Bee Informed Pesticides, Bees and BCAs Compatibility

Transcription

1 Bee Informed Pesticides, Bees and BCAs Compatibility Joanne Lutz GGSPro Technical Specialist NJNLA Greenhouse Conference June 18 th, 2014 Why Do We Consider BCA s? Green-growing and sustainability. Reduce resistance pressure on traditional pesticides Part of ICM (Integrated Crop Management) where no one pest management tactic works in isolation Why the Need for BCA Compatible Pesticides? Abrupt weather changes from cool to warm increases pest Ex- aphids, mites, thrips in the typical spring greenhouse. Shortages and transportation difficulties from BCA suppliers. 1

2 Why the Need for BCA Compatible Pesticides? Incoming plant material has unexpected pests. Overlapping pests that it is difficult to control all with only BCA s. An unanticipated pest arrives. Ex- European Pepper Moth Stuff happens! Choosing Pesticides Compatible with BCA s Considerations: Time to identify compatible pesticides is during production planning stage. Need ability to react quickly to save the BCA program. Determine acute toxicity to BCA s & length of residual. Don t forget fungicides and PGR s. Compatible Pesticides- Where are the Resources? Biocontrol companies University and extension researchers Pesticide Companies Grower anecdotes- careful with this. 2

3 What are the Challenges? So many BCA/pesticide combos to test. Needed data often lacking. Difference in testing techniques can cause apparent contradictions. Greenhouse vs petri dish? Was it tested as a spray, drench or both? BCA Hit List Synthetic pyrethroids: 8 wk or longer residual- Ex: Decathlon (cyfluthrin), Talstar (bifenthrin), Tame (fenpropathrin) Organo-phosphates: avg 4-8 week residual- Ex: Acephate/Orthene, Dursban/Duraguard (chlorpyrifos) Carbamates: 8 wk or longer residual- Ex- Mesurol (methiocarb), Sevin (carbaryl) What is a Biorational Pesticide? EPA identifies biorational pesticides as having fundamentally different modes of action and lower risks of adverse effects than conventional (i.e. neurotoxin) pesticides. Ex- IGRs, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, microbial insecticides. 3

4 Examples of Biorational Pesticides Fungicides Actinovate SP Affirm Cease Companion Milstop Oxidate Rootshield Insecticides Aria/Endeavor Azatin/Azaguard Botanigard/Mycotrol Conserve Dipel Essential oils IGR s M-Pede Examples of Biorational Pesticides Fungicides Actinovate SP Affirm Cease Companion Milstop Oxidate Rootshield Insecticides Aria/Endeavor Azatin/Azaguard Botanigard/Mycotrol Conserve Dipel Essential oils IGR s M-Pede Red Font= Known BCA Toxicities Biopesticides- Always BCA Safe? Direct contact: directed sprays may kill natural enemies or in the case of parasitoids they may be killed while in developing hosts. Host elimination: May kill hosts, which may lead to natural enemies dying or leaving because they are unable to locate additional hosts. Adapted from: Compatibility Conflict: Is the Use of Biological Control Agents with Pesticides a Viable Management Strategy? - R. Cloyd, Kansas State University 4

5 Biopesticides- Always BCA Safe? Residual activity: Residues on a potential host may make them unacceptable to a parasitoid or predator. Sub-lethal effects: May affect reproduction such as sterilizing females, reducing egg laying or impact the ratio of females vs. males. Biorational = BCA safe? Conserve is a biorational pesticide that is safe for most mites but toxic to Aphidius spp., Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus spp., and Orius. Pyganic (natural pyrethrin plus PBO) is toxic to nearly all BCA s with an average one week residual effect. Beware: Caution is needed PGR s??- Cycocel reduced spider mites for up to 6 months on hibiscus.* Inert ingredients and formulations matter. Example: Beauvaria bassiana products. *Osborne and Chase. HortScience 25:

6 Caution is needed Beware: Milstop fungicide- labeled in NY to control: aphids, spider mites, mealybugs, whiteflies. BCA s?? Surfactants- CapSil gave 53% mealybug mortality in one study*, better than Azatin and Organocide (sesame oil). Raymond Cloyd, Pest Management, Vol 26 No2, Consider Alternative Products for Pest Control Adept Aria BCA Friendly Pesticides Pesticide Pests Controlled Comments Azatin/Molt-X Dipel Fungus gnat & shorefly larvae Aphids, mealybugs, thrips, whiteflies Thrips, whiteflies, others Caterpillars Endeavor Aphids, whiteflies Mod toxic to Orius, 1 wk. Aphidoletes also. Enstar AQ Aphids, whiteflies, thrips Toxic to Eretmocerus sp, Orius nymphs Floramite Mites Toxic to P. persimilis, swirskii<1 wk residual Pedestal Thrips, whiteflies Toxic to Orius nymphs Shuttle Mites Somewhat toxic to P. persimilis Talus Leafhoppers, mealybugs, scale, whiteflies Avid Conserve Short Residual- Clean Up Pesticides Pesticide Pests Controlled Comments Horticultural oils Leafminers, thrips, mites Beetles, caterpillars, thrips Mites, scale, mealybugs, whiteflies Residual 1 week or less Toxic to many BCA s, short residual A. californicus 2-4 wk residual, others ~1 wk Insecticidal soaps Aphids, mites, others Toxic to many BCA s but 1 wk or less residual Pyganic Flying insects, beetles, caterpillars Toxic to many BCA s but 1 wk or less residual 6

7 Timing of BCA Releases Neonicotinoid soil treatments (Marathon, Flagship, Safari) very toxic to Rove beetles when applied before releasing them onto treated soil. However after 96 hours survivability greatly improved. Effect of Pesticides on Adult Rove Beetle Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Survival in Growing Medium Raymond A. Cloyd, 1,2 Nicholas R. Timmons, 1 Jessica M. Goebel, 1 and Kenneth E. Kemp 3 1 Department 2014 of Griffin Entomology, Greenhouse Supplies, Kansas Inc. State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS BCA Compatibility Chart andersoni californicus cucumeris swirskii Aphelinus abdominalis Imm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt Imm Adlt abamectin Abamectin SPC EC Ardent EC Avid abamectin & Sirocco bifenazate acephate Acephate 97UP Orthene TR acephate & Tame/Orthene TR fenpropathrin acequinocyl Shuttle O acetamiprid TriStar 30 SG azadirachtin AzaGuard Azatin Molt-X azoxystrobin Heritage Bacillus subtilis Companion Liquid BCA Pesticide Compatibility Toxicity Legend Toxic Moderately Toxic Slightly Toxic Safe >75% mortality 50-75% mortality 25-50% mortality < 25% mortality Expected residual toxicity is noted as number of weeks and appears within the color coded box. Aphidius ervi Imm Ad Sirocco 2 Shuttle O Floramite SC 1 7

8 Pest Specific Compatible Pesticides Key: H= Harvest, Edible Crops grown to T= Transplants of edible crops for re-sale O= Ornamentals Note- Check the product label for the list of edible crops Pesticide Compatible Pesticides- Aphids Aphidius colemani Aphidius ervi Aphidioletes aphidimyza Lacewing C. carnea OMRI Aria??? S O No Azatin, Azaguard, Molt-X Endeavor Grandevo PTO S S S S Except Azatin Slightly* Toxic 1 wk Slightly* Toxic 1 wk Slightly Toxic 1 wk S O No S? S? O Yes * Mummies safe Pesticide Kontosdrench only Marathondrench only Compatible Pesticides- Aphids Aphidius colemani Aphidius ervi Aphidioletes aphidimyza Lacewing C. carnea OMRI S S S S T,O No S S S S T,O No NoFly S S S S O Yes Preferal S S S S Yes Safaridrench only S? S? O No 8

9 Compatible Pesticides- Fungus Gnats Pesticide Atheta coriaria Adept Toxic larvae 2 wks Azatin, Azaguard, Molt-X Citation Toxic larvae 2 wks Hypoaspis miles* Steinernema feltiae OMRI S S O No? S S Azaguard Molt-X S S O No Distance? S S No Flagship- drench Toxic, 1 wk Toxic S O No Gnatrol S S S Yes Safari- drench Toxic, 1 wk? S O No * Aka Stratiolaelaps 2014 Griffin Greenhouse scimitus Supplies, Inc. Compatible Pesticides- Spider Mites Pesticide andersoni californicas cucumeris Phytoselius persimilis Floramite? S S Moderate Toxic 1 week tomato Hexygon S S S S O No Kontosdrench OMRI S S S S* T,O No Ovation S S S S O No Preferal? S S S P,T,O Yes Shuttle? S S Slightly Toxic 1 week tomato No No * One study indicated slight toxicity but did not specify spray or drench Pesticide Compatible Pesticides- Thrips cucumeris swirskii Aria S Slightly Toxic 2 wks Azatin, Azaguard, Molt-X S Slightly Toxic 1 wks Orius Steinernema feltiae OMRI S S O No Nymphs Slightly Toxic 2 wks Botanigard S S Slightly Toxic 2 wks Flagshipdrench only Grandevo PTO S S Toxic 4 weeks S Except Azatin S Mycotrol Yes S O No?**?** S? O Yes ** Slightly toxic to A. californicas, unknown for cucumeris andswirskii 9

10 Pesticide Kontos drench only Compatible Pesticides- Thrips cucumeris swirskii Orius S S Slightly* Toxic 4 weeks Steinernema feltiae OMRI? T,O No NoFly** S S S S O Yes Overture?***?*** S S O No Pedestal S? S? O No Preferal S S S S Yes Safari drench only S Toxic 2 wks? S O No *Kontos, 3 sources said safe ** NoFly- currently unavailable ***Overture- safe on predator mites per grower reports, no data Aria Compatible Pesticides- Whiteflies Pesticide Azatin, Azaguard, Molt-X swirskii SlightlyToxic 2 weeks Slightly Toxic 1 wk Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus spp OMRI S S O No Slightly Toxic 2 wks, Larvae Safe Botanigard S Slightly Toxic 1 wk Kontosdrench only S Except Azatin S Mycotro l Yes S S? T,O No NoFly S S S O Yes Pedestal S S S O No Preferal? S S Yes Safaridrench only Talus Toxic Slightly Toxic 1 wk Slightly Toxic 4 wks Slightly Toxic 1 wk, S O No S Tomato No Botanigard ES, Botanigard WP Met 52 EC Mycotrol NoFly Preferal Microbial Insecticides and Miticides Active ingredient Beauveria bassianastrain GHA -11.3% Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52-11% Beauveria bassianastrain GHA -10.9% Paecifomyces fumosoroseus strain FE 9901, blastospores - 18% Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97-20% Major Edible Crops- Greenhouse Pests Greenhouse Labeled Aphid, mealybug, plant bugs, thrips, weevils, whitefly Aphid, mealybug thrips, whitefly Aphid, mealybug, plant bugs, thrips, weevils, whitefly Aphid, thrips, whitefly Aphid, leafminer, mealybug, plant bugs, spider mite, thrips, whitefly ** Herbs and vegetables Onions, celery, lettuce, spinach, peppers, tomatoes, berry crops Herbs and vegetables Omri Listed? No 4 No Yes 4 No food crops Yes 4 Herbs, spices, strawberry, vegetables ** soil treatments control: soil-borne caterpillars, grubs, thrips pupae, rootworms, weevils Yes 4 REI hours 4, 0 for soil incorp 10

11 Summary of Minimizing Pesticide Risks to Natural Enemies Pesticide records available for incoming plant material Follow label and use lowest rate that will give effective control. Least toxic products to BCA that will give effective control. Spot treat where practical. Photo credit: Matt Libhart Pesticides and Bee Safety Nature of Honeybees Facts Avg honeybee colony ~50,000 bees in midsummer One queen per hive 1 queen lays 1-2,000 eggs per day to maintain hives production of worker bees drones (males) Remainder worker bees (non-fertile females) Information from Dennis Crum Ghs Grower March 2014 article and Matt Libhart, Apiarist 11

12 Nature of Honeybees Facts cont Avg life span of worker bee is 4-6 wks spring/summer Take 2.5 million flower visits to produce 1 lb honey Avg commercial hive produces 50 lb harvestable honey per year Each bee produces 1/12 tsp honey Avg honey bee forage range in nonagriculture setting is 2 miles Information from Dennis Crum Ghs Grower March 2014 article and Matt Libhart, Apiarist How Bees Forage Most honey bees and bumble bees forage in a predictable, diurnal pattern. Bee foraging activity often commences just before or close to sunrise. Bees tend to visit plants more frequently during periods of peak pollen and nectar production. Bumble bees with longer forage period than honey bees (extend longer into afternoon). Other Environmental Factors Beekeeping trade/extension pubs cite 55⁰F as minimum temp required for foraging. Foraging diminishes under high temp; 104⁰F likely high temp limit. Foraging decreases under windy conditions (10-15 mph). Foraging can occur in light rain and drizzle; bumble bees more tolerant 12

13 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) CCD is a syndrome in which a sudden loss of adult bees occurs in a mature colony. The queen and brood generally survive but the colonies are drastically weakened by the loss of the adults. CCD is diagnosed when colony loss is noted in the absence of dead bees, implying that the bees did not return to the hive. Contributors to CCD Parasites The Varroa destructor mite is found in association with lost hives. Serious threat. Pathogens Lost hives have greater numbers of pathogens present, including Nosema fungal infections. Viral infections(israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) also have been found. Varroa/Nosema disease complex Interactions between parasite and pathogen are suspected. Varroa Mites Weaken Colonies Varroa destructor considered to be the most serious pest (parasite) of honey bee colonies worldwide (NCSU Cooperative Extension) Mite images courtesy of USDA-ARS 13

14 Summary State Beekeepers Loss rate is not sustainable, over-winter losses exceeded 30% since CCD first reported. Primary cause of current honey bee colony loss is not due to CCD. No smoking gun Most likely multi-factorial May not have even a single factor Loss rate has been building for over a decade Contributors to Colony Loss Hive management- Reductions in genetic diversity, impact of longdistance transport of hives for pollination services. Habitat loss Changing agricultural practices: reduction in native and wild areas, which serve as rich sources of food for foraging bees. Contributors to Colony Loss Pesticide toxicity In previous decades, concern focused on risks from the use of organophosphates and other highly toxic classes of pesticides. Recent concern has focused on the neonicotinoid class of chemicals. 14

15 Communicating Bee Safety This Environmental Hazard section appears on all labels: Ex.- This pesticide is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds. Do not apply Decathlon 20 WP Greenhouse and Nursery Insecticide or allow it to drift onto crops or weeds on which bees are actively foraging. New Bee Advisory Box Required The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sent letters on 7-22 and to pesticide companies taking immediate steps to change pesticide labels to be more clear and precise for outdoor foliar applications and limit applications to improve protection for bees. Clothianidin Dinotefuran Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam 15

16 Benefit 60WP Botanigard ES 11.3% Chlorpyrifos SPC Citation Conserve SC Decathlon imidacloprid Beauveria bassiana strain GHA chlorpyrifos cyromazine spinosad cyfluthrin Dipel Pro DF Bacillus thuringiensis k Discus N/G Distance Endeavor Enstar AQ Flagship G Floramite SC Judo Kontos SC cyfluthrin and imidacloprid pyriproxyfen pymetrozine kinoprene thiamethoxam bifenazate spiromesifen spirotetramat This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on the foliage of blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. This product is potentially pathogenic to honey bees. Avoid applying to areas where honey bees are actively foraging or around bee hives. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. --- or nectar- This product is toxic to bees exposed to treatement during the 3 hours following treatment. Do not apply this pesticide to blooming, pollen-shedding productiong parts of plants if bees may forage on the plants during this time period. This product is higly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds. Do not apply or allow it to drift onto crops or weeds on which bees are actively foraging. --- This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area. --- Is suitable for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs as it has a low toxicity to beneficial insects (including honeybees and bumblebees) and mite populations. TEXT NOT FROM ENVIRON HAZARDS SECTION OF LABEL; FROM IPM SECTION --- This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops while bees are foraging in/or adjacent to treatment area. This product is toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment but residues on treated foliage are not toxic to bees. Do not apply this product while bees are actively visiting the treatment area. --- larvae adults larvae This product is potentially toxic to honey bee larvae through residues in pollen and nectar, but not to adult honey bees. Exposure of adult bees to direct treatment or residues on blooming crops can lead to effects on honey bee larvae. See the Directions for Use section of this label for specific crop application instructions that minimize risk to honey bee larvae. (for fruit and nut trees, notes apply after petal fall, avoidance 10 days prior to bloom, during bloom, after petal fall) 6/12/2014 Bee Safety Survey Says Product A.I. Exposure Risk Toxicity HT HT T LT LT NT Very Highly Highly Potential Low Non Toxic Toxic Toxic Pathogen Toxicity Toxic Direct and Residue Residual Direct Statement Introducing the GGSPro Bee Safety Codes Convey EPA s bee caution statements Help growers select products appropriate to their use Provides quick indicator for need to review label Emphasize wise and effective use 3 Bee Icon Color = Toxicity Highly Toxic EPA describes as highly toxic or very highly toxic to bees Toxic EPA describes as toxic to bees Low Toxicity EPA describes as having low toxicity to bees Special Case Special use notes per label 16

17 Bee Icon Number = Exposure 1 Toxicity risk through direct exposure and residual exposure - avoid treatment when bees are visiting during both treatment and following treatment. 2 Toxicity risk through residual exposure only - avoid treatment when bees are visiting the treatment area or after treatment. 3 Toxicity risk through direct exposure only - avoid treatment when bees are actively visiting or actively foraging the treatment area 3 Bee Safety Codes in Action What you see: The red bee means this product is highly toxic to bees while the number 3 means the exposure risk comes from direct spray only. What you do: If planning an outdoor application, review the label. Avoid using this chemical when bees are actively visiting the area. This can be achieved by applying the product in the evening. GGSPro Recommends Apply chemicals with direct exposure risk as late in the day as possible, preferably in the early evening. Alternatively, application could be made when temperatures will remain below 50⁰F for the duration of the application period. Select low toxicity risk products and avoid high residual risk application if crop will come into bloom within risk period. 17

18 GGSPro Recommends A though visual check for visiting bees should be performed. Provide 48 hour courtesy notice to nearby beekeepers regarding applications. Avoid applications to flowering noncrop plants such as weeds. Upcoming BEE SUMMIT The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) will hold a summit this fall aimed at addressing the nutrition and forage needs of pollinators. The summit will take place in Washington D.C. on October 21-23, 2014 and will be attended by a consortium of public, private, and non-governmental organizations. Attendees will discuss the most recent research related to pollinator loss and work to identify solutions. 18