Review of three decades of. food security in Fiji

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1 Review of three decades of Government and educationalinstitutional-led tilapia production for food security in Fiji Satya Nandlal Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Science and Technology (FaST) Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Australia Outline of presentation Introduction Historical development: Tilapia introductions/farming in Fiji Pre-1980 period The period Problems/issues: Post period Government Policies 2000 Tilapia farming in 2000s Strength/constraint of tilapia farming in Fiji Conclusions 1

2 Practice not widespread Aquaculture in Fiji Policy makers integral component for food security & income development Freshwater aquaculture-1950s/1960s- commodities Tilapia, Carps, Freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii Rationale for development Rapid/steady after 1980s Reasons/factors poorly documented Sector- modest success. value $FJD998,000 in 2000 (Tilapia $900,000) Tilapia ($900,000) -most important for food security & income generation Source: Fiji islands freshwater aquaculture sector plan Tilapia introductions Species Source Date Reference 1954 Malaysia - fingerlings (av. length 51mm) 100% survival. - Expt. at SARS - Consumption by locals school & village ponds 1968/79: Israeli O.niloticus (RAS, Lami & NAS) Red tilapia-1984, PM of Fiji (NAS) Chitralada (NAS) 1997 GIFT (NAS) -Chitralada fingerling supply stopped in 2000 & replaced by GIFT O.mossambicus Malaysia 1954 Holmes 1954; van Pel 1955 O.niloticus Israel 1968 Lewis & Pring 1986 O.niloticus Israel 1979 Uwateet al Red tilapia Taiwan 1981 Fong (pers.comm.1 990) O.aurea Taiwan 1985 Lewis & pring 1986 O.Hornorum Taiwan 1985 Lewis & Pring 1986 O.niloticus (Chitralada) O.niloticus (GIFT ) Thailand 1988 SPADP/FAO, File FIJ/6,1988 Philippin es 1997/ 2000 author 2

3 Tilapia species Naduruloulou Aquaculture Station (NAS) Tilapia introductions into natural waters Late 1950/1960 O. mossambicus - Sigatoka, Rewa & Navua rivers and Vanua Levu iodine deficiency: Health Dept. Mid 1960 tilapia popular in diet- inland villages Tilapia from rivers: Av. Length cm, av.wt.1000g (Villaluz 1972) 3

4 Tilapia farming: Pre-1980 Development Plan 7, Rural fish farming-subsistence (& commercial) purposes Address malnutrition in inland areas Naduruloulou Freshwater Aquaculture Center (NAS) established (1975/76)-12 ponds Raviravi Aquaculture Station infrastructure /facilities expanded for trials: 1972 Tilapia farming: (DP 8 & 9) Fingerling prod. pond method (NAS ) Israeli strain my fish Free fingerling (any size): SD- 1 to Subsistence level farming (national av.wt 130g/4-8months) mt/ha Harvest-hand picking, push nets-sell fish: bundles (barter, credit, free!!/kerekere, falavelave)-no purging of fish. Fry/fingerlings left in the pond to continue growing Some extension service/data collection Year No. of fish farms Total area(m²) , , Harvest (kg) ,050 1, ,040 1, ,126 1, ,000* 3, ,000* 6, ,000* 14,000 Source: Fiji annual reports * Estimate 4

5 Tilapia farming- 1980s-cont. U.S.A PCV-extension agents (trained in USA/AIT/Fiji Small-scale enterprises evolved - semi commercial late 1980s Fiji/Japan cooperation at NAS Results Successful carp spawning and biological weed control Mass Prawn pl production & grow-out trials Feed formulations Total cost >$FJD1.5 million Main beneficiary: tilapia!!!!!! 1988 Chitralada strain introduced in culture 1988-Tilapia mash feed (CP 23%) wheat bran 25%, Copra meal 40% & meat bone meal 25%; fry mix...50 rp:50 fm 1988: SD increased to- 2f/m²; FCR: Pond fertilization Tilapia as protein source & income generation recognised. 1989: tilapia genetic Trends in tilapia production 1980s Weight (kg) Year Source: Fiji Fisheries Annual reports:

Constraints:1980-1990 Poor quality of fingerlings pond method

mossambicus (headache) Early spawning in ponds (no std size

..management Feed - poor quality & availability (Naduruloulou

fertilizer delivery, feed Lack of capital finance: 1 loan-

Improvements Pond str: design/const.by machines.

Structure in Operations Pond mgt Monitor water parameters

6 Constraints: Poor quality of fingerlings pond method - Ponds subject to flooding - Eradication of O.mossambicus (headache) Early spawning in ponds (no std size of fingerling) Poor pond design-manual const...management Feed - poor quality & availability (Naduruloulou & farms) Technical information High cost: fingerling & fertilizer delivery, feed Lack of capital finance: 1 loan- FDB: for demo farm Tilapia farming practices: Improvements Pond str: design/const.by machines. Ponds m² Mechanical & manual const. Structure in Operations Pond mgt Monitor water parameters Feed-mash & pellets cp 29%(1996)- 60c/kg SD: 2-5f/m² Sampling Harvesting: Seine nets Marketing Purging Live sales & bundles Record keeping 6

Tilapia farming:1990-2000 Fingerlings prod.

, Driti Demonstration farms: Mataqali fish farming groups Improved pond

wt 166-180g/4 months). Some 220g/4 months FCR: 1.8-2.

hatchery-1995 Dreketi hatchery: 1990-1997 Tilapia Extension staff/agents

7 Tilapia farming: Fingerlings prod. -pond /tank/hapa Private hatcheries: e.g., Driti Demonstration farms: Mataqali fish farming groups Improved pond mgt systems: - fish stocking rates - pond inputs Yield - national av.wt g/4 months). Some 220g/4 months FCR: Tilapia centres in 1990s Naduruloulou-National breeding centre Ba hatchery-1995 Dreketi hatchery: Tilapia Extension staff/agents 1. Botenaulu 2. Ra 3. Rakiraki 4. Ba 5. Navua 6. Namosi 7. Vunidawa 8. Tailevu 9. Labasa 10. Bua 11. Savusavu Ba Botenaulu Bua Ra Tailevu Navua Labasa 7

Tilapia farming:1990s Trial market overseas Improvement in quality &

.21-42 days) Improvement in broodstock mgt Monosex culture Training

Educational-institutional fish farms -1990s (fish for kitchen)

fingerlings to students Training of students-short courses RKS fish

8 Tilapia farming:1990s Trial market overseas Improvement in quality & quantity of fingerlings ( 3g :1-21 days days) Improvement in broodstock mgt Monosex culture Training of farmers and staff Regional trainee attachment at NAS Educational-institutional fish farms -1990s (fish for kitchen) Nasinu reformative centre fish farm Montfort fish farm-suva Supply fingerlings to students Training of students-short courses RKS fish farm- ($12,000 canned fish/yr) Ba Reformative Center fish farm Womens fish farm groups Labasa Reformative Center 8

Commercial tilapia farms-1990s Navua (Sec Foo Fong) fish farm-1988 Viticorp Fish farm Trial exports to LA/Sydney Kimble fish farm Regular -sales in Suva Rokoraite fish farm First mataqali commercial

NAS- computer (database for all farms) ACIAR/QUT/Fiji Fisheries project: Genetic improvement of Tilapia in Malaysia & Fiji (Phase 1.

9 Commercial tilapia farms-1990s Navua (Sec Foo Fong) fish farm-1988 Viticorp Fish farm Trial exports to LA/Sydney Kimble fish farm Regular -sales in Suva Rokoraite fish farm First mataqali commercial farm Features Regular sampling to determine food ration Hapa and tank fry production Feed: mash &Tilapia pellets & fertilization Tilapia farming:1990s cont. NAS- computer (database for all farms) ACIAR/QUT/Fiji Fisheries project: Genetic improvement of Tilapia in Malaysia & Fiji (Phase ) Fiji joins International Network Genetics in Aquaculture (INGA)-1993 U.S.A Peace Corp project: Rural Aquaculture ceases operation (1996) ACIAR/QUT/Fiji Fisheries project: Genetic Improvement of cultured tilapia & Redclaw in Fiji & Australia (Phase ) Commodity Development Framework (CDF) initiative MAFF Subsidy for farm development: 2/3 capital cost govt.subsidy Year No. of fish farms Total area(m²) Harvest (kg) ,000* 20, , ,000 63, , , , , , , , ,000 9

10 Problems/issues-1990s Organization of seed production & distribution High demand led to new hatcheries (Dreketi hatchery closed in 1997) Quality control on fingerlings Withdrawl of support to all farms- except in central division after 1997 Focus on commercial farms only Organization of feed production & distribution Tilapia pellets & marsh produced by commercila feed millers Marsh form (wheat bran, rice bran, copra meal, meat/bone meal, Fish meal Competition for feed from other users Farms scattered Problems/issues-1990s Organization of markets and marketing Limited allocation for space at market place Marketing channels: producer NAS (purging) market Lack of harvesting equipment/transport - producers. Organization of statistics/farm data collection & reporting Delay in collection & reporting Farmers keeping secret 10

11 Problems/issues-1990s Organization of research, education, training & extension Research: ACIAR/QUT tilapia genetic project Education & training: FORMAL EDUCATION- first post-graduate in aquaculture (1995/98) TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL-Several schools & centres Extension- broad extension service. Land tenure Over 84% owned by native population Government intervention to develop fish farm must have approval of clan mataqali No loans from commercial banks High cost: pond construction, water pumps, feed, pipes and land rent High cost of imported equipment Government Policies 2000 Sustainable development & management of fisheries resources through relevant, appropriate & institutional strengthening Effectively participate resource owners in the commercialization of their resources Promote marine environment biodiversity, & conservation of fish resources Develop appropriate legislation & enforcement capabilities consistent with the code of conduct for responsible management of fisheries To promote the use of appropriate technology in the development of new & existing commodities in the sector To provide infrastructure & marketing to support the various development in the fisheries sector To promote & improve food security through availability & accessibility Source: Strategic Development Plan

12 Tilapia farming: 2000s Small & large scale farms Many farms defunct in 2000 Satellite farms:5 pond/ha Capital subsidy (MFF) Fiji Aquaculture Council Quarantine facilities-nas funded by SPC/Fiji fisheries (2004) Distribution of GIFT broodstock & fingerlings (2001) SD: 5f/m2 (6-9mt/ha) Year No. of fish farms Total area(m²) Harvest (kg) , , , , ,000 32, , ,000* , , >300,000* Source: Fiji Fisheries Annual reports Tilapia farming 2000s Status of Fish Farmers Farmer Distribution and Ownership Type Maiutau Bua Cakaud Ra Ba Nausoa Nadrog Serua Namosi Naitasiri Tailevu Rewa Nos Farmers Practising Ex-Farmers Intending Farmers Cakau Bua Macuata Rewa Tailevu Naita Namosi Serua Nadro Navosa Ba Ra Others Mataqali Leased Freehold 12

Pond characteristics 2004 Average Depth of Inlet & Outlet by Province 1.2 1.0 Depth (metres) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.

13 Pond characteristics 2004 Average Depth of Inlet & Outlet by Province Depth (metres) Cakau Bua Macuata Rewa Tailevu Naita Namosi Province Serua Nadro Navosa Ba Ra Inlet Outlet Naduruloulou Aquaculture Station National Breeding Centre (breeding nucleus) Multiplier Stations Testing, Fry production Auxillary govt. hatcheries Testing, fry production Fish farmers Grow-out Proposed scheme for dissemination of fry/fingerling (quality seed) 13

14 Problems with Farm Operation Buyers 1% Harvesting problems 2% Marketing of harvest 3% Other problems 13% Lack of fingerlings supply 23% Stealing and poaching 5% Water supply 5% Floods 7% Drought 8% Fertilizer and other supplies 7% Lack of feed supply 26% Trends in tilapia production s weight (kg) years Source: Fiji Fisheries Annual report

200-400families Increase in prod..-evidence tilapia contributes to improving livelihoods.

15 Issues Direct & indirect contribution of tilapia to food security Detailed information required is lacking Social performance Poverty alleviation in rural areas: no specific information for quantitative assessment of tilapias contribution -employment of families Increase in prod..-evidence tilapia contributes to improving livelihoods. Research into breeding & genetic improvement led big improvements-needs to be maintained Poor quality control on tilapia feed Lack of standards-quality control/regulations Issue 15

any size fish from our streams, rivers S. Gereva 8/12/09 With passion must come reason.

16 Integrated farming systems Strengths of tilapia industry Established seed production technology Relatively good extension service Relatively good economic performance Good demand for tilapia at the markets We can eat any fish, any size fish from our streams, rivers S. Gereva 8/12/09 With passion must come reason. While we extend debate to all views, our policies must be based on scientific consensus and our actions should be based on reason J. Gillard 7/12/09 16

Major constraints Limited improvement in seed quality maintenance & supply Limited improvement in broodstock maintenance/replacement Insufficient organization & supervision of tilapia farms: Mataqali

17 Major constraints Limited improvement in seed quality maintenance & supply Limited improvement in broodstock maintenance/replacement Insufficient organization & supervision of tilapia farms: Mataqali farms Inadequate improvements in infrastructure & facilities at NAS and other govt hatcheries Spread of Japanese snail: Japonicus viviporous (1984)-quarantine issues. Specific policies Seed issues -quality & quantity constraint to expansion (quality crucial).steps taken: 1. encourage mini govt. & private hatcheries 2. seed quality control policy ( 3g fingerlings; supply broodstocks) Feed issues 1. Support research in feed & nutrition-mid 1990s Marketing issues-centralised control from NAS 1. Purging 2. Provision of support: Land issue policies: farm ownership Investment issue policies: grants & subsidies; tax free zones; joint ventures local & foreign private investors..ftib 17

Tilapia in Fijian society As it continues to develop, tilapia will play an important role: ensuring food supply alleviate rural povertyjob creation & income generation **Need to produce packaged &

18 Tilapia in Fijian society As it continues to develop, tilapia will play an important role: ensuring food supply alleviate rural povertyjob creation & income generation **Need to produce packaged & ready to eat products at affordable prices** Challenges ahead Increase in domestic demand for fish (results from economic growth & improved living standards) is likely to be the main determinant of the future of tilapia industry in Fiji. Some preventive measures to potential constraints...(regulatory framework for feed industry-cp levels)...including enacting & enforcing legislation on responsible aquaculture. Potential area for tilapia ponds-1,500ha -1,200ha (non-productive, no agricultural activities) - 300ha (rice irrigation schemes-defunct due to relaxation on rice imports). Area under cultivation: 50ha 18

19 Conclusions Largest producer of farm grown tilapia in S. Pacific* Tilapia culture developed through several policy regimes Post 1980 (1987) period-govt mobilized all available resources to tilapia culture: produce more food for people. Experiences learnt from outside Fiji Fiji s govt. Policy/role may have been correct-refer to* Led to creation/accumulation-real asset & wealth: national, local and ind. levels Incomes & livelihoods-improved (rural?) Developed skilled workers Govt s export policy??? Future of tilapia in Fiji Single greatest potential & hope fill gap between projected demand & supply of fish more food to feed our people With: Pro-active govt policies Adequate advanced planning Scientifically designed production technologies Sound mgt Tilapia culture (in Fiji) can be & is likely to be productively stable, sustainable & profitable. - Govt. policies & mgt should continue to be reformed & should facilitate a restructured industry..with a better quality seed production system & efficient mgt strategy - Fijian tilapia development & experiences provide valuable lessons to our neighbours (except for legal & regulatory framework) 19

20 Acknowledgement QUT: Peter, Mike, Dave ACIAR: Barney smith, Geoff Allan SPC: Ben, Tim & MA JICA; USA-PCV; Worldfish; FAO Fiji Fisheries: Maleli, Jone, Gerald, Tavenisa, Maciu, Vatu, Liti, Rajen,... Fish farmers: Sadiq, Kim, Foo, Rokoraite, Driti Women s group Montfort fish farms: Suva & Savusavu 20

Productivity and constraints in tilapia fish and freshwater prawn aquaculture in Fiji

Final report for Mini-project MS0507: Productivity and constraints in tilapia fish and freshwater prawn aquaculture in Fiji James Teri 1 Tim Pickering 1 1 University of the South Pacific 1 Abstract The