Snazzlefrag s. Management Information Systems DSST Study Notes

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1 Snazzlefrag s Management Information Systems DSST Study Notes Contact: Hosted at: Categorical Imperative - Immanuel Kant - "if an action is not right for everyone, then it is not right for anyone." Rule of Change - Descartes - "if an action is acceptable only if you do it only once; but not if you do it again and again, then it is not right to do at all." 4 Information Rights - Privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility. The foundation of US privacy laws (1973) - Fair Information Practices Act - collection and use of information about individuals. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of Protects the privacy rights of consumers of financial services. Surveillance - Web Bugs (invisible GIFs), Cookies Information System - Collect, process, store and disseminate information to support managerial decision making, coordination, analysis, control and future planning in a company. 3 Main Activities of an IS - Input, output, feedback CBIS - Computer Based Information System - Relies on computer hardware and software for processing and distributing information. - Conceptual System PBIS - Paper Based Information System - Physical System Information Systems Literacy - Complete comprehension of the organizational, technical and management dimensions of these systems. Computer Literacy - Knowledge of information technology (IT). IT Infrastructure - Computer hardware, software, storage devices, communications and network technologies that are shared throughout an organization. Management Information Systems (MIS) - combines the technical and behavioral approaches of information systems to focus on their use in management and business while developing practical solutions that are faced in managing, implementing and using these technologies. Information Resources - Hardware, software, information specialists, users, facilities, the database, and the information itself. Information Specialists - Systems analysts, database administrators, webmasters, network specialists, programmers, and operators who contribute to the availability of the information resources in a company.

2 Information Management - The process of collecting raw data, converting it to useful information, disseminating it to the relevant managers at the correct time, deleting it when appropriate and replacing it with more current and relevant information. 4 Basic Elements of Information - Relevancy, accuracy, timeliness, completeness. Knowledge Management - Management of a company's information resources. Chief Information Officer (CIO) - Person in charge of a company's information resources and services. The Remington Rand UNIVAC I - First widely marketed computer, set up in the US Census Bureau in IBM - Industry leader in 1950s and 1960s. FORTRAN (formula translator) an IBM team led by John Backus, allowed programming by a person without having to rewire the computer (required a compiler). C Programming Language - Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernigham in allowed source code to be reused after being recompiled. Word Size - A measure of the number of bits that are moved after 1 cycle of the processor. Moore's Law (Intel Founder) - States that the power of a computer doubles every 18 months. Primary storage (RAM) - Volatile/Unstable - Used to temporarily store program requests and data used to execute those requests. Secondary Storage (ROM) - Stable - CD-ROM, Tape Disks, Magnetic Disks etc. - Retain data even when the computer is switched off. Batch Processing - Stored and then executed. Online Processing - Executed instantly once data is entered. Distributed Processing - Processing work is divided between PCs, mainframes and other computers. Client/Server (LAN) Peer to Peer (LAN) Two Types of Software - System (OS) and Application (Users). Source Code - Program instructions written in a high-level programming language such as C or COBOL that must be converted into machine language by a compiler or interpreter in order for the computer to understand and execute the program. Fourth-Generation Languages - (Visual/WYSIWYG) Usable programming aids/tools such as FrontPage, Dreamweaver etc. JAVA - Sun Microsystems - Can run on any OS. Analog - Continuous Waveform Digital - Discrete Waveform (binary digits) Communications Processors - front-end processor, concentrator, controller, multiplexor.

3 Network Topologies: Star - (WAN) All PCs connected to a central hub/switch (if hub goes down the entire network fails). Ring - (LAN) Closed Communications Loop - one direction (if one PC goes down the network does not fail). Bus - (LAN) Single message at a time (traffic congestion is a problem). Enterprise Networking - Smaller networks connected to the company-wide network. ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. DSL - Digital Subscriber Line. EDI - Electronic Data Interchange. VPN - Virtual Private Networking - Secure communications channels over the internet (tunneling). TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, developed by Department of Defense in SDLC - System Development Life Cycle (Waterfall) RAD - Rapid application development (Martin) JAD - Joint Application Design BPR - Reengineering or Business Process Redesign DBMS - Database Management System Systems Development: (adptcpm) - Analysis - Feasibility study. - Design - Programming - Testing - Unit, Systems, Acceptance Testing. - Conversion - Parallel, pilot study, direct cutover and phased approach. - Production - Maintenance - Find and fix bugs/errors. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC/Waterfall): (iadim) Drawbacks - Expensive, time-consuming, inflexible. - Investigation - Analysis - Design - Implementation - Maintenance Prototyping - Experimental system is approved before final construction begins. - Evolutionary Prototype - Refined until the prototype meets the company's needs. - Requirements Prototype - Figuring out company's needs, then discard prototype. RAD Rapid Application Development (Martin): Quickly deliver a working system without sacrificing quality.

4 Steps do not have to be carried out sequentially as in SDLC. - Management - People - Methodologies - Tools (4th Generation Languages) JAD Joint Application Design: Involves the end-user at the design stage. Phased Development: Combines SDLC, RAD, and Prototyping. - Preliminary investigation - Analysis - Design - Preliminary construction - User review - Final construction, and System test and installation Object-oriented System Development: Like SDLC but more repetetive and incremental (re-usable objects). - Suitable for Web Applications End User Development (or EUC<omputing>): End user develops the IS using 4th Generation Tools. BPR - Reengineering or Business Process Redesign - Reverse engineering - Restructuring - Reengineering (forward engineering) Web Services: The plug and play architecture has 3 tiers: - Standards and protocols: XML (extensible Markup Language), SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol), WSDL (Web Services Description Language), UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery & Integration) - Service Grid - Application services: Credit Card Processing, Scheduling. DBMS (Database Management System): - Data definition language - Data manipulation language - Data dictionary 5 Types of DBMS: - Relational - Hierarchical (parent-child, tree) NOT USED - Network (many parents to many children) NOT USED - Object-oriented (Can handle multimedia components) - Object-relational (hybrid)

5 2 phases of database design and development: - Conceptual (using an entry relationship diagram) - Physical Normalization - Removing redundant info and many-to-many relationships. OLAP - Online Analytical Processing: Able to analyse huge volumes of information. Data Warehouse - A database with reporting and query tools that houses selected current and historical data obtained from various systems for the purpose of performing managerial analysis and assessment. Systems Theory (Ludwig von Bertalanffy) - A modeling tool that studies the interrelationships and overlap between separate disciplines. System - A group of related components that work together to achieve the system's objective. Information Systems include - Data, people, hardware, software, and telecommunications. Entropy - The degree of disorder in a system. System Boundary - The point at which data flows from one system into another/what is part of a system and what is not. Permeability - The rate at which data is permitted to flow from one system to another. Informational Support: 6 types of information systems: - Executive Support System (ESS/EIS) [SENIOR MANAGEMENT, nonstandard decisions] - Management Information System (MIS) [MIDDLE MANAGEMENT, weekly/monthly/annual reports, simple summaries/comparisons, not complex models] - Decision-Support System (DSS) [semistructured or unstructured decision-making]. - Knowledge Work System (KWS) [KNOWLEDGE WORKERS, financial, accounting, investments, CAD] - Office Systems [ , word processor, secretaries/schedulers/bookkeepers] - Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) [Daily transactions, front end/customer, invoicing, payroll, order processing, airline ticketing etc.] 2 types of DSS - Model-driven DSS, Data-driven DSS (Stand alone) Datamining - Associations, sequences, classifications, clusters, forecasts. Datamining Tools - Neural networks (solution from examples), fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms (Evolutionary: adaptation, variation and natural selection). Hybrid artificial intelligence (hybrid AI systems) - Combines neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms into ONE application. Management of MIS:

6 Information Services Department: CIO, information systems managers, programmers, systems analysts, designers. Pre-1970s - Centralized (one manager) s - De-centralized (Business Units) 1990s - Partner model (middle management involved), platform model (separates business-end from IT), scalable model (top management involved) Bullwhip Effect - A weakness in the supply chain management system because where information about product demand gets warped it is passed along the chain. Supply Chain Execution (SCE) Systems - Control the efficient flow of products from distribution centers and warehouses to the delivery destination. Supply Chain Planning (SCP) Systems - Allow companies to forecast demand, source materials and plan for the manufacture of the product. Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) - By working together, companies and their business partners can ensure that the information received by each party is as accurate and dynamic as possible to reduce the potential for the bullwhip effect. System Level: 4 Information System Levels - individual, work group, enterprise and inter-organizational. Individual System - Single-user/personal software/pda's/personal Computers ---> Known as Personal Productivity Systems. Workgroup System - Intranet/LAN, GDSS, Groupware and Teamware (software). Enterprise System (expensive - $15m) - Unites information from all the other different systems in the organization. Inter-organizational. This system operates outside of the firm s boundaries (internet) and connects a company to its customers, suppliers and business partners. The linkages that are made in an inter-organizational system are also known as a Value System or Value Web. Group Decision Support System (GDSS) - Managers collaborate in solving problems.