Invest in pollination for success with highbush blueberries
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1 Invest in pollination for success with highbush blueberries Emily May Pollinator Conservation Specialist Project Integrated Crop Pollination Photo: Emily May
2 Background Photo: Clara Stuligross
3 Integrated Crop Pollination Project Orchard Berries Cucurbits
4 Research Team AgPollen Photo: Kathy Keatly Garvey USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative, Coordinated Agricultural Project Developing Sustainable Pollination Strategies for U.S. Specialty Crops (Award )
5 Photo: Julianna Wilson
6 What is Integrated Crop Pollination? Managed Honey Bees Alternative Managed Bees Pesticide Stewardship Wild Bees Horticultural Practices Habitat Enhancements to provide reliable and economical pollination of crops
7 What is Integrated Crop Pollination? Managed Honey Bees Alternative Managed Bees Pesticide Stewardship Wild Bees Horticultural Practices Habitat Enhancements to provide reliable and economical pollination of crops
8 What is Integrated Crop Pollination? Photo: Jason Gibbs Photo: Jason Gibbs Honey bees Large numbers Can move
9 What is Integrated Crop Pollination? Alternative Managed Bees Efficient pollinators Fly in poor weather Photo: Jason Gibbs Photo: Emily May
10 What is Integrated Crop Pollination? Wild, Native Bees Efficient pollinators Fly in poor weather Free Photo: Jason Gibbs Photo: Emily May
11 Photos: Jason Gibbs, Emily May
12 Vermont bees vs. Michigan bees Charlie Nicholson
13 Value of diversifying sources of pollination Why diversify? Make honey bees move more -> better pollinators Pollinate at different times of day or bloom Pollinate different parts of the bush or field Fly in different weather conditions Photo: Jason Gibbs, Emily May
14 Value of diversifying sources of pollination If April looks like this Satellite image: NASA GOES Project
15 Investing in diverse pollination strategies Managed Honey Bees Alternative Managed Bees Pesticide Stewardship Wild Bees Horticultural Practices Habitat Enhancements
16 Investing in diverse pollination strategies Managed Honey Bees Alternative Managed Bees Pesticide Stewardship Wild Bees Horticultural Practices Habitat Enhancements
17 What do bees need? 1. Food (nectar, pollen, and water) 2. Shelter (nesting resources) 3. Safe environment Photo: Brett Blaauw
18 What do bees need? The amount of natural habitat on or close to the farm has a direct influence on pollinator diversity and abundance Photo: Brett Blaauw
19 Habitat for bees Bees need forage when crop isn t flowering Season-long bloom (spring, summer, fall) More diverse plant communities support greater diversity of pollinators Photos: Rufus Isaacs
20 Habitat for bees You probably already have some! Blueberry pollinators are supported by: Unmanaged/natural areas Spring-flowering trees (willows, maples) Decaying trees or sandy banks Improve habitat for bees by. Reduce mowing Maintain natural areas Plant new pollinator habitat Photos: Rufus Isaacs
21 May 2009 Flower plot establishment Site preparation and management are critical! 1. Assess sites for difficult weeds before selection 2. Herbicide, tillage, and/or solarization for at least a year before seeding 3. Use no-till drill for seeding, or hand seed then roll 4. Develop a post-seeding maintenance plan (high mowing) Photo: Brett Blaauw
22 June 2010 Photo: Brett Blaauw
23 June 2011 Photo: Brett Blaauw
24 July 2012
25 Do plantings increase bees and blueberry yield? 5 blueberry farms, paired design 1. Flower planting next to crop 2. Mown grass field borders = controls Brett Blaauw Wildflower planting Grassy field margin Photo credit: Calibri, 12pt, right justified to ensure consistent placement; box align to top of blue bar
26 Do plantings increase bees and blueberry yield? bagged Brett Blaauw open Fruit set Seeds per berry Berry weight Effect of pollination Wildflower planting Grassy field margin Photo credit: Calibri, 12pt, right justified to ensure consistent placement; box align to top of blue bar
27 Wild bees increase over time on crop flowers near plantings Native bees per 15 minutes Control Grass Edge Control Grass Interior Flower Edge Flower Interior a ab Flower b b Grass Brett Blaauw Source: Blaauw & Isaacs (2014)
28 Pollinator habitat supports increased blueberry yield Grass P= Flower P = Brett Blaauw Estimated yield per hectare (kg) Control Grass P = Flower P = Edge Interior Source: Blaauw & Isaacs (2014)
29 Return on investment for pollinator habitat Example: 2 acre wildflower planting next to 10 acre highbush blueberry field Brett Blaauw Percent change in yield Cumulative revenue (US$) Source: Garibaldi et al. (2014)
30 Do plantings increase bee nesting? Woods Wildflower planting Crop field Grassy field margin Photo credit: Calibri, 12pt, right justified to ensure consistent placement; box align to top of blue bar Trap photo: Emily May
31 More bees captured in wildflower plantings ab a b b
32 What do bees need? 1. Food (nectar, pollen, and water) 2. Shelter (nesting resources) 3. Safe environment Photo: Brett Blaauw
33 Blueberry bee phenology May June July August September Pre-bloom Bloom Berry sizing Ripening Harvest Post-harvest Honey bee Andrena Osmia Bombus queens Sweat bees (Halictidae) Bombus workers
34
35 Pesticide safety Minimize risk to bees: Do not spray when crop is in bloom Spray after dusk or before dawn Select active ingredient and formulation with least toxicity to bees
36 Finding the right fit for your farm 1. Identify your current pollination strategies 2. Determine if you are maximizing pollination 3. Identify farm practices you use that support pollinators 4. Identify management changes or new practices that fit your farm 5. Implement changes Photo: Rufus Isaacs
37 Pollinator Conservation Plans Xerces offers technical assistance to develop pollinator conservation plans Assess existing habitat and pesticide risk to identify opportunities for improvement Step-by-step implementation plans Apply through NRCS for financial assistance
38 Questions? Emily May - emily.may@xerces.org Online Resources MSU Blueberries: blueberries.msu.edu Xerces Society: Project ICP:
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