action to support food hubs: Maryland appropriates $750,000 for construction of a food hub in Baltimore 18 states enacted 28 bills to support Farm to School: New Mexico appropriated $350,000 for purchase of local food for schools (NM Food & Agriculture Policy Council) 19 states enacted 22 bills to increase access to farmers markets for vulnerable populations: New Mexico appropriates $400,000 for Double-up Bucks for SNAP at farmers

15 CLEVELAND-CUYAHOGA COUNTY (OH) FPC 1) Urban ag, zoning and land use policies - multiple municipalities in Cuyahoga County 2) local purchasing ordinance adopted by the City of Cleveland 3) Healthy vending policy adopted by Cuyahoga County 4) SNAP/EBT access at farmers markets and farm stands (80% of markets in Cuyahoga County now accept these benefits) 5) Sustainable food carts pilot program - City of Cleveland 6) Food trucks ordinance - City of Cleveland 7) Healthy Cleveland Resolutions (I and II)

16 MORE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS Public Procurement: Los Angeles FPC and Good Food Purchasing Program ($150 million of food purchase annually by LAUSD) Food Hubs: feasibility study in Douglas Co, KS Land Use: comprehensive land use planning (Santa Fe); State Comprehensive Plan for Food (Mass.) Food Waste: Waste Not Orange County

17 HEALTHY FOOD BANKING POLICY San Bernardino, CA: Food Policy Council & Food Bank (Community Action Program of SB County) Fresh food donations and distributions (pounds): 2014: 332, : 938, : 1,676, : 385,575 (first 6 weeks of year)

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19 MINNESOTA FOOD CHARTER Minnesota Blue Cross/Blue Shield Foundation played a major role Cooperative Extension heavily involved Two-year effort FPCs were involved Nurtured the development of local and sub-regional networks Drew on collective impact model: common agenda, shared measurement systems, mutually reinforcing activities, continuous communication, and backbone support organization 2500 participants, 200 events/convenings (some had 8 people and some had over 100), surveys and focus groups (no stipends were offered for participation) Extensive participation and consultation with state administrative officials

20 MINNESOTA FOOD CHARTER OUTCOMES

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22 EAST HARLEM RECOMMENDATIONS: NYC FOOD POLICY CENTER Create more community-based and owned alternative food outlets Reduce promotion and availability of unhealthy food Develop creative ways to use SNAP to encourage purchase of healthier food Create a food hub that will facilitate purchase of healthy, sometimes local food, by city agencies Make food a part of all city dept. policies Create an East Harlem Food Policy Council

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24 BUT FOOD INSECURITY AND OBESITY PERSIST Poverty best predictor of food insecurity but we spend over $100 B. on food assistance U.S. leads developed world in income inequality Top 1% took 19% of income; top 10% took 48% of income; 74% of US private wealth held by the top 10%; top 1% control 35%; Rural Child Poverty increase largely due to income inequality (USDA)

25 RAISE MINIMUM WAGE, SET LIVING WAGE 70% of U.S. poverty attributed to declining value of minimum wage 1969 min. wage $2.20 = $10.95 current value U.S. min. wage - $7.25; France 12.22; Australia 17.39; Canada $10.10 U.S. min. wage would bring 4 6 m. out of poverty; reduce SNAP by $4.6 B. If min. wage grew at same rate as the incomes of the top 1%, it would now be $22.00

26 SHIFT COST OF LOW WAGES TO PUBLIC SECTOR 52% of fast food workers receive public assistance valued at $7 billion/yr. indirect subsidy for McDonalds, KFC, etc. Wal-Mart ($2 B. food bank donor) cost $6.2 billion in public assistance Fast food workers organizing for $15/hr.; Chipotles 2 CEOs each earned $25 m. or 778 times the company s median salary

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28 THAT S MY STORY AND I M STICKING TO IT! We need to use collective impact and collaboration We must approach food security, diet-related health problems, poverty, and a sustainable food system as a common and connected problem Multiple interventions are necessary for success Government must be involved and public policy aligned with these goals Income and wealth inequality must be

29 CAN WE TALK? WHAT WE AGREE ON Large agriculture generally recognizes that organic and sustainable production are here to stay, and have scientific validity Medical establishment recognizes exercise and good nutrition reduce disease and increase health Marketplace recognizes local food has growing economic and consumer value Non-profits and policy makers recognize that low-income citizens should be able to get healthy and affordable food

30 BUT Anti-hunger, especially at national level, have done little to address economic and health potential of SNAP

31 FOOD BANKS AND LOCAL FOOD Virginia Food Bank Federation got legislature to pass a tax credit on state income tax for farmers who donate food to food banks Some states have small funds that pay the farmer their harvest cost boxes, labor donation of unsold produce Other Virginia food initiatives?

32 GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE- NATIONAL TRENDS Independent coalition (37%) Part of another non-profit (22%) Housed in government (20%) Non-profit (16%) Embedded in Extension office (2%) Embedded in university (2%) 2015

33 Economic Development/ Food Entrepreneurship DOUGLAS COUNTY FPC, KS Formed in 2009 One of key accomplishments - conducted Food System Assessment. Main finding - currently lack capacity for light processing required to prepare local food for restaurants and institutions, and the storage and transportation infrastructure to get it there Conducted Food Hub Feasibility Study for 16 counties in Northeast Kansas Developing food hub

34 LEADERSHIP MODELS FOR NETWORKS

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36 ROARING FORK FPC, CO The Roaring Fork Food Policy Council hosted a Farm to School program, with partnership of the liaison of the National Farm to School Program and the state of Colorado. Efforts resulted in their RE1 school district using locally grown grass fed beef in all the district's schools.

37 LOCAL & STATE FOOD POLICIES Farmland Preservation (Conn. and Montana) Nutrition Rules in Schools, Farm to School Agritourism Olympia, WA Cottage Food Laws and food sale regs Mississippi and Memphis, TN Comprehensive state food planning (Massachusetts)

38 STATE OF VERMONT FARM-TO-CAFETERIA Underway in Vermont for 10 Years: 16 food hubs provide aggregation, distribution or processing for food entrepreneurs 60% of state s schools have a Farm to School program The state provides small grants to schools to develop Farm to School initiatives

39 REAL FOOD CHALLENGE Leverages power of youth and universities to create a healthy and sustainable food system Goal: shift $1 billion (US) of the $5 billion of existing university food budgets into food that is local, sustainable, fair, and humane Over 300 U.S. colleges and universities have farms, fair trade initiatives or farm to cafeteria programs

40 KYFKYF GRANT, LOAN, AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS (SAMPLE) Farmers Market Promotion Program Farm Loan Programs Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program Community Food Projects Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Farm and Ranchland Protection Program Rural Business Enterprise Grants Value Added Producer Grants

41 THE 10% CAMPAIGN BUILDING NORTH CAROLINA S LOCAL FOOD ECONOMY Individuals and businesses pledge to spend 10% of their food expenditures on local, sustainably produced food The campaign is supported by dozens of public and private institutions and organizations including the No. Carolina State and the No. Carolina Farm Bureau Since July 2010, 5,713 people and 679 businesses have signed the pledge and purchased $21 million of locally produced food

42 ONEIDA COMMUNITY INTEGRATED FOOD SYSTEMS, ONEIDA NATION (WISCONSIN) Established a farm-to-school program to fill the Oneida Nation Schools lunch line with homegrown, healthy options: Black Angus beef, buffalo meat, apples, and other fresh produce to schools. Program has successfully doubled F+Vs available in the schools. Tribal families also have affordable access to these foods through local farmer s market and retail stores.

43 WHY HAVE A FOOD POLICY COUNCIL? No major famine has ever occurred in a functioning democracy with regular elections, opposition parties, basic freedom and relatively free media (even when the country is very poor). Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate Economist Decisions on important matters should not be made by one person alone. They should be discussed with many. (Japanese Buddhist Constitution, 604 AD)

44 MICHIGAN FOOD POLICY COUNCIL Supporting Michigan Food Charter A food charter is a statement of values, vision, and goals for a local or state food system that was developed by a diverse, multi-stakeholder group Charter Goals: By 2020, 20% of food purchased by public institutions locally grown; 80% of MI s residents will have easy access to affordable, healthy, fresh food (20% local); Michigan schools will incorporate food and agriculture into their kindergarten to 12 th grade curricula.