Genetic Study of Morphological and Yield-Related Traits in Gossypium hirsutum L.

Transcription

1 American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 16 (6): , 2016 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2016 DOI: /idosi.aejaes Genetic Study of Morphological and Yield-Related Traits in Gossypium hirsutum L. 1, Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Zaib-un-Nisa, Muhammad Ihsan Ullah, Amir Shakeel, 1,4 1,4 5 Muhammad Atif Muneer, Muhammad Imran and Muhammad Adnan Rashid 1 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakian 2 School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forery University, Beijing, China 3 Sorghum Research Sub-ation, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakian 4 Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China 5 College of plant sciences, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China Abract: Combining ability effects were determined in a population obtained from the full diallel crossing of 6 different cotton genotypes for earliness, fiber quality and other yield-related parameters. The comparison of performance of six parents for their general combining ability showed that parent NIAB-777 was proved to be the good general combiner for number of sympodial branches, days to 1 boll opening, boll maturation period, fiber rength and boll weight, whil MNH-886 was found to be the be general combiner for number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and seed weight. Genotype PB-899 was good general combiner for a number of monopodial branches and fiber length. Genotype AA-802, IR-3701 and FH-114 were good general combiner for plant height, fibre fineness and days to 1 flowering, respectively. The following combinations, AA-802 FH- 114, MNH-886 NIAB-777, AA-802 PB-899 were considered be combinations for further research. Non-additive genetic effects were important for plant height, number of monopodial branches, number of sympodial branches, days to 1 boll opening, boll weight, fibre length, fibre rength and fibre fineness, While, additive genetic effects were important for days to 1 flowering, boll maturation period, number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield. Traits showing additive genetic effects may be improved through simple selection method. Key words: Gossypium hirsutum L. Morphological traits GCA SCA Conventional breeding INTRODUCTION of fluctuation in production and yield of cotton every year. There are many factors responsible for this Cotton, often called white gold, is an important cash fluctuation like insect attack, cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) crop belonging to the family Malvaceae with a va incidence, high temperature, etc. Suainability in cotton genus, Gossypium. It covers fifty species with thirteen production and yield can be achieved by developing high basic chromosome number [1]. Out of fifty, only four are yielding varieties. For developing good varieties, commercially grown worldwide, which are an important selection of the parents for breeding program is very source of cotton seed and seed cotton [2]. important. Agriculture shares 21% to gross domeic production Combining ability helps in selection of better parents (GDP). In agriculture, cotton is the backbone of Pakian with good combining ability. Combining ability helps economy and helps to earn foreign exchange by exporting plant breeders to evaluate good genetic material. It cotton fiber and fabrics. In 2012, cotton production provides information that how much crossing parents increased from million bales to million bales have potential to transfer their genetic material in the and yield from 724 kg/ha to 815 kg/ha than Among production of hybrid. It was also described that general different rd countries, Pakian ranks 3 in term of combining ability (GCA) is associated with parents whil production and consumption of cotton with 2.35 million specific combining ability (SCA) is associated with tons and 2.33 million tons, respectively [3]. Review of hybrids [4]. They also suggeed that diallel cross cotton production in Pakian indicates that there is a lot technique is very useful for eimation of general and Corresponding Author: Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakian. 1097

2 specific combining ability. Genetic of different characters crosses. The varieties/rains of cotton were sown in a of Gossypium hirsutum L. can be udied by various glasshouse in November 2011 in pots for producing F0 biometrical methodologies like Line Teer [5], Triple seed. There were five pots for each variety/rain. In the Te Cross technique [6], Hayman approach [7, 8] and glasshouse, the temperature was maintained at 35 ºC. At Griffing approach [9]. Diallel crossing technique is very the time of flowering, direct and indirect crosses were helpful and widely used to udy the inheritance pattern attempted among parents in all possible combinations. All of different characters. Different researchers used the precautionary preventive measures were followed during diallel technique to udy gene action and combining the crossing to avoid any genetic contamination. A large ability for different characters in Gossypium hirsutum L. number of pollinations were attempted to produce [10-14]. sufficient quantity of F 0 seed. The increasing demand of raw material in the The 30 crosses along with their parents were sown in expanding textile indury and edible oil to meet the th the field during the normal growing season on 11 June requirements of growing population has made it The experiment was laid down in a triplicate necessary for the breeder to further exploit the genetic randomized complete block design. There was one row for potential of the present germplasm. The major objectives each parent and cross in each replication. Randomization of the cotton breeders are to develop cotton varieties of parents and hybrids was done within each replication. capable of growing under a wide range of environments, There were eight plants in each row. Row to row and plant giving higher yield, physiologically efficient and to plant diance was maintained 75 cm and 30 cm, genetically more able than pre-exiing varieties. The respectively. Standard and uniform cultural practices were success of breeding potential genotypes depends on applied to each genotype. upon the availability of genetic information on The experimental material comprised of the six morphological and physiological traits of a plant, which varieties/rains i-e MNH-886, NIAB-777, AA-802, IRcould help to develop an appropriate selection protocol. 3701, FH-114, PB-899 and their hybrids including direct The availability of potential segregating material and indirect crosses. Five guarded plants from each row offers greater opportunities to research worker for making were selected for each genotype in all replications and a selection of the desired features. Development of such data were recorded for following traits like plant height, plant material is possible when the parents involved in number of monopodial branches, number of sympodial hybridization nick well. Thus before the development of branches, days to fir flowering, days to fir boll hybridization program selection of suitable parents is opening, boll maturation period, number of bolls per plant, essential. Combining ability analysis developed provides seed weight (g/100 seed), seed cotton yield (g), boll important information on general and specific combining weight and fiber characteriics ability of the parents and also elucidates the nature of The data collected were subjected to analysis of gene action involved in the expression of the quantitative variance technique [15] in order to determine the character [9]. Therefore, in order to collect such significance of differences among the genotypes for plant information on the genetic mechanism controlling traits under udy. The characters showing significant variations in seed cotton yield and its components and genotypic differences were further analyzed for general fiber traits, the present udies were conducted in the and specific combining ability effects [4] and reciprocal Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, University of effects by Method-I, Model-II [9]. Agriculture, Faisalabad. The information derived from the present udies may be helpful to other research worker RESULTS engaged in cotton breeding under local environment. In the present udy, different genotypes of cotton have Analysis of variances showed highly significant been analyzed for combining ability and gene action for differences among the parents and also in the yield and other plant characters. hybrids/crosses for all traits. These significant differences show the presence of great genetic diversity among them MATERIALS AND METHODS as shown in Table 1. General combining ability effects of the six parents The present experiment was conducted at for plant height are given in Table 2. The results of experimental area of the Department of Plant Breeding and combining ability analysis showed that for plant height Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakian. and no. of monopodial branches the parents AA-802, PB- The experimental material comprised of six 899 and IR-3701 showed good general combining ability, varieties/rains of cotton and their direct and indirect while in case of sympodial branches parents NIAB-777, 1098

3 Table 1: Analysis of variance for various morphological components in Gossypium hirsutum L. Sources of Plant monopodial sympodial Days to 1 Days to 1 maturation of bolls cotton Fiber Fiber Fiber Boll Seed variation d.f. height branches branches flowering boll opening period per plant yield length rength fineness weight weight Replication Genotypes ** ** 3.981** 9.195** 8.89** ** ** ** 5.578** 7.218** 0.292** 0.173** ** GCA ** 0.244** 1.167** 7.391** 6.175** ** ** ** N.S ** ** 2.498** ** SCA ** ** 0.71** 1.651** 2.468** ** 0.935** ** 1.158** 2.602** ** 3.277** ** Reciprocal ** 0.125** 1.997** 3.033** 2.389** 3.885** ** ** 2.914** 2.383** ** 9.42** 0.026** Error VA VD d.f= degree of freedom, **highly significant, N.S= Non-significant. VA= Additive genetic effect VD= Dominance gene effects Table 2: Eimates of general combining ability effects for morphological traits of upland cotton in 6 6-diallel cross experiment Plant monopodial sympodial Days to 1 Days to 1 maturation of bolls cotton Fiber Fiber Fiber Boll Seed Parents height branches branches flowering boll opening period per plant yield length rength fineness weight weight MNH NIAB AA IR FH PB SE Table 3: Eimates of specific combining ability effects for morphological traits of upland cotton in 6 6-diallel cross experiment Plant monopodial sympodial Days to 1 Days to 1 maturation of bolls cotton Fiber Fiber Fiber Boll Seed Genotypes height branches branches flowering boll opening period per plant yield length rength fineness weight weight MNH-886 NIAB MNH-886 AA MNH-886 IR MNH-886 FH MNH-886 PB NIAB-777 AA NIAB-777 IR NIAB-777 FH NIAB-777 PB AA-802 IR AA-802 FH AA-802 PB IR-3701 FH IR-3701 PB FH-14 PB S.E Table 4: Eimates of reciprocal effects for various morphological characters of upland cotton in 6 6-diallel cross experiment Plant monopodial sympodial Days to 1 Days to 1 maturation of bolls cotton Fiber Fiber Fiber Boll Seed Genotypes height branches branches flowering boll opening period per plant yield length rength fineness weight weight NIAB-777 MNH AA-802 MNH IR3701 MNH FH-114 MNH PB-899 MNH AA-802 NIAB IR-3701 NIAB FH-114 NIAB PB-899 NIAB IR-3701 AA FH-114 AA PB-899 AA FH-114 IR PB-899 IR PB-899 FH S.E

4 AA-802, MNH-886 and PB-899, for days to flowering FH- various components i.e. due to general and specific 114, PB-899 and IR-3701, for boll opening parents NIAB- combining ability [4] and reciprocal effects by Method-I, 777 and PB-899, for boll maturation period NIAB-777 and Model-II [9]. MNH-886. The parents MNH-886, AA-802 and PB-899 The udy of combining ability is useful in parental showed good GCA effects for a number of bolls per plant lines in terms of their hybrids performance. The and seed cotton yield, while in the case of fiber length PB- comparison of the performance of six parents for their 899, NIAB-777 and AA-802, for fiber rength, NIAB-777, general combining ability showed that parent FH-114 was MNH-886, AA-802 and IR-3701, for fiber fineness 3701, be general combiner for days to 1 flowering. NIAB-777 MNH-886 and NIAB-777. It was also observed excellent was good general combiner for a number of sympodial general combiner in the case of boll weight NIAB-777, PB- branches, days to fir boll opening, boll maturation 899, AA-802 and MNH-886, while for seed weight MNH- period, fiber rength and boll weight, Whil MNH , IR-3701 and PB-899. was be general combiners for a number of bolls per Specific combining ability (SCA) effects showed the plant, seed cotton yield, seed weight and PB-899 for excellent specific combinations which were as follow; for monopodial branches and fiber length. Parents, AA-802 plant height AA-802 FH-114 (-14.05), for no. of and IR-3701 were good general combiner for plant height monopodial branches MNH-886 PB-899 (-0.30), for and fiber fineness respectively. sympodial branches MNH-886 AA-802 (0.728), for days Days to fir flowering was controlled by the additive to 1 flowering AA-802 FH-114 (-1.202), for boll type of genes as indicated by highly significant GCA maturation AA-802 PB-899 (-1.798), for days to 1 boll mean squares, verified by the higher GCA variance than opening MNH-886 NIABB-777 (-1.891), for number of SCA variance. The results showed that additive gene bolls per plant AA-802 PB-899 (1.326), for seed cotton effects controlled days to flowering [12,16-18]. FH-114 had yield AA-802 PB-899 (3.573). The SCA effects were also displayed to be the be general combiner for this measured in fiber related and traits and following specific character. Days to fir boll opening was controlled by crosses showed be performance for their specific trait both additive and non-additive type of genes as indicated like for fiber length MNH-886 NIAB-777 (1.270), for fiber by highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares. rength NIAB-777 AA-802 (1.280), for fiber fineness However, the value of GCA variance lowers than SCA (IR-3701 PB-899 (-0.252), while for boll weight MNH-886 variance, while the genetic effects were controlled by non- AA-802 (0.080) and for seed weight AA-802 PB-899 additive gene action. It was reported that additive gene (0.219), as shown in Table 3. effects were important for days taken to fir boll opening The reciprocal effects (Table 4) showed that the cross [16]. NIAB-777 was good general combiner for days taken NIAB-777 MNH-886 exhibited excellent performance no. to fir boll opening. of sympodial branches, a number of bolls per plant, seed Highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares for cotton yield and for boll maturation, while for boll boll maturation period showed that both additive and opening and fiber rength the hybrid IR-3701 MNH-886 non-additive genes control this trait. However, GCA mean showed superiority over other crosses. The reciprocal square was greater than SCA mean square showing the cross combination of IR-3701 NAB-777 showed be dominance of additive gene action. Simple selection results for days to 1 flowering and fiber length, while for method can be used to improve boll maturation period. It number of monopodial branches and boll maturation the showed that non-additive genetic effects were important hybrid FH-114 IR-3701 indicated good results. The for boll maturation period [19]. Similarly, results also crosses FH-114 MNH-886, PB-889 NIAB-777 and PB- supported that non-additive genetic effects were 889 AA-802 produced the be reciprocal effects for important for boll maturation period and days to fir boll fiber fineness, seed weight and plant height, respectively. opening [20]. So, contradictions in these results may be due to the different genetic base of parent material DISCUSSION inveigated. NIAB-777 was good general combiner for boll maturation period and can be used in breeding Significant genotypic difference among parents and programmed to improve this character. Number of bolls their crosses for the traits under udied and these traits per plant was controlled by both additive and nonshowed the presence of genetic variability. The genetic additive type of genes as indicated by highly significant variability in each character was further portioned into GCA and SCA mean squares. But GCA variance was 1100

5 greater than SCA variance, so additive gene action was more important than non-additive gene action. It was also reported that non-additive gene action was more important for number of bolls per plant [12, 21-26], whil some researchers reported additive gene action [27]. It was also described that both additive and non-additive gene action were important for a number of bolls per plant [10, 27-29]. MNH-886 was good general combiner for a number of bolls per plant and is recommended to be used in breeding programs to improve the number of bolls per plant. The additive gene action is important for boll weight [30-31]. However, it has been reported that both additive and non-additive genetic variance was important in the inheritance of boll weight and number of bolls/plant [11,12]. NIAB-777 is recommended to be used in breeding programmed to improve boll weight as it had higher negative GCA effect. Seed cotton yield had highly significant GCA and SCA mean square. Controlled by both additive and non-additive gene action but due to the higher value of GCA variance, it was dominantly controlled by the additive type of gene action. In case of seed-cotton yield the genes acting non-additively [21-24, 32], while in contra the udies indicated that both additive and non-additive gene effects were important for controlling seed cotton yield [28-29, 33-34]. In the case of fiber length, rength and fiber fineness, SCA mean square was highly significant and SCA variance was greater for all three characters that SCA variance showing the dominance of non-additive gene action. Positive correlation of fiber length with boll weight found [35]. PB-899, NIAB-777 and IR-3701 were good general combiners for fiber length, rength and fiber fineness. Plant height was controlled by both additive and non-additive type of genes as indicated by highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares. However, value of SCA variance greater than GCA variance, while the genetic effects were controlled by non-additive gene action. Plant height was controlled by non-additive gene action [21, 36]. AA-802 was good general combiner for plant height. Number of monopodial branches was controlled by both additive and non-additive type of genes as indicated by highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares. However, value of SCA variance greater than GCA variance, while the genetic effects were controlled by nonadditive gene action. PB-899 was good general combiner for a number of monopodial branches. Number of sympodial branches was also controlled by both additive and non-additive type of genes as indicated by highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares. However, value of SCA variance greater than GCA variance, while the genetic effects were controlled by non-additive gene action. Present findings are in confirmatory [12, 37]. Seed weight was controlled by both additive and non-additive type of genes as indicated by highly significant GCA and SCA mean squares. However, value of SCA variance greater than GCA variance, while the genetic effects were controlled by additive gene action due to the minute difference in variances [28, 38]. REFERENCES 1. Poehlman, J. and D. Sleper, Breeding Field Crops. 4th Iowa State University Press. Ames, USA pp: Pillay, M. and G. Myers, Genetic diversity in cotton assessed by variation in ribosomal RNA genes and AFLP markers. Crop Science, 39(6): Anonymous, Economic Survey of Pakian. Miniry of Food and Agriculture, Division (Economic Wing) Government of Pakian, Islamabad. 4. Sprague, G.F. and L.A. Tatum, General vs. specific combining ability in single crosses of corn. Agronomy Journal, 34(10): Kempthorne, O., An introduction to genetic atiics. 6. Kearsey, M. and J. Jinks, A general method of detecting additive, dominance and epiatic variation for metrical traits. Heredity, 23(3): Hayman, B., The analysis of variance of diallel tables. Biometrics, 10(2): Hayman, B., The theory and analysis of diallel crosses. Genetics, 39(6): Griffing, B., Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing syems. Auralian Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(4): Ahmad, R., et al., Genetic Architecture of Some Quantitive Traits of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Gomal University. J. Res., 21: Kiani, G., et al., Combining ability in cotton cultivars for agronomic traits. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology (Pakian), 12. Neelima, S., V. Reddy and A. Reddy, Combining ability udies for yield and yield components in American cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Annals of Agri Bio Research, 9(1):

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