WEED CONTROL SECTION

Transcription

1 WEED CONTROL SECTION Timing of herbicide application is extremely important to maximizing weed control and sugarbeet yield. This is true for all herbicides, including glyphosate. To maximize weed control in conventional sugarbeet, apply the first herbicide treatment when weeds are in the cotyledon to first leaf stage. Subsequent treatments should be every 5 to 7 days, however, scout the field before making the next treatment to determine the effectiveness of the previous treatment. If weeds survived the previous herbicide treatment, apply higher rates of the herbicides than originally planned. Repeat procedure for future applications. Apply glyphosate to small (1 to 2 inch) weeds in Roundup Ready sugarbeet. Research shows glyphosate will more effectively control common ragweed at 1 inch tall or less compared to plants greater than 1.5 inch tall, including resistant biotypes. Allowing dense weeds to get larger than 2 inches tall usually reduces sugarbeet yield. As weed density decreases, weeds can become larger without reducing sugarbeet yield, but as weed size increases, control can decrease, especially with a resistant biotype. Wild oat populations resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, such as Select*, continue to increase, especially in the Crookston area. Methods to manage wild oat resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides include the use of Fargo and/or applying Select* alone at high rates to small wild oat and repeating applications at 14 to 21 day intervals. Glyphosate-resistant weeds continue to increase, especially in southern Minnesota. Glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed has been confirmed in McLoed, Meeker, and Yellow Medicine Counties, Minnesota. Glyphosate-resistant common ragweed has been confirmed in Clay, Red Lake, Stearns, and Todd Counties, MN and Cass and Traill Counties, ND. Both ragweed species can be effectively controlled with Stinger at appropriate rates and timings. Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp has been confirmed in Renville, Traverse, Yellow Medicine Counties, MN. Management of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp in sugarbeet is difficult. Research needs to be conducted to determine the most effective herbicide combinations, but the utilization of Outlook* seems to be a logical choice at this time. Controlling glyphosate-resistant weeds in other crops in the rotation, especially corn and wheat is an effective strategy that always should be pursued. *Or generic equivalent

2 Weed Control Recommendations The weed control suggestions in this production guide are based on the assumption that all herbicides mentioned will have a registered label with the Environmental Protection Agency. Herbicides should NOT be used which are NO longer registered or have not yet received registration for sugarbeet. Sugarbeet treated with a non-registered herbicide may have an illegal residue which, if detected, could cause condemnation of the crop. Non-registered herbicide is illegal and a user could be subject to a heavy fine even without detectable residue. Herbicide Product/A (lb ai/a) Weeds W hen to Apply Remarks Roundup* (glyphosate) (0.75 to 3.0 ae) See Remarks for product amounts with various formulations. Emerged grass and broadleaf weeds. Preplant or anytime prior to crop emergence. lb ae/gal lb ai/gal 0.75 ae ae 1.5 ae 2.2 ae 3 4 = 32 fl oz 48 fl oz 64 fl oz 96 fl oz = 26 fl oz 38 fl oz 52 fl oz 77 fl oz 4/ /5.1 = 24 fl oz 36 fl oz 48 fl oz 72 fl oz = 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 43 fl oz 64 fl oz = 20 fl oz 30 fl oz 39 fl oz 58 fl oz Non-selective, non-residual, systemic, foliar herbicide. Add AMS fertilizer at 4 lb/100 gal, or more for hard water. Apply in 5 to 15 GPA spray volume, unless tank-mixed with a contact herbicide, then apply in 15- GPA spray volume. Total maximum for preplant or PRE per season = 3.7 lb ae

3 paraquat* (3 SL) Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) 1.35 to 2.7 pt (0.5 to 1) 2 to 4 pt (0.5 to 1) Emerged annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Preplant or anytime prior to crop emergence Non-selective, non-residual, contact, foliar herbicide. Apply with NIS. Apply in 15 to GPA spray volume. Ignite 280 (glufosinate) 29 to 36 fl oz (0.53 to 0.66) Non-selective, non residual, contact, foliar herbicide. Apply with AMS fertilizer at 17 lb/100 gal. Apply in 15 to GPA spray volume. Use nozzles and pressures that generate medium spray droplets. Harmony GT XP (thifensulfuron) 0.3 to 0.6 oz (0.225 to 0.45 oz) Emerged annual broadleaf weeds. 45 days prior to planting Selective, non-residual, systemic, foliar herbicide. Apply with MSO plus UAN or AMS fertilizer. Can effectively control Roundup Ready sugarbeet. *Or generic equivalent

4 Herbicide Product/A (lb ai/a) Weeds W hen to Apply Remarks Far-Go (triallate) Far-Go EC 1.5 qt EC 15 lb 10G (1.5) Wild oat. Spring PPI. Fall incorporated after October 15 until freeze-up or snow cover. Incorporate immediately after application with a tillage tool set 3 to 4 inches deep. A second incorporation at an angle different from the first will improve wild oat control. One pass in the fall followed by spring seed-bed preparation is sufficient for fall application. Eptam (EPTC) 2.3 to 3.4 pt (2 to 3) 4 to 5 pt (3.5 to 4.38) Annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds. PPI. Fall. After October 15 until freeze up. Some sugarbeet stand reduction and temporary stunting may occur from Eptam. Weak on wild mustard. Eptam (EPTC) + Ro-Neet (cycloate) 1.1 to 2.3 pt to 3.3 pt (1 to to 2.5) 1.1 to 2.9 pt to 4 pt (1 to to 3) Annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds. PPI. Fall. After October 15 until freeze up. Less sugarbeet injury than from Eptam alone and less expensive than Ro-Neet alone.

5 Ro-Neet (cycloate) 4 to 5.3 pt (3 to 4) 5.3 pt (4) Annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds PPI. Fall. After October 15 until freeze up. Sugarbeet has better tolerance to Ro-Neet than to Eptam. Weak on wild mustard. Weed control poor on fine textured, high organic matter soils. Nortron* (ethofumesate) 6 to 7.5 pt (3 to 3.75) Good pigweed and fair to good kochia control. PPI or PRE. Incorporation generally improves weed control. Band application reduces cost and risk of carryover into the next year. 3 to 4 fl oz (0.09 to 0.125) Improves broadleaf weed control, including kochia, pigweed and lambquarters. POST in combination with Progress*, Betanex*, Betamix*, or Roundup*. Apply Norton* POST three times at 4 fl oz/a or four times at 3 fl oz/a, but do not apply more than 12 fl oz/a total during the growing season due to crop rotation restrictions. May be mixed with Roundup* + NIS +AMS to improve control of kochia, lambsquarters, pigweed species,and waterhemp. Allow a 90 day PHI. Stinger* (clopyralid) 4 to 10.6 fl oz (0.09 to 0.25) Cocklebur, sunflower, marshelder, wild buckwheat, ragweed, and Canada thistle. POST. Sugarbeet: cotyledon to 8 leaves. Stinger* may be tank-mixed with Progress*, Betanex* or Betamix*. May be mixed with Roundup* + AMS to improve control of volunteer soybean, ragweed, and wild buckwheat. Allow a 45 day PHI *Or generic equivalent

6 Herbicide Product/A (lb ai/a) Weeds W hen to Apply Remarks UpBeet (triflusulfuron) 0.25 to 1.0 oz (0.125 to 0.5 oz) Annual broadleaf weeds. POST. Weeds: Cotyledon to 2-leaf. Apply two or more times in combination with Betanex*, Betamix*, or Progress*. Do not exceed 2.5 oz/a/season. May be mixed with Roundup* + MSO + AMS to improve control of common mallow, redroot pigweed, and velvetleaf. Allow a 60 day PHI. Betamix Phen-Des 8+8 (desmedipham & phenmedipham) Betanex Alphanex (desmedipham) Progress BNB Plus (desmed. & phenmed. & ethofumesate) 0.75 to 7.5 pt (0.06 to 0.6 & 0.06 to 0.6) 0.75 to 7.5 pt (0.12 to 1.2) 0.56 to 5 pt (0.04 to 0.38 & 0.04 to 0.38 & 0.04 to 0.38) Annual broadleaf weeds. POST. Sugarbeet: Cotyledon up to 8- leaf stage. Broadleaf weeds: Cotyledon up to 4- leaf stage. Risk of sugarbeet injury is increased by morning or midday application and by certain environments. Split application with reduced rates has reduced sugarbeet injury and increased weed control compared to single full-dose application. Do not add MSO or any adjuvant when applying full rates. Any of these products may be mixed with Roundup* + AMS, however preliminary research shows possible antagonism when mixed with glyphosate. Allow a 75 day PHI.

7 See herbicide brand options listed with individual herbicides (desmedipham or desmedipham & phenmedipham or desmedipham & phenmedipham & ethofumesate + triflusulfuron + clopyralid + MSO adjuvant) MICRO-RATE PROGRAM 8 to 12 or 8 to 12 or 5.7 to 8.7 fl oz oz fl oz + 1.5% v/v ( % v/v) MID-RATE PROGRAM 12 to 16 or 12 to 16 or 8.7 to 11.6 fl oz oz fl oz + 1.5% v/v. (0.125 to % v/v) Annual broadleaf weeds and fair to good annual grass control. Generally provides poor control of ALS resistant kochia. Increasing Stinger* rate from 1.3 to 2.6 fl oz will improve control of lanceleaf sage with some risk of increased sugarbeet injury. POST. Sugarbeet: Apply a minimum of three times with subsequent treatments at 5 to 7 day intervals. Micro-rate can be applied starting at cotyledon sugarbeet stage. Mid-rate can be applied starting at 4- leaf sugarbeet stage. Use mid-rate for difficult weed problems or when application has been delayed! An herbicide for grass control at 1/3 to 1/2 normal rate can be added. Nozzle plugging from herbicide precipitation in the spray tank can be reduced by: - Mixing in warm water - Raising water ph to 8 or 9 - Premixing UpBeet - Use of a grass herbicide, - Frequent sprayer cleaning. Allow a 75 day PHI. *Or generic equivalent

8 Herbicide Product/A (lb ai/a) W eeds W hen to Apply Remarks Assure II Targa (quizalofop) Select* (2 EC) (clethodim) Select Max (1 EC) (clethodim) 8 to 10 fl oz (0.88 to 1.1 oz) 6 to 8 fl oz (1.5 to 2 oz) 9 to 17 fl oz (1.1 to 2 oz) Annual grasses, quackgrass, and volunteer grass crops. POST. Sugarbeet: cotyledon to PHI. Weeds: annual grass weeds and vol. wheat or barley 2 to 6 inches tall. Apply with oil adjuvant at 1% v/v but not less than 1 pt/a. Oil adjuvant at more than 1 qt/a is not needed. See Select Max label for detailed adjuvant recommendations. Apply with AMS or UAN fertilizer for greater control of certain grass species. Only Assure II, Targa, Select*, or Select M ax should be used to control volunteer Roundup Ready corn. Include an oil adjuvant with Select to control volunteer Roundup Ready corn. NDSU research indicates less antagonism of grass control with Select* tank-mixed with Betanex* or Betamix* than Poast or Assure II*. Allow a 45 day PHI for Assure II*. Allow a 60 day PHI for Poast. Allow a day PHI for Select*/Select Max. Poast (sethoxydim) 0.5 to 1.5 pt (0.1 to 0.3) Annual grasses

9 Treflan* (trifluralin) 1.5 pt (0.75) Late emerging annual grass and some broadleaf weeds POST. Sugarbeet: 2 to 6 inches tall and well-rooted prior to incorporation. Must be incorporated. Beet roots must be covered with soil before application. Emerged weeds not controlled. May be applied over the tops of sugarbeet. Dual Magnum* (S-metolachlor) Outlook* (dimethenamid-p) 1.33 to 1.67 pt (1.25 to 1.6) 18 to 21 fl oz (0.84 to 0.98) POST. Sugarbeet: 4 or more true leaves. POST. Sugarbeet: 2 to 8 true leaves. Emerged weeds not controlled. Rain or sprinkler irrigation needed for activation. May be applied more than once but total applied must not exceed 2.6 pt/a for Dual Magnum* or 21 fl oz/a for Outlook*. Lay-by Dual Magnum* or Outlook* should not be applied where PPI or PRE Norton* was used because sugarbeet injury may be severe. May be mixed with Roundup* +AMS to provide residual weed control. Allow a 60 day PHI, except the PHI is 95 days for Outlook* applied to 9-leaf through 12-leaf sugarbeet. *Or generic equivalent

10 Herbicide Roundup Ready Sugarbeet Product/A (lb ai/a) Weeds When to Apply Remarks Roundup* (glyphosate) [Use only registered brands] Maximum single application up to 8 leaf stage = lb ae Maximum single application from 8 leaf sugarbeet to canopy closed = 0.75 lb ae See remarks. Annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. POST. Sugarbeet: emergence to canopy closure. W eeds: 1-2 inches in height. Only apply to Roundup Ready sugarbeet varieties. Only use Roundup* formulations registered for use on RR sugarbeet. lb ae/gal lb ai/gal 0.75 lb ae 0.98 lb ae lb ae 3 4 = 32 fl oz 41 fl oz 48 fl oz = 26 fl oz 33 fl oz 38 fl oz 4/ /5.1 = 24 fl oz 30 fl oz 36 fl oz = 22 fl oz 28 fl oz 32 fl oz = 20 fl oz 25 fl oz 30 fl oz - Max. single app. from sugarbeet emergence to 8 leaves = lb ae - Total maximum from sugarbeet emergence to 8 leaves = 1.96 lb ae - Max. single application from 8 leaves to canopy closure = 0.75 lb ae - Total maximum from 8 leaves to canopy closure = 1.54 lb ae - Total maximum from sugarbeet emergence through harvest = 3.38 lb ae - Maximum for year = 6 lb ae - Add AMS fertilizer at 4 lb/100gal, or more for hard water. - Refer to labels for tank-mixing restrictions. - Allow a 30 day PHI. *Or generic equivalent

11 Research has shown that conventional rates of Betanex* and Betamix* give greater weed control and sugarbeet injury when applied with 200 PSI and 15 to 20 GPA of water as compared to PSI spray pressure. Also, Betanex* and Betamix* are more phytotoxic when applied to areas previously treated with a soil applied herbicide than when applied to untreated areas. Progress* gives increased control and greater risk of sugarbeet injury than Betanex* or Betamix* alone. In order to limit the risk of sugarbeet injury to Progress*, the total pounds per acre of active ingredient in Progress* should be equal to the normal total pounds per acre of active ingredient of Betanex* or Betamix* that would be applied alone for a given situation. The suggested rates in the following table are adjusted for these factors and sugarbeet growth stage. The rates in the table are conservative rates which assume good growing conditions, afternoon or evening application, and weeds which are the same growth stage or smaller than the sugarbeet. Rates may need to be increased for a dry, cool environment or reduced if the weather has suddenly changed from cloudy, wet and cool to hot and sunny. Micro-rate treatments should not be adjusted for method of application or presence of soil applied herbicide. Conventional Betanex*, Betamix*, and Progress* Broadcast Rate No soil herbicide With soil herbicide Sugarbeet stage Low pressure (<100 psi) High pressure or aerial Low pressure (<100 psi) High pressure or aerial (lbai/a) Bnex/Bmix (pt/a) Progress (pt/a) (lbai/a) Bnex/Bmix (pt/a) Progress (pt/a) (lbai/a) Bnex/Bmix (pt/a) Progress (pt/a) (lbai/a) Bnex/Bmix Progress (pt/a) (pt/a) Cotyledon-2 leaf leaf leaf leaf *Or generic equivalent

12 Trade name and (manufacturer) Alphanex (UPI) Arrow (MANA) Assure II (DuPont) Betamix (Bayer) Betanex (Bayer) BNB Plus (UPI) Brawl (Tenkoz) Charger Basic (Winfield) Clethodim 2 EC (Albaugh) CHEMICAL NAMES, CONCENTRATIONS, REI S, PHI s, and Prices Common name Formulation (lb/gal or % ai) Rentry interval (hours) Preharvest interval (days) $/unit desmedipham 1.3 EC /gal clethodim 2 EC /gal quizalofop 0.88 EC /gal desmedipham & phenmedipham 0.65 & 0.65 EC /gal desmedipham 1.3 EC /gal desmedipham & phenmedipham & ethofumesate 0.6 & 0.6 & 0.6 EC /gal S-metolachler 7.62 EC /gal S-metolachlor 7.62 EC /gal clethodim 2 EC /gal

13 Clopyr Ag (UPI) Dual Magnum (Syngenta) Eptam (Gowan) Establish (Tenkoz) Ethofumesate 42 SC (Solera) Ethotron SC (UPI) Far-Go (Gowan) Garrison (Nufarm) Gramoxone Inteon (Syngenta) Harmony GT (Dupont) Ignite 280 SL (Bayer) clopyralid 3 SL /gal S-metolachlor 7.62 EC /gal EPTC 7 EC 20 G 12-44/gal dimethenamid-p 6EC 12 60/95 170/gal ethofumesate 4 EC (POST) - ethofumesate 4 EC (POST) 85/gal triallate 4 EC 10 G 12-45/gal 1.12/lb clopyalid 3 SL /gal paraquat 2 SL 12-34/gal thifensulfuron 75 XP 4-31/oz glufosinate 2.34 SL 12-70/gal

14 Trade name and (manufacturer) Intensity (Loveland) Nortron SC (Bayer) Outlook (BASF) Phen-Des 8+8 (UPI) Poast (BASF) Progress (Bayer) Propel (Rosens) Ro-Neet (Helm Agro) Roundup* and others (many) CHEMICAL NAMES, CONCENTRATIONS, REI S, PHI s, and Prices Common name Formulation (lb/gal or % ai) Rentry interval (hours) Preharvest interval (days) $/unit clethodim 2 EC /gal ethofumesate 4 EC (POST) 105/gal dimethenamid-p 6 EC 12 60/95 175/gal desmedipham & phenmedipham 0.65 & 0.65 EC /gal sethoxydim 1.5 EC /gal desmedipham & phenmedipham & ethofumesate 0.6 & 0.6 & 0.6 EC /gal dimethenamid-p 6 EC 12 60/95 170/gal cycloate 6 EC /gal glyphosate several /gal

15 Section (Winfield) Select Max (Valent) Shadow (Arysta) Sortie (Helena) Spur (Albaugh) Stinger (Dow) Targa (Gowan) Treflan* and others (several) Trigger (Albaugh) UpBeet (DuPont) Volunteer (Tenkoz) *Or generic equivalent clethodim 2 EC /gal clethodim 1.0 EC 24 1/gal clethodim 2 EC /gal dimethenamid-p 6 EC 12 60/95 170/gal clopyralid 3 SL /gal clopyralid 3 SL /gal quizalofop 0.88 EC /gal trifluralin several /gal clethodim 2 EC /gal triflusulfuron 50 DF /oz clethodim 2 EC 24 1/gal

16 Rainfall shortly after application often reduces weed control from post-emergence herbicides because the herbicide is partially washed from the leaves. Herbicides vary in absorption rate and in ease of being washed from leaves. The rainfall effect also can vary depending on rainfall amount and intensity. The approximate time between application and rainfall needed for maximum weed control is given in the following table. Herbicide Assure II / Targa 1 Betamix*, Betanex*, Progress* 6 Ignite Norton* 6 paraquat* 4 to 6 Poast 1 Roundup* 6 to 12 Select* / Select Max 1 Stinger* 6 UpBeet 6 *Or generic equivalent Time Between Application and Rain {hour(s)} HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS Sugarbeet herbicides may be legally tank mixed if all herbicides in the mixture are registered for use on sugarbeet and if no prohibitions against tank mixes appear on a label. However, the user must assume liability for any resulting crop injury, inadequate weed control, or illegal and/or harmful residues. W hen a non registered combination is used, none of the manufacturers of the products used in the combination will stand behind their products.

17 Combinations of Postemergence Herbicides can give more broad spectrum and greater total weed control compared to individual treatments. The risk of sugarbeet injury also increases with combinations so combinations should be used with caution. A tank-mix of one of the grass control herbicides (Poast, Select*, Assure II*) plus an adjuvant plus one of the broadleaf control herbicides (Betanex*, Betamix*, Progress*) will often give less grass control than the grass herbicide plus adjuvant. The control of broadleaf weeds is not affected by the tank-mix. Stinger* does not antagonize grass control. Antagonism of grass control by a broadleaf herbicide may not be significant with small grass, optimum soil moisture, grass that is actively growing, and a grass species that is very susceptible to the grass herbicide chosen. For example, antagonism of Poast would be greater on wild oat and volunteer grain than on green and yellow foxtail while antagonism of Assure II* would be greater on yellow foxtail than on wild oat and volunteer grain. Antagonism will be less if an adjuvant is included in the tank-mix but excessive sugarbeet injury may occur from a broadleaf herbicide plus an adjuvant. Antagonism can be nearly eliminated by applying the grass herbicide plus adjuvant 24 hours before the broadleaf herbicide or by applying the broadleaf herbicide 3 to 5 days before the grass herbicide. Also, research results indicated that a full rate of grass herbicide plus a broadleaf herbicide (no adjuvant) applied twice at a 7-day interval gave grass control nearly equal to a single application of the grass herbicide plus adjuvant when the grass was small at treatment. A one-third rate of grass herbicide applied three times at a 7-day interval in combination with the micro-rate generally provides excellent grass control. Precipitation and nozzle plugging has been a common problem with ground application of the micro-rate. The following steps will reduce the problem. 1) Start with a clean sprayer, spray out each tank load immediately after mixing, spray until the tank is dry, flush sprayer between loads, clean sprayer frequently and never allow spray solution to set in the tank for an extended time. 2) Fill the spray tank at least half way with water and allow the water to warm before adding the herbicides. 3) Increase the ph of the water in the spray tank to ph 8 to 9 by using ammonia, Quad 7 or other adjuvants that increase ph. 4) Premix the UpBeet in hot water or water with ph 8 to 9. Add the UpBeet to the spray tank first and be sure it is dissolved before adding, in order, Betanex*/Betamix*/Progress* and Stinger*. Continue filling the tank and add the methylated seed oil adjuvant when the tank is nearly full. Add a grass herbicide, if desired, after the methylated seed oil adjuvant. 6) Use gentle agitation to keep the mixture uniformly suspended. Vigorous agitation can cause more nozzle plugging than gentle agitation. See the table at the end of the weed control section for the relative response of various weed species to herbicides and herbicide combinations. *Or generic equivalent

18 COMBINATIONS OF HERBICIDES AND OTHER PESTICIDES Betanex*, Betamix*, or Progress* at conventional rates plus liquid Lorsban 4E has sometimes caused more sugarbeet injury than normal rates of Betanex*, Betamix*, or Progress* alone. Sugarbeet should have four or more leaves if Lorsban is mixed with conventional rates of Betanex*, Betamix*, or Progress*. Lorsban 4E can be tank-mixed with the micro-rate without increasing the risk of sugarbeet injury. Poast plus liquid Lorsban plus oil gave grass control similar to Poast plus oil. However, Poast plus Lorsban (no oil) gave less control of volunteer grain than Poast plus Lorsban plus oil so Lorsban will not fully substitute for the oil adjuvant. The use of herbicides plus insecticides has not resulted in reduced control of insects or weeds. Tin fungicides plus postemergence sugarbeet herbicides sometimes has caused more sugarbeet leaf burn than the tin fungicides alone. The injury increased as the temperature and humidity at application increased. Quadris plus oil adjuvant or Quadris plus any herbicide treatment that included an oil adjuvant caused more sugarbeet injury than Quadris alone. The micro-rate plus Quadris was especially injurious. Asana or Mustang plus the micro-rate has not increased sugarbeet injury compared to the micro-rate alone. Roundup* manufacturers currently discourage mixing Roundup* with insecticides and fungicides. There appears to be no problems mixing fungicides and insecticides with Roundup*, however, manufacturers will not support these mixtures. *Or generic equivalent HERBICIDE CARRYOVER Herbicide residue or the persistence of phytotoxic levels of a herbicide for more than one year can be a problem with some of the herbicides used in North Dakota and Minnesota. Herbicide residues are most likely to occur following years with unusually low rainfall because chemical and microbial activity needed to degrade herbicides is limited in dry soil. Some herbicides, like Broadstrike, Pursuit and Raptor, carry over more in low ph soils while other herbicides, such as the sulfonylureas Accent, Ally, Beacon, Classic and others, carry over more in high ph soils. Crop damage from herbicide residues can be minimized by application of the lowest herbicide rate that provides effective weed control, by using band rather than broadcast applications, and by moldboard plowing before planting the next crop. Moldboard plowing reduces phytotoxicity of some herbicides by diluting the herbicide residue in a large volume of soil and by providing untreated surface soil in which sugarbeet can germinate and begin growth.

19 The number of trade names for herbicides and herbicide combinations is increasing each year. The active ingredients of a herbicide should be identified prior to use to avoid unpleasant surprises with unexpected crop injury from carryover. Several herbicides are listed in the following table. These same herbicides could occur in mixtures under different brand names. Rotation Restrictions for Several Crops Sugarbeet Barley HRS / Drm Corn Dry bean Potato Soybean Herbicide (months after application) DO NOT USE IN ND = Beacon, chlorimuron, Exceed, Northstar, Scepter, Spirit, and Steel Accent* (<0.68 oz DF/A) 18a j 18j 0.5 Ally* (c) 34d 10 1/10 34e 34d 34d 34d Ally Extra* (0.2 oz) / Agility (e) 22b 10 1/ Amber B 18c 0 22b B B 36b Assert 20 NCS NCS NCS NCS 15 NCS atrazine* (0.38 lb ai) NCSb NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS 12 atrazine* ( lb ai) 2CSb NCS 2CS 0 2CS NCS 12 atrazine* (0.5-1 lb ai) 2CSb 2CS 2CS 0 2CS 2CS 12

20 Rotation Restrictions for Several Crops Herbicide Sugarbeet Barley HRS / Drm Corn Dry bean Potato Soybean (months after application) Authority Assist b Authority First / Sonic 30b Authority MTZ Axial TBC Balance Flexx / Pro (j) Banvel* (<1.5 pt) h 4 4h 0h 0h Basis Beacon (r) B CS 8 Boundary Callisto Camix NCS 0 18 NCS NCS Curtail* / Curtail M* m m

21 Everest NCS NCS 9 9 Extreme b Far-Go NCS 0 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS FirstRate 30b 30b Flexstar / Reflex Gangster 30b B Glean* / Finesse B 16 0 B B B B Goldsky Halex GT Harness / Surpass* NCS NCS 4 0 NCS NCS NCS Hornet 26b m m Huskie *Or generic equivalents

22 Rotation Restrictions for Several Crops Herbicide Sugerbeet Barley HRS / Drm Corn Dry bean Potato Soybean (months after application) Ignite Impact n 9 9 Laudis Lightning b Lumax (<3 pt/a) NCS NCS Matrix* 18 9/18p Maverick B B 0 B B B B Milestone (b) B B B 12b B B B Norton* Olympus B 18k 0 B B B B Option

23 Paramount 24b b 24b 10 Permit / Sandea Plateau 48b b 18 PowerFlex Prowl EC / H2O 2CS NCS NCS 0s Pulsar Pursuit / Pursuit Plus b Python 26b Raptor / Beyond / ClearMax 18t 18t t 0 Require Q 10j Resolve* (<1.1 oz DF/A) / Resolve Q 10j Rimfire Sencor* 18 8u 8u Silverado Sharpen (3.0 oz/a) {See label for more info.} Sonalan 2CS NCS NCS NCS 0 NCS 0 *Or generic equivalents

24 Rotation Restrictions for Several Crops Sugerbeet Barley HRS / Drm Corn Dry bean Potato Soybean Herbicide (months after application) Spartan / Sprtn Advance / Sprtn Charge Starane* Status / Distinct (h) Steadfast (<0.76 oz/a) 18a j 18j 0.5 Stinger* m m SureStart 26b NCS NCS Tordon (1.5 oz) 2CS NCS NCS 2CSx 2CS 2CS 2CS Treflan* (y) 2CS NCS NCS NCS Valor / Chateau (2.0 oz/a){see label for more} 8f f 0 Valor XLT WideMatch* Wolverine *Or generic equivalents

25 NCS = Next cropping season after herbicide application. 2CS = Second cropping season after herbicide application. MAA = months after application. a Field Bioassay Instructions - Refer to label or paragraph Y6 in the Narrative Section of ND Weed Control Guide Soil ph <7.5 = 10 MAA for sorghum and 11 MAA for sunflower. Soil ph >7.5 = 18 MAA for sorghum and sunflower. Soil ph <6.5 = 10 MAA for sugarbeet and all other crops not listed. Soil ph >6.5 = 18 MAA for sugarbeet, potato, and other crops not listed and cumulative precipitation in 18 MAA period must exceed 28 inches. B or b = Bioassay. Do not plant until field bioassay indicates it is safe. Crop rotation after atrazine is rate and soil ph dependant. Python, Hornet, and SureStart require a 26 month rotation and a successful field bioassay. FirstRate requires a 30 month rotation and a successful field bioassay. Lightning, Pursuit, and Pursuit Plus requires a month rota tion and a successful field bioassay. c Do not use on soil with ph greater than 7.9. Barley and oat can be planted 6 months after application west of highway 83. d e f h j Requires soil ph of 7.9 or less and a 34 month minimum rotation interval and 28 inches of cumulative precipitation. Requires soil ph of 7.9 or less, 22 months and 22 inches of precipitation west of Hwy 1 or 34 months and 34 inches of precipitation east of Hwy 1. The previous restriction also applies to Ally Extra at rates greater than 0.2 oz DF/A. 8 months if soil is tilled prior to planting of crop OR 12 months if no tillage is performed. Any rotational crop may be planted 120 days following application of Banvel/generic dicamba at 1.5 pt/a or less, excluding days when ground is frozen. For wheat, barley, oat, and grass seedings, allow 45 days per pint/a of dicamba after application before planting. For all crops and for rates greater than 1.5 pt/a allow 45 days per 1 pt/a of Banvel/dicamba used excluding days when ground is frozen. Requires 15 inches of cumulative precipitation during the growing season following application. An 18 month restriction applies to Accent, Resolve, and Steadfast applied above rates indicated or if drought follows application. Refer to label for crop rotation restrictions if rates greater than those indicated are used.

26 k m n p Requires 24 inches of accumulated precipitation. Do not plant dry bean,dry pea, soybean or sunflower for 18 months on soil with less than 2% OM and rainfall less than 15 inches during the 12 MAA OR may be planted 12 MAA if risk of injury is acceptable. Perform a field bioassay prior to planting for areas that receive less than 15 inches of rainfall and have less than 2% OM. Do not plant lentil, pea, potato or any other broadleaf crop grown for seed for 18 months unless risk of injury is acceptable. Dry bean can be planted after 9 months at Impact rates of 0.5 fl oz/a or less. Barley can be planted 9 months after application in Cass, Grand Forks, Pembina, Towner, Traill, and Walsh counties of ND. In all other counties of ND allow an 18 month rotation restriction before planting barley. r Do not apply Beacon, NorthStar, Peak, or Spirit in the Red River Valley of ND and MN or on soil with ph greater than 7.8. User must follow crop rotation restrictions as given on labels. Refer to label for additional information on soil ph, rotation intervals, maximum use rates, application timing and other restrictions. The number of months after application given in the previous table are applicable only on soil with a ph less than 7.8, only using less than maximum rates allowed, only using approved application timings, and only on approved locations (inside or outside Red River Valley) as indicated on the label. s Corn can be planted only if Prowl EC / H20 is applied PRE. DO NOT APPLY PPI. t Rotation to barley is: 9 months east of Hwy 83 and 18 months west of Hwy 83. Rotation to potato is: 9 months if soil ph is >6.2 and rainfall is >18 inches/year OR 18 months if soil ph is <6.2 and rainfall is <18 inches/year. Rotation to sugarbeet is: 18 months if the soil ph is >6.2 or 26 months if the soil ph is less than 6.2. u x y Must add 2 months if soil ph is 7.5 or above. Wheat and barley can be planted 4 MAA following lentils or soybeans. Do not plant corn or sorghum until soil samples analyzed for Tordon residue indicates no detectable levels present. Restriction is based on non-legal residue that may be found in corn and sorghum and not on crop safety. Oats, sorghum, and annual or perennial grass crops may be planted at least 12 MAA in areas that received 20 inches or more of precipitation during the growing season. CRP grasses may be planted 18 MAA if trifluralin is spring applied or 21 MAA if fall applied.

27 Single nozzle band sprayers Approximate nozzle height, nozzle capacity, and delivery rate per treated acre and per total acre assuming 22 inch rows: 3, 5, and 7 mph and PSI. 22 inch Row Width Nozzle HC-4 45 Nozzle Capac. (Gal/hr) 4 4 Spray Press (PSI) Approx. nozzle height (in.) Band Width (in.) 10 7 Gal/ treated acre a mph 5mph 7mph Gal/ total acre b Gal/ treated acre a Gal/ total acre b Gal/ treated acre a Gal/ total acre b E HC E LE-1 or 8001E

28 Nozzle Nozzle Capac. (Gal/hr) HC HC HC E LE-2 or 8002E LE-4 or 8004E Spray Press (PSI) Approx. nozzle height (in.) Single nozzle band sprayers (continued) Band Width (in.) Gal/ treated acre a inch Row Width 3mph 5mph 7mph Gal/ total acre b Gal/ treated acre a Gal/ total acre b Gal/ treated acre a Gal/ total acre b a Gallons per treated acre indicates the delivery rate to the treated portion of the field. b Gallons per total acre indicates the delivery rate per total acre in the field. With a 7 inch band and 22 inch rows, only 7/22 of the total acreage would receive the gallonage indicated.

29 RELATIVE RESPONSE OF WEEDS TO PPI AND PRE HERBICIDES a Herbicide Bufffalobur Nightshade, Barnyardgrass Cocklebur E. black Canada Foxtail thistlekochialadysthumb (pigeongrass) Lambsquarters (smartweed) Mallow, Pigweed, common Pigweed, redroot Ragweed,common prostrate Russian Sunflower, thistle Wild volunteer buckwheat Wild Wild mustard oat Dual Magnum* P P G N N G P P F P G-E G-E P-F P-F P P P P-F Eptam G F-G G-E P N G-E F P F-G F-G F-G F-G F P N P-F P G Far-Go N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N G-E Nortron* F F-G P P N F-G F-G G P-F P G-E F-G P F-G P F-G P-F F-G Ro-Neet G F-G G P N G-E P P F-G F-G F-G F-G F P N P-F P G-E E=Excellent (90-99%), G=Good (80-90%), F=Fair (65-80%), P=Poor (-65%), N=None a The tables give a general comparative rating of the relative effectiveness of herbicides to weeds. Under vary favorable conditions, control may be better than indicated. Under unfavorable conditions some herbicides rated good to excellent may give erratic or unfavorable results. *Or generic equivalents.

30 RELATIVE RESPONSE OF WEEDS TO POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES a Weeds Roundup*Betanex* Betamix* Progress* Stinger* UpBeet MSO + Betanex* Stinger*Betamix* + Stinger*Bnex*,Bmix*, + or Progress*+ UpbeetBnex*, or UpBeet+Stinger* Progress*+ Bmix*, Poast, or Select* Assure II* Barnyardgrass E P P P P N P P P P E Buffalobur G-E G G G F-G - G-E G-E G G-E N Canada thistle G-E N N N G-E N G-E G-E P G-E N Cocklebur E P P-F F E N E E F-G E N Lambsquarters P-E G G G-E P-F P G-E G-E G-E G-E N Common sunflower G-E P P P G-E F E E G E N Eastern black nightshade P-G F-G F-G G F-G F G-E G-E G E N Foxtails (pigeongrass) E P F F-G P F-G P F F-G F-G E Kochia F-E P-F F F-G N P-E C F F-G P-G P-G N Ladysthumb (Smartweed) P-E P P F-G P-F F G-E G-E G G-E N Lanceleaf sage E P P P-F F P F-G F-G P-F F-G N Marshelder G-E G G G E N E E G E N

31 Mallow, common P-G P P P P G P P G-E G-E N Mallow, Venice G-E P P P P F P P F-G G N Pigweed, redroot E G-E G G P F G-E G G-E G-E N Ragweed, common G-E C F F F-G F-E F G-E G-E F-G G-E N Ragweed, giant F-E C P P P F-E N G-E G-E P-F G-E N RR canola N N-P N-P N-P N F d N-P P P-F d P-F d N RR corn N N-P N-P N-P N F d N-P N-P F d F d E b RR soybean N N-P N-P N-P G-E F d G-E G-E F d G-E N Russian thistle G P P P P-F N-P G G P G N Waterhemp G-E C G F-G F-G N P-F C G F-G F-G G N Wild buckwheat P-G P-F F F-G F-G F G G-E F-G G-E N Wild mustard G-E G-E G-E G P G-E G-E G-E E E N Wild oat G-E N N N N N N N P P E E=Excellent (90-99%), G=Good (80-90%), F=Fair (65-80%), P=Poor (-65%), N=None a This table is a general comparative rating of the relative effectiveness of herbicides to weeds. Under very favorable conditions, control might be better than indicated. Under unfavorable conditions or with herbicide-resistant weeds, some herbicides rated good to excellent might give erratic or unfavorable results. b Only use Assure II*, Select Max, or Select* to control volunteer corn. C Resistant biotypes will not be controlled. d st Apply first application to small crops (canola - 2 lf stage; corn - 2 to 3 collar stage; soybean - 1 trifoliate stage) and a second application days later. *Or generic equivalent

32 Maximizing Glyphosate (Roundup) Activity Best Management Practices 1. Use the correct rate! A. Annual grass species: to 0.75 lb ae/a B. Perennial grass species: 0.75 to 2.25 lb ae/a C. Annual broadleaf species: 0.56 to 2.25 lb ae/a D. Perennial broadleaf species: 0.75 to 3.0 lb ae/a 2. Apply to small, young annual weeds and the correct stage for perennial weeds. The larger and/or the older a vegetative plant, the more difficult it is to control. A. Annual weed species: 1 to 4 inches B. Perennial weed species: early bud/boot stage to early flower or in fall to a minimum-sized plant C. Biennial species: fall (after a light frost) 3. Always add spray grade AMS fertilizer at least at 4 lb/100 gal to increase absorption and translocation and to reduce antagonistic effect from hard water and some herbicide formulations. Use AMS replacements or water conditioning agents at the equivalent rate of 4 lb/100 gal. 4. Apply during warm and humid conditions. Do not apply if a temperature change two to three days prior to and/or after the application exceeds 15 to 20º F. For summer annual and perennial weed species in the spring, do not apply if the daytime low temperature is below 38º F and the day time temperature does not exceed 45 to 50º F. These temperature statements have not been confirmed with research. If application is delayed greater than one week, increase the glyphosate rate since plants will be older and/or larger. 5. Apply between 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM, especially if velvetleaf and common and giant ragweed are present. 6. Reduce dust during application by reducing travel speed because it inactivates glyphosate. Placing nozzles before and after wheels, increasing spray volume, and offsetting (perpendicular to first application is ideal) subsequent applications can decrease the inactivation of glyphosate caused by dust. 7. Always allow a rain free period after application of at least 6 to12 hours, regardless of formulation. This is especially important for lambsquarters.

33 8. Do not tank-mix antagonistic herbicides with glyphosate, unless necessary. This is especially true for contact herbicides. When tank-mixing with a contact herbicide increase the glyphosate rate to the highest single application rate. 9. Apply the highest single application rate of glyphosate to Roundup Ready crops or an additional 25% for preplant applications if weed size is too large, plants are under stress from temperature or moisture levels, or dust is present during the application. 10. Always add a high quality NIS at 0.25 to 0.5% v/v to any glyphosate formulation as long as the label does not prohibit the addition of NIS, especially if lambsquarters is present. 11. Apply in 5 to 10 GPA spray volume when applied alone or in combination with another systemic herbicide. Apply in 15 to GPA spray volume when applied in combination with a contact herbicide or when weeds are tall and dense. 12. When tank-mixing with glyphosate, use the most effective rate of the tank-mix partner for the weed species present in the field, use the highest legal rate of glyphosate, and use the most effective adjuvant for the tank-mix partner. Use the least antagonistic adjuvant to glyphosate whenever possible. 13. Apply to actively growing plants. 14. Do not tank-mix foliar fertilizers, unless necessary. When necessary to mix with foliar fertilizers, add spray grade AMS at a minimum of 8.5 lb/100 gal. 15. Recognize glyphosate-resistant biotypes early (few plants/field). 16. The minimum and maximum interval between glyphosate applications should be 14 and 24 days, respectively. 17. Understand acid equivalent rates of glyphosate and the concentration of the glyphosate formulation being used to be confident of applying the correct product rate.