Selection of Profitable Rice Based Cropping System Under Prevailing Water Environment in Satkhira District of Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 4(9): , September 2016 DOI: /ajar ISSN: Academia Publishing Research Paper Selection of Profitable Rice Based Cropping System Under Prevailing Water Environment in Satkhira District of Bangladesh Accepted Date 27 th July, 2016 ABSTRACT Priya Lal Chandra Paul, M. A. Rashid, M. M. Alam, M. A. Ghani and M. B. Hossain Senior Scientific Officer and former divisional head in Irrigation and Water Management Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh. *Corresponding author. The most dominant cropping pattern in non-saline areas of Satkhira district in Bangladesh is T. Aman (wet season rice)-boro (dry season rice)-fallow. Therefore, there is scope for increasing system productivity, crop intensification and increase in the income of farmers. The present study was, therefore conducted from June, 2011 to June, 2014 in fresh water areas of Satkhira to evaluate the potential for cropping system intensification and diversification through the use of improved varieties and crop management technologies. Four cropping patterns (i) Boro-Fallow; (ii) Mustard-Jute; (iii) Potato-Jute and (iv) T. Aman-Wheat-Jute were tested for identifying the most profitable cropping pattern. The recommended irrigation practiced alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method used for Boro and Aman rice; two irrigation for mustard, three to four irrigation for potato and wheat and two irrigation for jute. It may be observed from the results that the productivity of the common cropping pattern Boro-Fallow can be increased by 2 to 3 fold through the adoption of high yielding T. Aman rice followed by high yielding non-rice crops such as mustard, potato, wheat and jute. Based on the benefit cost ratio (BCR), the most profitable cropping pattern is Mustard-Jute, whereas among the four cropping patterns, the highest gross margin was obtained Tk /ha (Potato-Jute) followed by Tk /ha (Mustard-Jute) and Tk /ha (wheat-jute) and Tk /ha (Boro-Fallow), for other cropping patterns respectively. Experimental evidence revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation where salinity ranged from 0.40 to 0.75 ds/m in this area. Key words: Cropping system, adoption, non-rice crop, water management and system productivity. INTRODUCTION The agricultural sector plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh in terms of its contribution to GDP 15.59% (BBS, 2014 to 2015), employment generation, livelihoods and poverty alleviation. However, it is increasing pressure on production due to different natural calamities such as floods, droughts, cyclones and salt water intrusion. These hazards directly affect food production especially in the south-west coastal saline areas (Satkhira) of Bangladesh. The GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory) model forecasted that climate change will decline coastal agricultural productivity through frequent and intensed natural hazards (UNDP, 2007). The Satkhira district is more vulnerable in respect of salinity, water logging and lack of fresh water. Only riceshrimp cropping pattern is the most dominant in this region but north part of this district is comparatively less affected by these hazards because irrigation water is not saline (EC of groundwater varied from 0.40 to 0.75 ds/m)

2 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 582 and Boro-Fallow cropping pattern covered (55%) most of the land (Rashid et al., 2014). This district was classified as non-saline area (8.76%), very slightly saline area (7.96%), strongly saline area (12%), very strongly saline area (17.39%) and the remaining part occupied by rivers (14.68%) and Sundarbans (32.08%) (SRDI, 2010). Bangladesh is in favour of growing diversified crops in summer (April to July), monsoon (August to November) and winter (December to April) seasons. The waterintensive farming of winter rice (Boro) replaced several crops grown in winter season especially wheat, pulses, oilseed and vegetables and the crop farming became intensified with the expansion of groundwater irrigation that changed cropping pattern sequence remarkably (Akanda, 2008). Approximately, 50% of fresh water is used for rice cultivation (Guerra et al., 1998). For producing 1 kg of paddy, it is estimated that a farmer has to use on an average 3400 L of water for maintaining standing water during the growing stage of plants (Hoekstra, 2008). Dry season rice (Boro) production is now challenging due to increasing production cost such that irrigation cost nearly 20 to 30%. A recent survey estimated that local farmers spend about 17.55% of their total production costs for fertilizer application, 20.77% for irrigation and 32.10% during harvesting to the threshing period (Basak, 2011). Due to excessive withdrawal of groundwater especially for Boro rice production in the dry season; groundwater level is declining in some areas of the country (Sattar et al., 2008). Moreover, a higher discharge from aquifer would be more dangerous for arsenic contamination (natural occurring high concentration of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater) in some south-central part of the country (WARPO, 2001). Besides, the saline affected areas in the coastal regions of Bangladesh could further exacerbate due to reduced dry season freshwater supply from upstream sources and rise in sea level resulting from climate change (IPCC, 1998; MOEF, 2008). Recent assessments suggested that about 13% (469,000 ha) and 10% (364,200 ha) more land will be inundated during the monsoon and dry seasons due to rise in sea level and increased rainfall by 2080 (IWM and CEGIS, 2007). Rashid and Islam (2007) conducted a research on the impacts of climate change on soil salinity, drought and water availability and they suggested agricultural operations like timely seedling, inter-cultural operations, irrigation and agronomic management and quick harvest can contribute to mitigate the nature of the problems. Water resources are becoming scarce worldwide (Postal, 1997) and Bangladesh is of no exception. Tuong and Bouman (2003) estimated that by 2025, about 15 to 20 million hectare of irrigated rice will suffer from varying degrees of water scarcity. As surface water supply is decreasing day by day, irrigation pressure is mounting on groundwater resource and in intensive tube well areas; groundwater level is declining gradually in each dry season which cause STWs to become non-operational in many parts of the country. As such, the judicial use of water resources in intensive irrigated area is a crucial need for maintaining both sustainable crop production and accessible water level. As Satkhira is a coastal district and risk for saline water intrusion, it would be better if groundwater utilization can be minimized. Thus, less water demanding crops (dry season crop) and wet season rice can be an alternative cropping system in this area to increase crop production and farmers income. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate profitable cropping system through appropriate water and agronomic management. METHODOLOGY Study site and period The field study was conducted during 2011 to 2014 in farmers fields at Jhaudanga union of Satkhira Sadar Upazila ( N to E) in Bangladesh. The region belongs to the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) of Ganges Tidal Flood Plain, (AEZ-13). The climate of the area is subtropical and an average annual rainfall of 1697 mm with a peak in July and August and minimum mean temperature is 12 C in January and maximum mean temperature is 34 C in April and May. The soil texture of the study fields was sandy loam with a p H of 7.46 to 8.12 and electrical conductivity of water was 0.40 to 0.75 ds/m. Baseline survey A total of 100 household heads were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire and the household heads were selected randomly from 4 to 5 villages in this area in order to document the existing agriculture practice. Selected cropping patterns Based on the bench mark survey report, the top four cropping patterns were tested in farmer s field. These were: i) P 1= Boro-Fallow, ii) P 2 = Mustard-Jute, iii) P 3 = Potato-Jute and iv) P 4 = Wheat- Jute. These patterns were laid out in split plot design and replicated thrice. Four farmers were selected and it was ensured to provide all supports for executing experiment. Irrigation and cultural practices AWD irrigation method and supplemental irrigation provided for Boro and T. Aman rice. Recommended doses of fertilizers and cultural practices were applied for each of

3 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 583 the crops (Followed BRRI Adhunik Dhaner Chash Book 2011 and BARI Agriculture Technology Hand Books 2011). In pattern P 1, the variety was BRRI dhan28 (medium growth duration and popular variety) and BR10 (Medium growth duration) for Boro and Aman seasons. For pattern P 2, the variety was BINA7 (short duration), BARI sharisa14 and local Jute for Aman, rabi and Aus seasons respectively. Similarly, for pattern P 3 and P 4 the variety used BINA7 and BRRI dhan33 (short duration) for Aman season, Diamont variety of potato and Sourov variety of wheat for rabi season and local Jute for Ausgust season. In Aman season, 25 to 30 days old seedlings were transplanted during the first fortnight of August and crops were harvested in November and December. Perforated PVC pipe in each plot was installed up to 15 cm below the soil surface for monitoring water level at field condition and rainfall data recorded during the season. Supplemental irrigation was applied through polythene pipe (lay flat hose pipe) and the discharge was measured by volumetric method. A ten square meter sample area was harvested from each plot for yield estimation and adjusted to 14 % moisture content. In Boro season, transplanting was done in January using 40 to 45 days old seedlings and crop harvested in April. Irrigation water was applied using polythene pipe to minimize conveyance loss of water. Irrigation water was supplied from shallow tubewell and the volumetric method used for measuring irrigation water. Perforated PVC pipe was installed vertically in each plot up to a depth of 15 cm below the soil surface in the experimental fields for monitoring field water status. Rice yield was estimated taking samples from 10 m 2 area in each plot. Harvested paddy was threshed, cleaned and weighed and finally, the yield was expressed in kg/ha at 14% moisture content. In rabi season, mustard and potato were sown within the middle of November and wheat was sown during the first week of December. Irrigation water was applied from shallow tubewell through PVC pipe and water measured by volumetric method. Mustard and potato were harvested during the last week of February and wheat during the third week of March. Jute was sown in March and April. Presowing water was needed during land preparation and one irrigation applied during the growing period and crop harvested in July and August. Productivity of different cropping systems was compared in terms of rice equivalent yield (REY). It was computed by converting the yield of non-rice crops into Tk. (value) and the value converted into the yield of rice following the equation: REY = [price of non-rice crop (Tk. Kg -1 ) x yield of non-rice crop (kg)]/price of rice (Tk kg -1 ). The statistical analysis was used for REY done by CropStat7.2 version. It estimated total consumed water by each pattern (inclusive rainfall) and water productivity calculated as REY (kg/ha) divided by total water used (mm). Comparative profitability of selected cropping patterns This study was conducted recommending most profitable cropping pattern for the study area. For determination of major and popular cropping patterns and its profitability, a field survey was conducted. In this purpose, a wellstructured pre-tested questionnaire was used and about thirty (30) farmers interviewed. To determine the profitable cropping pattern, the gross margin analysis of each pattern was done. The financial profitability of crop production depends on yield, prices of the products and costs of production and availability of production technologies. Financial analysis includes calculation of total variable costs (TVC) of production and gross return (GR) from crops on per hectare basis. Profits or gross margin (GM) is defined as GR TVC. TVC includes the cost of human labor (both family and hired), mechanical power, seeds, manures, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. The gross return (GR) is computed as total output multiplied by its unit market price. Finally, undiscounted benefit cost ratio (BCR) was computed as GR/TVC. Water quality analysis Water samples were collected from 11 locations of the research site. Among the 11 samples, 10 samples were groundwater collected from different shallow tubewells in the study area and the other sample was surface water collected from local pond. Samples were collected in such a way that each sample represent a certain irrigated area and hence, covering the entire area of the study location. All samples were collected in the month of April during the Boro season This particular month was selected for collection of water samples because groundwater table depth generally remains at the maximum depth in April. All efforts were given to obtain a sample that truly represents the existing condition. The collected samples were analyzed for ph, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble cations including sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and boron and the anions including carbonate and bicarbonate. All the analysis was done in Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Agricultural Laboratory at Gazipur in Bangladesh. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Baseline survey Table 1 presents the baseline survey results. Double

4 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 584 Table 1: Major cropping patterns, area coverage, crop varieties, yield range, sources of irrigation water, irrigation coverage and distribution systems in Satkhira. Cropping patterns Boro- Fallow Mustard- Jute Lentil- Jute Wheat- Jute Potato- Jute Mustard- Boro Potato- Boro Coverage (%) Crop varieties Yield range (kg/ha) Water source and irrigation coverage 55 BRRI dhan Groundwater (57.3 %) 18.5 BR10, BR11, BRRI dhan33, BRRI dhan39, BINA dhan Local (Lentil) Surov, Kanchan and Pradip (Wheat) Local (Jute) China Hybrid, Tori7, BARI Sarisa14 (Mustard) Diamont (Potato) Distribution systems Earthen canal (95%) and Polythene pipe (5%) cropping with HYV rice (Irrigated Boro and Rain-fed T. Aman) was dominant in this area. The major cropping patterns and the coverage were Boro- Fallow (54.9%) followed by Mustard- Jute (18.5%), T. Aman- Lentil/Wheat- Jute (11.1%), Potato- Jute (5.2%), Mustard- Boro (3.0%), and Potato- Boro (1.0%). The major crops in this area were Boro, T. Aman, Jute, Mustard, Lentil, Wheat and Potato. Groundwater was the main source of irrigation water. Less saline groundwater obtained from an aquifer at a depth of 60 m below the ground surface was extensively used for HYV Boro rice cultivation and other non-rice crops like mustard, potato, wheat and lentil. Shallow Tubewell (STW) water distributed through earthen canal (95%) and polythene pipe (5%). Crop yield and rice equivalent yield (REY) Table 2 shows the different crop yield and REY of tested cropping patterns. Due to varietal yield potential the grain yield varied among the patterns. The medium to high growth duration rice variety BRRI dhan28 gave higher yield 6000 kg/ha in pattern P 1 in 2012 to In 2011 to 2012, among the T. Aman varieties the medium growth duration BR10 performed better (5000 kg/ha) in the same pattern. The short duration rice variety BINA7 and BRRI dhan33 produced 3800 to 4500 kg/ha in pattern P 2, P 3 and P 4, respectively. Mustard, potato and wheat yielded 1200 to 1300, to and 3600 to 3800 kg/ha in all cases. In Aus, jute yielded similarly 3400 to 3650 kg/ha. The rice equivalent yield differed significantly (P 0.05) among the studied cropping patterns (Table 2). The highest REY obtained 21670, and kg/ha in Potato-Jute cropping pattern in 2013 to 2014, 2011 to 2012 and 2012 to 2013, respectively. This values were significant at 95% confidence level followed by Wheat-Jute (13749 kg/ha) and Mustard-Jute (13432 kg/ha). The lowest REY found in Boro-Fallow (10800 kg/ha) cropping pattern which is almost halved of Potato-Jute cropping pattern. Figure 1 showed some pictorial views of growing crops in Satkhira district during study period. Irrigation water used and water productivity Total water used was influenced by cropping patterns (Table 3). Higher amount of consumed water was mostly governed by the Boro rice cultivation that recorded 2129 mm in pattern P 1 in 2011 to 2012 followed by 2084 and 2079 mm in 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014 respectively, whereas, water used in the remaining patterns were lower and varied from 1074 to 1337 mm. The Mustard- Jute cropping pattern needed less water (1059 to 1074 mm) in all of the three years. Water productivity was calculated using REY divided by total water used in each pattern. The maximum water productivity (17.43 kg/hamm) recorded in Potato- Jute cropping pattern was followed by Mustard-Jute (12.68 kg/ha-mm) and Wheat-Jute (10.43 kg/ha-mm) in 2011 to 2012, 2012 to 2013 and 2011 to 2012, respectively. The lowest water productivity (5.07 kg/ha-mm) was found in T. Aman-Boro-Fallow cropping pattern in 2011 to Higher yield of potato raised the water productivity in T. Aman-Potato- Jute cropping pattern. Comparative profitability of major cropping patterns Table 4 presents details of financial profitability of the tested cropping patterns in this area. A wide variation in

5 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 585 Table 2: Crop yield and Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) of different rice based cropping system in Satkhira in the period Cropping patterns Yield of crops (kg/ha) T. Aman Boro Rabi Aus Rice Equivalent Yield, REY (kg/ha) Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute LSD(0.05) CV (%) Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute LSD(0.05) CV (%) Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute LSD (0.05) CV (%) 2.3 Price of crops kg -1 during : Boro rice = Tk , Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk , Mustard = Tk , Wheat = Tk. 20 and Potato = In : Boro rice = Tk. 18, Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk. 29, Mustard = Tk. 48, Wheat = Tk. 19 and Potato = In : Boro rice = Tk , Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk. 30, Mustard = Tk , Wheat = Tk. 20 and Potato = Figure 1: Pictorial views of some crops at Satkhira during study period. Table 3: Total water used (mm) and water productivity of different rice based cropping systems in the period in Satkhira. Total water use (mm) inclusive Cropping patterns rainfall Water productivity (kgha -1 mm) Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute

6 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 586 Table 4: Comparative profitability of major cropping patterns at Satkhira (annual basis) in Cropping patterns Gross return Total variable cost (Tk/ha) (Tk/ha) Gross margin (Tk/ha) Undiscounted BCR (Tk/Tk) Boro-Fallow 1,88,930 1,56,126 32, Mustard-Jute 2,47,522 1,83,905 63, Potato- Jute 3,93,577 3, , Wheat-Jute 2,58,227 2,02,085 56, Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute Boro-Fallow Mustard-Jute Potato- Jute Wheat-Jute Price of crops kg -1 during : Boro rice = Tk , Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk , Mustard = Tk , Wheat = Tk. 20 and Potato = In : Boro rice = Tk , Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk. 30, Mustard = Tk. 48, Wheat = Tk. 19 and Potato = In : Boro rice = Tk , Aman rice = Tk , Jute = Tk. 30, Mustard = Tk , Wheat = Tk. 20 and Potato = variable cost was observed among the tested cropping pattern. The maximum variable cost (Tk /ha) observed in Potato-Jute pattern in 2013 to 2014 was followed by Tk /ha and Tk /ha in 2012 to 2013 and 2011 to 2012, respectively. The highest gross margin was obtained from Potato-Jute (Tk /ha) in 2013 to 2014 due to higher REY followed by TK /ha and Tk /ha in 2011 to 2012 and 2012 to Mustard- Jute gave the second highest gross margin Tk , Tk and Tk in all the three years. The lowest gross margin (Tk /ha) was recorded in Boro-Fallow cropping pattern which was lower than the other three patterns. The highest BCR was obtained from Mustard-Jute pattern (1.35) in 2011 to 2012 followed by 1.35 and 1.29 in 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014, respectively due to low cultivation cost. In Potato- Jute pattern, BCR found were 1.24, 1.26 and 1.28 in 2011 to 2012, and , whereas in Wheat- Jute cropping pattern, it was 1.28, 1.26 and 1.25 respectively. The lowest BCR obtained was from T. Aman-Boro-Fallow pattern (1.21). According to BCR, the most profitable cropping pattern is Mustard- Jute. The data showed that the maximum gross margin came from Potato-Jute, while BCR was lower than the T. Aman-Mustard-Jute pattern. It indicates that for low income farmers, the economical pattern is Mustard-Jute, whereas for high income farmers the advantageous pattern is Potato-Jute. Water quality and its suitability for irrigation use Table 5 shows the concentration of sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Boron (B), Carbonate (CO 3) and Bi-carbonate (HCO 3) in water samples in the study site. It also shows the ph value of the samples. The quality analysis of water showed that out of 11 samples, one of the samples had slight salinity problem, another had modest sodium toxicity problem while all of the samples had minimal to moderate boron toxicity problem (Table 6). Therefore, overall water quality was found suitable for irrigation purpose in the study location. Conclusion In some areas of the coastal region, river and ground water are not saline throughout the year. Therefore, there is tremendous potential to increase food production through adoption of new crop varieties, timely crop establishment, improved crop and water management and cropping system intensification and diversification. The common cropping system, Boro-Fallow (4500 kg/ha rice and 5500 kg/ha rice per year) can be intensified by triple cropping (Mustard-Jute or Potato-Jute or Wheat-Jute) using high yielding rice and non-rice varieties of suitable growth duration. According to BCR, the most profitable cropping pattern, Mustard-Jute gave the annual production of about kg, whereas T. Aman-Boro-Fallow pattern was only kg per year. Maximum gross margin found from Potato-Jute (Tk /ha) was followed by Mustard-Jute (Tk /ha), Wheat-Jute (TK /ha) and T. Aman-Boro-Fallow (Tk /ha) cropping patterns. Irrigation water is suitable (salinity ranged from 0.40 to 0.75 ds/m) to practice these cropping patterns for

7 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 587 Table 5: Water quality parameters at Satkhira during study period. Sample no. Salinity (ds/m) Na Ca Mg K Boron CO3 HCO3 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) ph Nill Average Range Recommende d normal range None <0.7 < Slight Severe >3.0 >3.0 Table 6: Quality classification of water for irrigation use at Satkhira. Potential irrigation problem Degree of restriction Salinit Miscellaneou Toxicity Miscellaneous Salinity Toxicity S/N y s (ds/m Na Na (SAR) B (ppm) HCO3 (ppm) ph (ds/m) ) (SAR) B (ppm) ph Slight None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None Slight Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None None Slight Normal None Slight Slight Normal Recommended normal range (After FAO, 1985): None <0.7 <3 <0.7 Normal Slight to moderate Severe >3.0 >9 >3.0 increasing total annual production. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) for their assistance in carrying out this study through SPGR-NATP, Phase-1 Project. REFERENCES Akanda AI (2008). Process of Agricultural Development in Bangladesh. Academic Press and Publishers Library, Dhaka. p BARI (Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute) (2011). Agricultural Technology Handbook, published by Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Basak JK (2011). Impacts of Increasing Production Costs on Rice Price: Implications for Food Security August Economic Policy unit of Unnayan Onneshan, a multidisciplinary Policy Research Centre. BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) (2015). Yearbook of Agriculture Statistics of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. BRRI (Bangladesh Rice Research Institute) (2011). BRRI Adhunik Dhaner Chash, published by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gaizpur, Bangladesh. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1985). Water quality guidelines for maximum crop production. Volume 29 of FAO irrigation and drainage paper. Guerra LC, Bhuiyan SI, Tuong TP, Barker R (1998). Producing more rice with less water from irrigated systems. SWIM paper 5. IWM/IRRI, Colombo, Sri Lanka. p. 24. Hoekstra AY (2008). Water for Food (51-52). The water footprint of food. Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, the Netherlands. IPCC (1998). The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of

8 Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Paul et al. 588 Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press. IWM (Institute of Water Modelling) and CEGIS (Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services) (2007). Investigating the Impact of Relative Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Communities and their Livelihoods in Bangladesh: Final Report, June IWM /CEGIS/Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. MOEF (2008). Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan Ministry of Environment and Forests of Bangladesh, Dhaka. p. 68. Postal S (1997). Last oasis: facing water scarcity. New York (USA): Norton and Company. p Rashid MA, Alam MM, Paul PLC (2014). Project report on Co-ordinated project on water management for enhancing crop production under changing climate to Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka. Rashid MH, Islam MS (2007). Adoption to Climate Change for Sustainable Development of Bangladesh Agriculture. Bangladesh country paper for the 3 rd session of Technical Committee of Asian and Pacific Center for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery (APCAEM), November 20-21, 2007, Beijing. Sattar MA, Moiruzzaman M (2008). Innovative Rice-based Farming Practices for Increasing Food Security in the Changing Coastal Environment in Bangladesh. An article from the Souvenir of the 29th National Conference, Bangladesh Society of Agricultural Economics, Dhaka. SRDI (Soil Resources Development Institute) (2010). Soil Salinity Report 2010 of Bangladesh Soil Resources Development Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tuong TP, Bouman BAM (2003). Rice production in water scarce environments. In: Kijne JW, Barker R, Molden D, editors. Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and opportunities for improvements. Wallingford (UK): CABI publishing. pp UNDP (United Nation Development Programme) (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008. Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Bangladesh. WARPO (Water Resources Planning Organization) (2001). National Water Management Plan. Water Resources Planning Organization, Ministry of Water Resources of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 2: 212. Cite this article as: Paul PLC, Rashid MA, Alam MM, Ghani MA,Hossain MB (2016). Selection of Profitable Rice Based Cropping System Under Prevailing Water Environment in Satkhira District of Bangladesh. Acad. J. Agric. Res. 4(9): Submit your manuscript at