Understanding. Pesticides. Chapter 9

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1 Understanding Pesticides Chapter 9

Consider alternatives to pesticides (biological controls,

2 Integrated Pest Management Prevention Identify pests Pest Identification Monitor for pests Determine your tolerance Consider alternatives to pesticides (biological controls, physical & mechanical destruction) Pesticides as a last resort

3 Pesticides: Kill or control pests Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides Herbicides Nematicide Molluscicide Avicide Miticide Bactericide Plant growth regulators (excluding fertilizer or nutrients) Repellents Defoliants & Dessicants Attractants

4 Pesticide Trends in CA Use of older organophosphate & carbamate pesticides has declined 66% since 1999 More implementation of IPM and organic methods Still need older compounds to prevent resistance & as a last resort

5 California Sulfur Petroleum Oil Mineral Oils Metam-Sodium (fumigant) 1,3 Dichloropropene (fumigant) Glyphosate Chloropicrin (tear gas, used with fumigants) Metam-Potassium (fumigant) Lime (Bordeaux mixture - fungicide Highest per acre use is home vs crop Reported Pesticide Usage

6 Pesticide Toxicity Measured in LD 50 LD short for Lethal Dose The LD 50 is the dose of a toxin that produces 50% mortality in a test population So low value means more toxic LD 50 is usually expressed in milligrams of toxin per kilogram of animal test weight (mg/kg) Even water has an LD 50

7 Signal Words Indicate Toxicity Toxicity doesn t consider long term effects or physical or chemical hazards

8 Mode of Action Contact Stomach (have to be eaten, i.e. Bt or CydX) Systemic (residual effect) Translocated herbicides Fumigants Desiccants Selective vs Nonselective or broad spectrum Need to consider timing, location (is pest present & in vulnerable life stage) and weather.

9 Pesticide Formulations Risks: Inhalation of dusts & powders Spills & splashes of concentrates Ready to Use Emulsifiable concentrates Solutions Flowables Aerosols Wettable powders Soluble powders Baits Granules Dusts

10 Labels Classification Brand or Trade Name Active Ingredient Inert/Other ingredients Signal Terms (Caution, Warning, Danger) Precautions Directions for Use! First Aid Storage & Disposal

General Use (Unclassified) Restricted Use For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those

11 General Use (Unclassified) Restricted Use For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those uses covered by the certified applicator s certification Should be OK for use by home gardeners, but.. Depends on formulation, target crop/location Classification

12 Private Applicator Certification Need PCA to use restricted pesticides Take test administered by Ag Commissioner Take 6 hrs CE every 3 years Get pesticide ID

13 Labels Classification Brand or Trade Name Active Ingredient Inert/Other ingredients Signal Terms (Caution, Warning, Danger) Precautions Directions for Use! First Aid Storage & Disposal

14 Precautionary Statements Routes of Entry into body Protective clothing Tells you if product is corrosive, flammable or explosive Describes environmental hazards Restricted Entry Interval First Aid

15 Directions for Use Check IPM Pest Note first for effective control, then look at label Lists target pests & sites Rate of Application Where & when to apply product Mixing instructions Storage & Disposal Store in original container Don t reuse container Rinse thoroughly

16 Application Equipment Right application equipment, wrong PPE Aerosol can Trigger pump sprayer Hose-end sprayer Compressed-air sprayers Backpack sprayers May need to calibrate tank sprayers

17 READ THE LABEL!

18 Pesticide Safety Apply under prescribed conditions (wind, rain, temp) Don t transfer out of original container Follow the Restricted Entry Interval (time before reentering treated area) Follow Pre-Harvest Interval (time before you can harvest or eat fruit or veggies that have been treated)

19 Avoid exposure Wear protective clothing Wash clothing separately with detergent, air dry Keep away from children Be careful when mixing Know appropriate first aid Know symptoms Report to Dr or Ag Commissioner, forwarded to DPR Pesticide Illnesses

20 Pesticide Disposal Make only required amount of solution Don t flush down toilet, sink, gutter, etc Clean up spills Triple rinse container, apply rinsate to target Puncture or wrap, dispose of EMPTIES in trash Take unwanted pesticides to Haz Waste Collection Days

21 For Home Gardener Use ROUND UP THE USUAL SUSPECTS

22 Homeowner Arsenal, Part 1 Bacillus Thurigensis (Bt) is a bacteria Caterpillar Killer Specific to lepidoptera, skeeters Works best on newly hatched larvae, have to be eating May need multiple applications Read storage instructions is a living organism

23 Homeowner Arsenal, Part II Cyd-X is a virus Specific to codling moths Makes them sick & not want to eat Timing is very important Spinosad is a natural substance made by soil bacterium Causes spasms then paralysis in insects Controls foliage feeding worms, thrips, ants, leafminers, spider mites, etc Considered organic

24 Homeowner Arsenal, Part III Pyrethrins Botanical insecticide derived from chrysanthemum Broad spectrum, breaks down quickly Causes paralysis of flies, mosquitoes, aphids, beetles, mealybugs, etc Harmful to beneficials Considered organic

25 Homeowner Arsenal, Part IV Permethrins Pyrethroid, works by contact or ingestion Acts on nervous system, causes muscle spasms Synthetic, not considered organic Highly toxic to honey bees, sickens cats

26 Homeowner Arsenal, Part V Horticultural oils May contain mineral oil (highly refined petroleum oil) and/or plant oils or neem oil Most considered organic (look for OMRI symbol) Not really a difference between summer & dormant oils anymore Use for dormant spraying also

27 Homeowner Arsenal, Part V Wide range of activity over stationary pests (scale, aphid) plus mealybugs, whiteflies Suffocates insect, affect feeding, has some fungicidal benefit Less harmful to mobile beneficials, no toxic residue kill on contact Can injure plants need to follow label!! Never apply after bud break/bloom or when drought stressed. Want temperatures between F.

plant-sucking arthropds Kills only on contact, so less harmful to beneficials, but

28 Homeowner Arsenal, Part VI Insecticidal Soaps Kills soft bodied insects best, cause desiccation by dissolving cuticle Control mites, aphids, whiteflies, & plant-sucking arthropds Kills only on contact, so less harmful to beneficials, but repeated applications needed Considered organic Some plants are sensitive, causes phytotoxicity

Homeowner Arsenal, Part VII Sevin Carbaryl Interrupts nervous system Broad spectrum insect killer Moderately toxic, perhaps carcinogenic, to

29 Homeowner Arsenal, Part VII Sevin Carbaryl Interrupts nervous system Broad spectrum insect killer Moderately toxic, perhaps carcinogenic, to humans, very toxic to beneficials Malathion (organophosphate) and more toxic brethren not for homeowner use, some kept registered for emergencies

30 Homeowner Arsenal, Part VIII Fungicides mostly organic Primarily as preventative Sulfur i.e. wettable powder for Powdery Mildew on grapes Conflicts with use of horticultural oil Copper i.e. Liquicop for Peach Leaf Curl Serenade Developed from a bacterium

31 Homeowner Arsenal, Part IX Pre-emergent herbicides Prevent seed germination or inhibit seedlings Need to be moved into soil Activated by tilling or irrigation Examples Corn gluten Preen trifluralin Weed Stopper - oryzalin

32 Homeowner Arsenal, Part X Least toxic post-emergent herbicides Contact, nonselective Mostly considered organic Work best on young annual plants, not very effective, don t kill roots Herbicidal soaps (fatty acid) Causes plant to dry out & die Clove oil, cinnamon oil, lemongrass oil Vinegar, acetic acid, citric acid

Homeowner Arsenal, Part XI Glyphosate (Round-up) Post-emergent, systemic, nonselective Prevents plants from making certain proteins, starves plants

33 Homeowner Arsenal, Part XI Glyphosate (Round-up) Post-emergent, systemic, nonselective Prevents plants from making certain proteins, starves plants Binds tightly to soil, adjuvants affect fish Round-up Ready corn & soybeans Spray crop & control weeds Reliance on one technique leads to resistance

34 Homeowner Arsenal, Part XII 2,4-D Post-emergent, systemic, selective Plant hormone mimic causes rapid cell division & abnormal growth Kills broadleaf plants (dicots), grasses survive Can leach in soil, typical halflife is 10 days

35 Homeowner Arsenal, Part XIII Fluazifop Post-emergent, systemic, selective Kills grass (monocots), leaves broadleaf plants Triclopyr Brush-B-Gon, Garlon Need PCA, for higher concentration used to kill blackberries

36 Mixing Exercise Read Liqui-cop Label Use separate equipment for herbicides & insecticides Keep separate measuring utensils

37 I hate to calibrate MONTEREY GARDEN INSECT SPRAY may be applied with trigger sprayer, hand-held, backpack, or hose-end sprayers. Use a hose-end sprayer that can be adjusted to provide a dilution ratio of about 2.0 fl. oz. (4 Tbs.) of product per gallon of spray. Add the required amount of MONTEREY GARDEN INSECT SPRAY to the recommended amount of water, mix thoroughly, and apply uniformly to plant foliage to point of runoff. It is recommended to mix only as much spray as needed for a single treatment. In vegetable gardens it is recommended to use not more than 3.0 gallons of spray for 1,000 square feet of area. Do not use kitchen utensils for measuring. Keep measuring utensils with product and away from children.

Overview of Pesticides for Master Gardeners

Overview of Pesticides for Master Gardeners 1 Topics covered in this presentation Types of pesticides Pesticide toxicity and impacts The pesticide label Less toxic pesticides Information resources 2 What