Barley mutants as a source of genetic diversity. Udda Lundqvist Nordic Genetic Resource Center Alnarp, Sweden

Transcription

1 Barley mutants as a source of genetic diversity Udda Lundqvist Nordic Genetic Resource Center Alnarp, Sweden

2 The first induced mutation experiments in plant material with the main crop barley started in 1928 at the initiation of the Swedish geneticists at Svalöf, Sweden: Herman Nilsson-Ehle and Åke Gustafsson

3 The first used barley cultivars: Sv Gull, followed by Maja, Sv Bonus, Foma, Kristina and others X-irradiation Ultraviolet irradiation Different pre-treatments The first chromosome aberrations found First phenotypic changes in the seedlings (Chlorophyll mutants) Albina Viridis Xantha

4 The first detected important morphological and physiological mutants Erectoides characterized by compact or dense spikes Early maturity; Straw stiffness; High yielding; Changed pigmentation ert-c ert-e ert-k.32 Bonus nutans

5 Different types of mutagens applied for the Scandinavian mutation research Sparsely and densely ionization and different chemical compounds starting with Mustard gas, several organic substances and ending with the inorganic Sodium azide. The properties studied and determined in all different experiments were: field germination, number of mature harvested plants, mutation rate of chlorophyll mutants and different types of viable mutants in the 2nd generation.

6 Survey of the main mutant categories of the Swedish collection 1. Changes in spike and spikelets: ert, lax, hex, int 2. Changes in culm length and culm composition: short 3. Changes in growth type: Brachytic, dwarf 4. Changed kernel development and formation: smn, glo 5. Physiological mutants: early heading, Eceriferum 6. Awn changes: short, brittle, curly. wilting 7. Changes in leaf blades: liguleless, narrrow, coiled 8. Changed pigmentation: anthocyanin-less 9. Different chlorophyll development: alb, vir, xan, clo 10. Resistance to powdery mildew

7 Short awns (ari-e.1) ari-d.15 Laxatum (lax-a) Lemmalike glumes Hooded lemma Anthocyanin-less

8 Survey of genetically investigated Scandinavian mutant groups Mutant group No alleles No loci Praematurum (Early maturity) Erectoides (Dense spikes) Eceriferum (Waxless, Glossy) Hexastichon (Six-rowed spike) 65 1 Intermedium Breviaristatum (Short awns) Lemmalike glumes 40 1 Third outer glume (Bracteatum) 10 3

9 Survey of genetically investigated Scandinavian mutant groups, contin. Mutant group No alleles No loci Calcaroides 21 5 Anthocyanin mutants Liguleless, Eligulum 24 2 Albino lemma 5 1 Orange lemma 7 1 Mildew resistance 77 several Chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development

10 Praematurum mutants (Early maturity) They are grouped into 3 categories and 195 early maturity mutants are localized to 9 different mat loci Slightly modified, medium increae and drastically altered earliness. (1) Genotypes with complete early heading and good seed set. (2) Genotypes with incomplete and late heading and seed set. (3) Genotypes that never head and are remain in a purely vegetative stage,

11 Darkening arrangement using a special plastic tissue

12 Morphological characters of sixrow and Intermedium mutants. Six-rowed mutants: Hexastichon (vrs1=hex-v) well developed lateral spikelets, fully fertile and with long awns Intermedium mutants: (int-a int-m) enlarged lateral spikelets with characteristic awns and variable kernel development They are gene localized to 12 hex-v and int loci

13 Examples of Sixrowed (vrs1) and Intermedium (int) spikes hex-v int-c int-e mother-type

14 Phenotypic examples of Eceriferum (waxless) mutants cer-a spike and leaf sheath mutant compared with Bowman cer-d spike mutant compared with Bomann cer-ze leaf blade mutant compared with Bowman

15 The 5 distinguished phenotypic categories: (1) spike and leaf sheath; (2) spike; (3)leaf blade; (3) spike and leaf sheath partially; (5) spike, leaf sheath and leaf blade The 7 types of applied mutagenic treatments: (1)Sparsely and (2) Densely ionizing radiation; (3) Ethylene imine; (4) Sulfonates and (5) Other organics; (6) Combined sulfonates and sparsely radiation; (7) Sodium azide

16 sodium azide sulfonates ethylene imine neutrons X-and γ- rays c q u, za,ze j, i zj t b

17 Different mutagen specific reactions (1) Large mutagenic differences between chemicals and ionizing radiation, especially neutrons (2) No significant differences among various kinds of organic chemicals (3) Significant differences between organic chemicals and sodium azide (4) No differences of combined treatment (sulfonates + X- rays) and treatments with sulfonates alone. No difference to sodium azide (5) Sodium azide differs strongly from X-rays and still more from neutrons (6) Distinct differences between the two kinds of treatments with ionizing radiations

18 Survey of induced barley mutants and their derivates released at Svalöf, Sweden Parent strain Gull Derivates Primary mutant cultivars 44/3: extremely lodging resistant Bonus Pallas (ert-k.32) approved 1958 Bonus Mari (mat-a.8) approved 1960 Mutant crosses Cultivars approved Herta x Pallas Hellas, approved 1967 Domen x Mari Kristina, approved 1969 Mari x Monte Cristo Mona, approved 1070 Birgitta x Mari Eva and Salve approved 1973 and /3 x Birgitta Gunilla, approved 1970 (Birgitta x Mari) x Gunilla) Pernilla, approved 1979

19 Survey of induced barley mutants and their derivates released at Svalöf, Sweden, contin. Complex mutant crosses Cultivars approved (Pallas x Triple awned Visir, approved 1970 lemma) x Pallas bc (Triple awned lemma x Pallas 3 ) x Hellas Å x (Mari 5 x Triple awned lemma) Senat, approved 1974 Troja, approved 1981 Kristina x [Hellas 2 x Pallas 5 x Rupee)] Lofa x [Å 6564 x (Mari bc x Multan)] Jenny, approved 1980 Lina, approved 1982

20 Thank you for your attention.

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