DCF revision: Integration of Genetic Data?

Transcription

1 STECF EWG on Future DCF (Barza March 2012) DCF revision: Integration of Genetic Data? I. Genetic Identification in Support of Fisheries Management - Principles into Practice - Jann Th. Martinsohn

2 The Questions to be Answered What species?? Where from?? Wild or Aquaculture??

3 DNA: Molecule of Life Marker of Identity

4 Genetic Markers Broadly three levels of utility in fisheries: Use as physical tags (e.g. stock identification; mixed stock analysis; population p assignment, dynamics) Use to infer biological information (e.g. gene flow, breeding relationships, population size, response to environmental change) Use in conservation/sustainable management / g (population diversity biocomplexity )

5 Why such a fuss about DNA? The sequence explosion. Nature (2010), 464, With kind permission.

6 Genetic Markers to Determine Species

7 e.g. Ichthyoplankton analysis (Fox et al. 2005); Resolution of taxonomic uncertainties (Griffiths et al (2010))

8 Population and Stock Analysis General conclusions drawn: marine fish populations have vast population sizes; not subject to either rapid or stochastic genetic change. Moreover: notion: marine environments are demographically open; marine species have high mobility and/or potential for dispersal during egg/larval stages; early y genetic studies typically y indicated a lack of genetic differentiation across even wide geographic scales (Ward et al. 1994).

9 Matching Biological and Management Units

10 FishPopTrace (4.5Million Euros + matching funds) Building a framework for sustainable fishery management & conservation by: Integration of new and established technologies based on molecular genetic, otolith microchemsitry and morphometrics; Focusing on four commercially important fish species with different life styles and distribution; Engaging with the priorities of the CFP.

11 The Genetic Marker used in FishPopTrace:

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14 Identification of population units: Policy driven scenarios Nielsen et al. submitted

15 Minimum SNP panels with maximum power Cod: 8 SNPs Herring:32 SNPs Sole: 50 SNPs Hake: 17 SNPs

16 Stability Over Time

17 Importance for North Sea cod Three units identified by SNP analysis Spatial modelling (by MASTS group) suggest that the north-eastern North Sea population is less productive and more vulnerable to fishing Continued fishing at overall sustainable intensities in the North Sea, without taking population structure into account, is likely to lead to unintended depletion of the north-eastern population Spatial considerations must be incorporated into fisheries management, if conservation of population diversity is to be achieved Heath et al. submitted. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Sustainable Marine Bioresources Programme

18 Where does cod in the Western Baltic originate from? Western Baltic cod fished with very high intensity (beyond MSY); However, has not collapsed; Eastern Baltic cod is doing well; Fishing pattern has changed so that a larger proportion (28%) is fished at the border between Western and Eastern Baltic; So, are we in reality fishing Eastern cod in the Western Baltic? Management should identify basal biological units in order to secure sustainable fisheries. EE Nielsen et al. (2011): Pers. Comm.

19 Western Baltic cod in space and time The Commission has requested advice from STECF. A lower TAC is expected unless a more realistic estimate of Fmsy of individual populations can be achieved. So, where do the fished cod originate from? EFF funded project: Sampling of biological (spawning) units. With only 20 markers (SNPs) individuals can be assigned unambiguously to sea area of origin. Analysis will be applied to historical samples?

20 North-East Arctic vs. Norwegian Coastal Cod = Coastal = Arctic = between groups = within groups Skarstein (2007) cited in Hauser & Carvalho (2008)

21 A paradigm for GSI: Pacific Salmon March 2011

22 Species identification What has been done? eg e.g. Ichthyoplankton analysis (Fox et al. 2005); Resolution of taxonomic uncertainties (FishBol,org; Griffiths et al (2010)) Stomach content? Dynamics & resilience of exploited marine species spatial/temporal scale ofpopulation/community differentiation & change (Jørgensenet al. 2005; Ruzzanteet al. 2006); connectivity among marine populations (Cowen et al. 2006; Treml et al. 2008); effective population size Ne (Hauser et al. 2002; Waples and Yokota 2007); fisheries induced evolution (Marshall and Browman 2007); analysis of adaptive variation in the wild (Conover et al. 2006). enhancing the understanding of mechanisms shaping fish abundance and distribution Classical fisheries approaches: Focus mainly on factors driving short term demographic changes in populat ( quantitative change). Genetic approaches: Examine the extent to which changes in the composition of populations ( qualitative chan Genetic approaches: Examine the extent to which changes in the composition of populations (qualitative chan influence short term alterations in phenotypic traits and long term response to natural and anthropogenic perturbat (Frankham 2005).

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25 To oconsider: sde Think about title DEFRA: Taps into FPT. can the EU afford to ignore genetic principles applicable to management and conservation issues? EU spent e.g. 4.5 Million Euros on FishPopTrace (and similar amounts on related projects) EU will now spent 4 Million (?) on AquaTrace Projects also emerged from cooperation between DG MARE & DG RTD Examples of integration of genetic principles into fisheries management in USA; Canada, Australia, Norway, EU member countries (UK; DK). Hajo raised an important issue: Let s not...(look up) Don t forget: ARTICLE 13 in Control Regulation, stress that you undersand that Control/Enforcement currently are somewhat separated MSFD: Check:: Biodiversity (MSFD; ESBFM) Recent EP PECH Hearing; FAO Workshop on fish identification; ICES WGAGFM) Distribute FPT brochure

26 Dr. Jochen Trautner Institute of Fisheries Ecology Integration of genetic monitoring into DCF?

27 What can be done with genetic data? Identify species (evolution; product identification) Identify populations (Where does a fish come from? Migration? Wild or farmed? Origin of a catch?) Describe biological diversity within species (effects of overfishing; fisheries induced evolution; environmental changes)

28 Why should genetic data collection be integrated into DCF? Management can be based on biological units (populations) rather than on geographical areas (match of stock and (genetic) population units)

29 from Waples et al. 2008

30 from Waples et al. 2008

31 Why should genetic data collection be integrated into DCF? Monitoring of genetic diversity makes us aware of changes in the genetic background of a species caused by human activities or environmental factors (effects of overfishing; fisheries induced evolution; environmental changes e.g. global warming)

32 Current state of genetic data collection Genetic data collection mainly on a project level (2-3 years) -> genetic changes over time can not be detected Longer time series only at a national level where there is a specific national interest (e.g. Norwegian cod fisheries; Salmon fisheries in the Irish Sea)

33 Current use of genetic data Current management infrastructure is not conducive to the uptake of genetics: Fish(eries) genetics remain confined largely to the academic realm, and research projects where there is a lack of long-term perspective and funding. As a result there is no central data-hub available for this type of information and it is not routinely collected and updated Lack of communication between fish geneticists, stock assessment groups, fisheries managers and regulators cause rare use of genetic data

34 Current use of genetic data Although there is genetic information already available for many species of interest in relation to both sustainable exploitation and the maintenance of biodiversity, this information is often not taken into consideration in fishery management programs simply because there is not sufficient communication.

35 Improve the future use of genetic data Identify an existing or create a new platform where stakeholders from fisheries, fisheries management, fisheries biologists (assessment groups) and geneticists identify species and questions where genetic data can provide answers to management

36 ICES Working group on the application of genetics in fisheries and mariculture (WGAGFM) We recommend ICES to look into supporting the integration of genetic data into the DCF. A stakeholder dialogue should be initiated where the potential of genetic data to support management and its incorporation into the DCF is discussed.

37 If genetic data are integrated into DCF The DCF could provide a platform to integrate genetic data into EU fisheries management under the CFP remit. Geneticists should be integrated into stock assessment groups to ensure the incorporation of already available genetic information into management recommendations and define genetic data needs to answer specific questions.

38 Needs to realize the incorporation of genetic data into DCF Definition of and agreement on standard procedures for collection, screening and analysis of the data. Standard Operating Procedures have successfully been developed in the past for other techniques such as scale reading and otolith analysis at expert workshops. The genetic screening of samples will need to be performed and could be on member state laboratory level according to an agreed set of laboratory protocols.

39 Needs to realize the incorporation of genetic data into DCF Samples: The existing mechanisms for the collection of biological information already being undertaken by EU member states, that underlay the data collection for the DCF, could provide a cost-effective basis for collection of samples to generate genetic data No, or only minor additional sampling would be required!

40 Thank you!