ENG 002. INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING. Structural Engineering Building Engineering

Transcription

1 ENG 002 INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING Structural Engineering Building Engineering

2 Introduction to Structural Engineering Forces in Structures Structural Systems Some Definitions of Important Structural Properties

3 Structural Engineering What does a Structural Engineer do? A Structural Engineer designs the structural systems and structural elements in buildings, bridges, stadiums, tunnels, and other civil engineering works (bones) Design: process of determining location, material, and size of structural elements to resist forces acting in a structure

4 Engineering Design Process Identify the problem (challenge) Explore alternative solutions Research past experience Brainstorming Preliminary design of most promising solutions Analyzing and designing viable solutions Testing and evaluation of solution Experimental testing or field tests Peer evaluation Build solution using available resources (materials, equipment, labor)

5 Design Process in Structural Engineering Select material for construction Determine appropriate structural system for a particular case Determine forces acting on a structure Calculate size of members and connections to avoid failure (collapse) or excessive deformation

6 Examples of Typical Structures

7 Forces Acting in Structures Forces induced by gravity Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles) Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others

8 Forces Acting in Structures Vertical: Gravity Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

9 Global Stability Sliding Overturning

10 Forces in Structural Elements 100 kn 100 KN Tension Compression

11 Forces in Structural Elements 100 kn Bending Torsion

12 Typical Structural Systems Arch

13 Typical Structural Systems C Truss C T C T Forces in Truss Members

14 Typical Structural Systems Frame

15 Typical Structural Systems

16 Typical Structural Systems Folded Plate

17 Typical Structural Systems Shells

18 Materials Used in Civil Engineering Stone and Masonry Metals Cast Iron Steel Aluminum Concrete Wood Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

19 Engineering Properties of Materials Steel Concrete Wood Masonary Composite

20 Concrete Components Sand (Fine Aggregate) Gravel (Coarse Aggregate) Cement (Binder) Water Air

21 Fiber-Reinforced Composites Composite Laminate Polymer Matrix Polyester Epoxy Vinylester Function of fibers: Provide stiffness Tensile strength Fiber Materials Glass Aramid (Kevlar) Carbon Functions of matrix: Force transfer to fibers Compressive strength Chemical protection

22 Engineering Properties of Strength Structural Elements Ability to withstand a given stress without failure Depends on type of material and type of force (tension or compression) Tensile Failure Compressive Failure

23 Engineering Properties of Structural Elements Stiffness (Rigidity) Property related to deformation Stiffer structural elements deform less under the same applied load Stiffness depends on type of material (E), structural shape, and structural configuration Two main types Axial stiffness Bending stiffness

24 Axial Stiffness T L Lo T

25 Bending Stiffness Force Displacement

26 Stiffness of Different Structural Shapes Stiff Stiffer Stiffest

27 Types of Structural Elements Bars and Cables Bars can carry either tension or compression Cables can only carry tension

28 Types of Structural Elements Beams Loads Compression Tension

29 Providing Stability for Lateral Loads Racking Failure of Pinned Frame Braced Frame Infilled Frame Rigid Joints

30 ENGINEERING RELATED TO THE BUILDING INDUSTRY STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION METHODS

31 DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN TEAM ARCHITECT STRUCTURAL ENGINEER MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING OTHER (CIVIL ENGINEER, ACOUSTICS, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT) ARCHITECTURAL PLANS STRUCTURAL PLANS M E P PLANS OTHER SELECTION of CONTRACTORS

32 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INVOLVES THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING FOR STRENGTH TO RESIST THE FORCES AND LOADS DUE TO BUILDING MATERIALS, PEOPLE, FURNITURE, WIND, SNOW, AND EARTHQUAKES (all kinds of loading during design life of structures).

33 STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DESIGNS: FRAMEWORK OF BUILDING TO CARRY THE LOADS WITH THE HELP OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNS THE FOUNDATION

34 Meyerson Symphony Center Dallas, TEXAS

35 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INCLUDES THE DESIGNS OF THE AIR CONDITIONING, ACOUSTICS, PLUMBING SYSTEMS, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION, AND LIGHTING

36 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ENGINEER DESIGNS: HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING AIR QUALITY LIGHTING PLUMBING SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS ACOUSTICS ELEVATORS

37 Heating and Air Conditioning are a Major Operating Cost

38 Issues with Air Quality Proper circulation Hazardous Material Storage

39 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING INCLUDES THE MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION METHODS, COST ESTIMATING, AND SCHEDULING

40 BUILDING CONTRACTOR: ESTIMATES COST OF BUILDING SCHEDULES CONSTRUCTION MANPOWER MATERIALS EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTS BUILDING USING PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS PREPARED BY ARCHITECT AND ENGINEERS

41 Puerta de Europa Madrid, Spain

42 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum Cleveland, OH

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44 TYPES OF JOBS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTION FIRMS BUILDING MECHANICAL ENGINEERS BUILDING DEVELOPERS TECHNICAL SALES STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES OIL COMPANIES RESEARCH LABORATORIES TESTING LABORATORIES