Can cover crops replace summer fallow?
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1 Can cover crops replace summer fallow? Moisture removal rates in cover crops vs. fallow on five low to high rainfall farms and Project funded by CAHNRS - WSU Extension - County Programs
2 WATER USE BY COVER CROP VS. FALLOW FIVE LOCATIONS: ASOTIN, GARFIELD, COLUMBIA, AND WALLA WALLA COUNTIES
3 Initial Goals Instrumentation OVERVIEW Summary of Observations Daily Weather GDD Accumulation Changes in soil profile moisture Soil Profile Water Biomass produced per unit water consumed
4 Goal ONE Determine amount of water consumed per unit of cover crop biomass produced Daikon oilseed radish (large, deep taproot, C spp.) sorghum sudangrass (high biomass warm-season forage grass, C spp.) sun hemp (tropical legume, C spp) winter forage pea (Site, cool season legume, C spp.)
5 Goal ONE Determine amount of water consumed per unit of cover crop biomass produced Daikon oilseed radish (large, deep taproot, C spp.) sorghum sudangrass (high biomass warm-season forage grass, C spp.) sun hemp (tropical legume, C spp) winter forage pea (Site, cool season legume, C spp.) Fallow systems Bare soil Wheat straw Full shade
6 Goal ONE Determine amount of water consumed per unit of cover crop biomass produced Daikon oilseed radish (large, deep taproot, C spp.) sorghum sudangrass (high biomass warm-season forage grass, C spp.) sun hemp (tropical legume, C spp) winter forage pea (Site, cool season legume, C spp.) Fallow systems Bare soil Wheat straw Full shade Instrumentation air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, soil moisture, leaf wetness, wind speed and direction, precipitation
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9 Soil Moisture Sensors. FOUR inch depth under both fallow and cover crop
10 COVER CROP FULL SHADE BARE SOIL STRAW COVER in 6 in 8 in Buried soil temperature probes
11 Goal TWO Combined effects of cover type and soil temperature on evaporative water loss.
12 Goal TWO Combined effects of cover type and soil temperature on evaporative water loss. Soil samples collected at -inch increments to 8 inches before and after to determine change in gravimetric water content.
13 Goal TWO Combined effects of cover type and soil temperature on evaporative water loss. Soil samples collected at -inch increments to 8 inches before and after to determine change in gravimetric water content. Three temperature data loggers buried at three depths (-6, 6-, -8 in) under four cover conditions: cover crop seeded into straw residue full shade (artificially shaded with white landscape cloth) bare soil wheat straw residue
14 Goal TWO Combined effects of cover type and soil temperature on evaporative water loss. Soil samples collected at -inch increments to 8 inches before and after to determine change in gravimetric water content. Three temperature data loggers buried at three depths (-6, 6-, -8 in) under four cover conditions: cover crop seeded into straw residue full shade (artificially shaded with white landscape cloth) bare soil wheat straw residue Data summaries for GOAL are not included in this presentation
15 CONFIGURATION SOFTWARE WATERPROOF STAINLESS STEEL CASE USB DATA LOGGERS
16 SITE. Asotin County Soil: Olical - Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Calcic Halpoxerolls, elevation,96 ft (895 m), -5 inch rainfall zone, Long-term conservation tillage. Rainfall during study:.8 inches DAILY TEMPERATURE ( F) 8 6 DAILY MAX DAYS (/8-7/) 6 9 MAX T F
17 SITE. Asotin County Soil: Olical - Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Calcic Halpoxerolls, elevation,96 ft (895 m), -5 inch rainfall zone, Long-term conservation tillage. Rainfall during study:.8 inches DAILY TEMPERATURE ( F) 8 6 DAILY MAX DAILY MIN DAYS (/8-7/) 6 9 MAX T F MAX T F MIN T F
18 SITE. Asotin County Soil: Olical - Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Calcic Halpoxerolls, elevation,96 ft (895 m), -5 inch rainfall zone, Long-term conservation tillage. Rainfall during study:.8 inches 5 DAILY TEMPERATURE ( F) 8 6 DAILY MAX DAILY MIN DAILY PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION ( th in) DAYS (/8-7/) 6 9 th in RAIN MAX T F MAX MAX T FT F MIN T F MIN T F
19 SITE. Asotin County Soil: Olical - Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Calcic Halpoxerolls, elevation,96 ft (895 m), -5 inch rainfall zone, Long-term conservation tillage. Rainfall during study:.8 inches 5 DAILY TEMPERATURE ( F) 8 6 DAILY MAX DAILY MIN DAILY PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION ( th in) 5 DAYS (/8-7/) 6 th in RAIN MAX T F MAX MAX T FT F MIN T F MIN T F 9 5 DAILY SOIL MOISTURE (% v/v) 5 5 PRECIPITATION ( th in) 5 DAYS (/8-7/) 6 9 th in RAIN DAILY Cover Crop %VWC DAILY Straw Fallow %VWC
20 SITE. Asotin County Soil: Olical - Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Calcic Halpoxerolls, elevation,96 ft (895 m), -5 inch rainfall zone, Long-term conservation tillage. Rainfall during study:.8 inches 5 DAILY TEMPERATURE ( F) 8 6 DAILY MAX DAILY MIN DAILY PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION ( th in) 5 DAYS (/8-7/) 6 th in RAIN MAX T F MAX MAX T FT F MIN T F MIN T F 9 5 DAILY SOIL MOISTURE (% v/v) 5 5 OPTIMAL TIME TO TERMINATE, 9 days prior to planting PRECIPITATION ( th in) 5 DAYS (/8-7/) 6 9 th in RAIN DAILY Cover Crop %VWC DAILY Straw Fallow %VWC
21 Growing Degree Day Accumulation GDD C Cool Season Brassicas Sorghum Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep SOIL (GDD /) SOIL (GDD 5) SOIL (GDD /) AIR (GDD /) AIR (GDD 5) AIR (GDD /)
22 Growing Degree Day Accumulation GDD C Cool Season Brassicas Sorghum Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep SOIL (GDD /) SOIL (GDD 5) SOIL (GDD /) AIR (GDD /) AIR (GDD 5) AIR (GDD /) GDD = (T MAX + T MIN ) - T BASE
23 Growing Degree Day Accumulation GDD C Cool Season Brassicas Sorghum Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep SOIL (GDD /) SOIL (GDD 5) SOIL (GDD /) AIR (GDD /) AIR (GDD 5) AIR (GDD /) GDD = (T MAX + T MIN ) - T BASE Growing Degree Day ( C) assume - cm soil temperature drives germination through emergence (e.g., GDD C ).
24 Growing Degree Day Accumulation GDD C Cool Season Brassicas Sorghum Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep SOIL (GDD /) SOIL (GDD 5) SOIL (GDD /) AIR (GDD /) AIR (GDD 5) AIR (GDD /) GDD = (T MAX + T MIN ) - T BASE Growing Degree Day ( C) assume - cm soil temperature drives germination through emergence (e.g., GDD C ). Delayed germination/emergence and exceptionally slow GDD accumulation rates provide evidence that warm season species are not suitable for PNW dryland cover cropping systems.
25 E + T = ET E = Evaporative Water Loss water lost as vapor, varies with: amount of stored water, frequency of precipitation air and soil temperatures, intensity and duration of solar radiation, relative humidity
26 E + T = ET E = Evaporative Water Loss water lost as vapor, varies with: amount of stored water, frequency of precipitation air and soil temperatures, intensity and duration of solar radiation, relative humidity T = Transpiration soil water processed by plant to generate biomass, translocates to leaves and expelled through stoma
27 E + T = ET E = Evaporative Water Loss water lost as vapor, varies with: amount of stored water, frequency of precipitation air and soil temperatures, intensity and duration of solar radiation, relative humidity T = Transpiration soil water processed by plant to generate biomass, translocates to leaves and expelled through stoma ET = E plus T
28 E + T = ET E = Evaporative Water Loss water lost as vapor, varies with: amount of stored water, frequency of precipitation air and soil temperatures, intensity and duration of solar radiation, relative humidity T = Transpiration soil water processed by plant to generate biomass, translocates to leaves and expelled through stoma ET = E plus T
29 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) Bare Soil water (in) 5
30 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) Bare Soil water (in) 5
31 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) Bare Soil water (in) 5
32 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Time of sampling at planting upon removal Bare Soil water (in) 5 Soil Depth (ft) 9% Storage Efficiency = Percentage of stored water retained
33 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Bare Soil water (in) 5 Crop Residue Full Shade water (in) 5 water (in) 5 Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) 9% Title Title % 9% Storage Efficiency = Percentage of stored water retained
34 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Bare Soil water (in) 5 Crop Residue Full Shade water (in) 5 water (in) 5 Time of sampling at planting upon removal Cover Crop water (in) 5 Soil Depth (ft) 9% Title Title % 9% 58% Storage Efficiency = Percentage of stored water retained
35 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Fallow System vs. Mature Cover Crop Bare Soil water (in) 5 Crop Residue Full Shade water (in) 5 water (in) 5 Time of sampling at planting upon removal Cover Crop water (in) 5 Soil Depth (ft) Title 9% 5 Title % 5 9% 5 58% 5 Soil Depth (ft) Title Title 8% 8% 86% 57% Storage Efficiency = Percentage of stored water retained
36 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Mature Cover Crop vs. Spring Cereal Crop Cover Crop water (in) 5 Spring Cereal water (in) 5 Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) 57% 55%
37 Soil Profile Moisture (inches) Mature Cover Crop vs. Spring Cereal Crop Cover Crop water (in) 5 Spring Cereal water (in) 5 Time of sampling at planting upon removal Soil Depth (ft) Soil Depth (ft) 57% 5 55% 5 5% 5% Storage Efficiency = Percentage of stored water retained
38 Average Effects of Cover Type on Soil Water Storage Cover Type Water Inches Storage Efficiency % Cover Crop ET 6.76 a 55 Spring Cereal ET 5. a 55 Bare Soil E.5 b 8 Straw E. b 85 Full Shade E.6 b 9
39 Average Effects of Cover Type on Soil Water Storage Cover Type Water Inches Storage Efficiency % Cover Crop ET 6.76 a 55 Spring Cereal ET 5. a 55 Bare Soil E.5 b 8 Straw E. b 85 Full Shade E.6 b 9 ET = Evapotranspiration E = Evaporation
40 Average Effects of Cover Type on Soil Water Storage Cover Type Water Inches Storage Efficiency % Cover Crop ET 6.76 a 55 Spring Cereal ET 5. a 55 Bare Soil E.5 b 8 Straw E. b 85 Full Shade E.6 b 9 ET = Evapotranspiration E = Evaporation Inches = inches of water, E or ET from 5-ft profile
41 Average Effects of Cover Type on ET = Evapotranspiration E = Evaporation Soil Water Storage Cover Type Water Inches Storage Efficiency % Cover Crop ET 6.76 a 55 Spring Cereal ET 5. a 55 Bare Soil E.5 b 8 Straw E. b 85 Full Shade E.6 b 9 Inches = inches of water, E or ET from 5-ft profile Storage Efficiency % = average 5-ft soil water content before average 5-ft soil water content after x Cover Crop and Spring Cereal storage efficiencies are for sites & 5
42 Preliminary analysis of biomass yields versus cumulative evapotranspiration.5 Biomass Yield =. x ET, R² =.9. Biomass (tons/a) Evapotranspiration (inches from 5-foot profile)
43 Preliminary analysis of biomass yields versus cumulative evapotranspiration.5 Biomass Yield =. x ET, R² =.9. Biomass (tons/a) Evapotranspiration (inches from 5-foot profile)
44 Preliminary analysis of biomass yields versus cumulative evapotranspiration.5 of water needed to produce. ton Biomass per acre. Biomass Yield =. x ET, R² =.9 Biomass (tons/a) Evapotranspiration (inches from 5-foot profile)
45 Confounding Factors Nutrient Stratification Soil Acidification Soil Depth (in) Soil Organic Matter (%) 5 6
46 Confounding Factors Nutrient Stratification Soil Acidification Soil Depth (in) Mineral Nitrogen Soil (ppm) Organic Matter Soil Phosphorus (%) (ppm) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in)
47 Confounding Factors Soil Depth (in) Nutrient Stratification Mineral Nitrogen Soil (ppm) Organic Matter Soil Phosphorus (%) (ppm) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Acidification Soil ph
48 Confounding Factors Soil Depth (in) Nutrient Stratification Mineral Nitrogen Soil (ppm) Organic Matter Soil Phosphorus (%) (ppm) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Acidification Soil ph Buffer ph
49 Confounding Factors Nutrient Stratification Soil Acidification Soil Depth (in) Mineral Nitrogen Soil (ppm) Organic Matter Soil Phosphorus (%) (ppm) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Soil Depth (in) Aluminum (ppm) Soil ph Soil Depth (in) Manganese (ppm) 6 8 Buffer ph
50 Observations Water removal rate by a fully mature spring-planted cover crop is approximately equal to that of a spring cereal crop.
51 Observations Water removal rate by a fully mature spring-planted cover crop is approximately equal to that of a spring cereal crop. Replacement of fallow a with mixed cool season cover crop might be practical with early termination (c.f., Asotin County climate data). Consider well instrumented landscape to account for variations in soil water storage.
52 Observations Water removal rate by a fully mature spring-planted cover crop is approximately equal to that of a spring cereal crop. Replacement of fallow a with mixed cool season cover crop might be practical with early termination (c.f., Asotin County climate data). Consider well instrumented landscape to account for variations in soil water storage. Is it practical to plant a mixed winter cover crop in late summer after harvest? Maybe in some years, but dry soil conditions will a typically prevent successful establishment.
53 Observations Water removal rate by a fully mature spring-planted cover crop is approximately equal to that of a spring cereal crop. Replacement of fallow a with mixed cool season cover crop might be practical with early termination (c.f., Asotin County climate data). Consider well instrumented landscape to account for variations in soil water storage. Is it practical to plant a mixed winter cover crop in late summer after harvest? Maybe in some years, but dry soil conditions will a typically prevent successful establishment. Is it practical to grow a cool season species as winter cover/forage crop option assuming access to grazing livestock?
54 Collaborators Growers Walla Walla Seth and Mark Small, Don Anderson Columbia Eric Thorn Garfield Mary and Roger Dye Asotin Mark Greene USDA ARS and NRCS Personnel by Office Pendleton Dan Long, Research Agronomist, Center Director and Research Leader Pomeroy Rick Stauty, Soil Conservationist Clarkston Jim Schroeder, Soil Conservationist Walla Walla Jessica Taylor, Soil Conservationist Pasco Keith Harrington, Soil Scientist WSU Campus John Morse, Ian Guest, and Jack Niedbala - USDA-ARS Research Technicians Dave Huggins, USDA-ARS Research Soil Scientist/Affiliate Professor WSU Faculty Columbia County Paul Carter, Extension Agronomist
55 Thank you Dryland Wheat Producer and Shepherd N, -7.7 W Wayne.Thompson@WSU.edu WSU Regional Extension Agronomist 8 W Poplar St, Walla Walla Project funded by CAHNRS - WSU Extension - County Programs
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