Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges

Transcription

1 ANSI/AISC An American National Standard Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges June 15, 2016 Supersedes the Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges dated April 14, 2010 and all previous versions Approved by the Committee on the Code of Standard Practice 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois

2 16.3-ii AISC 2016 by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC. The information presented in this publication has been prepared by a balanced committee following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) consensus procedures and recognized principles of design, construction and contract interpretation. This document is intended as a statement of custom and usage in structural steel construction. Competent design, construction and legal advice should be sought when applying the provisions of this document to a specific construction project or contract document. The publication of this information is not a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, its officers, agents, employees or committee members, or of any other person named herein. All representations or warranties, express or implied, other than as stated above, are specifically disclaimed. Anyone making use of the information presented in this publication assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon standards and guidelines developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein, since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the publication of this edition. The American Institute of Steel Construction bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Revision May 2017

3 16.3-iii PREFACE (This Preface is not part of ANSI/AISC , but is included for informational purposes only.) As in any industry, trade practices have developed among those that are involved in the design, purchase, fabrication and erection of structural steel. This Code provides a useful framework for a common understanding of the acceptable standards when contracting for structural steel. As such, it is useful for owners, architects, engineers, general contractors, construction managers, fabricators, steel detailers, erectors and others associated with construction in structural steel. Unless specific provisions to the contrary are contained in the contract documents, the existing trade practices contained herein are considered to be the standard custom and usage of the industry and are thereby incorporated into the relationships between the parties to a contract. It is important to note the differences in design requirements between buildings and bridges. ANSI/AISC 360 and 341 establish the design requirements for buildings and buildinglike structures, and this Code sets complementary commercial and technical requirements. For highway bridges, the governing design requirements are established by AASHTO and implemented by the contracting agency; the commercial provisions of the Code are applicable, but technical provisions, such as tolerances, are not addressed. The Symbols and Glossary are an integral part of this Code. In many sections of this Code, a nonmandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background and further explanation for the corresponding Code provisions. The user is encouraged to consult it. This Code is written and intended to be utilized in practice as a unified document. Contract documents may supercede individual provisions of the Code as provided in Section 1.1, except when doing so would violate a requirement of the applicable building code. Since the first edition of this Code was published in 1924, AISC has continuously surveyed the structural steel design community and construction industry to determine standard trade practices. Since then, this Code has been periodically updated to reflect new and changing technology and industry practices. The 2000 edition was the fifth complete revision of this Code since it was first published. Like the 2005 and 2010 editions, the 2016 edition is not a complete revision but does add important changes and updates. It is the result of the deliberations of a fair and balanced Committee, the membership of which included structural engineers, architects, a code official, a general contractor, fabricators, a steel detailer, erectors, inspectors and an attorney. The following changes have been made in this revision: This Code is formally accredited by ANSI as an American National Standard. The language throughout the entire Code has been generalized to address contracts that utilize drawings, models, or drawings and models in combination, and Appendix A, which previously addressed models separately, has been eliminated. The Commentary in Section 1.1 has been updated to acknowledge that some portions of ANSI/AISC 303 are incorporated into the International Building Code through reference to those provisions in ANSI/AISC 360 and 341. The list of dates of referenced documents in Section 1.2 has been editorially updated. A new Section 1.4 has been added to address responsibility for identifying contract docu - ments; subsequent sections have been renumbered.

4 16.3-iv PREFACE Section 1.10 has increased emphasis that the absence of a tolerance in this Code does not mean that tolerance is zero. Section 1.11 has been added to address marking requirements for protected zones in frames designed to meet the requirements of ANSI/AISC 341. A reference has been added in the Commentary to Section 2.2 to AISC Design Guide 27 for stainless steel. In Section 3.1, two items are added to the list of required information: preset requirements for free ends of cantilevered members and the drawing information required in ANSI/AISC 341. Sections and have been editorially switched in order. The resulting Section (formerly Section 3.1.1) also has been improved to better address what is required for bidding when the owner s designated representative for design delegates the determination and design of member reinforcement at connections to the licensed engineer in responsible charge of the connection design. Section 3.2 has been updated to address revisions, if they are necessary, when referenced contract documents are not available at the time of design, bidding, detailing or fabrication. Section 3.3 has added emphasis that the fabricator need not discover design discrepancies. Sections 3.7 and have been added to address intellectual property rights of the owner s designated representative for design and the fabricator, respectively. Section 4.4 has been clarified to better reflect the role of the connection design criteria required in Section when connection design work is delegated. Commentary has been added to Section 4.5 to address potential pitfalls when fabrication and erection documents are not furnished by the fabricator. In Section 6.1.1, the listed shop-standard material grades have changed for HP-shapes and HSS. In Section 6.4.2, the tolerance for curved members has been improved. In Section 7.5.1, tolerances for anchor-rod placement have been revised for consistency with the hole sizes provided the AISC Steel Construction Manual and the tolerances given in ACI 117. In Section 7.8.3, the number of extra bolts required to be supplied has been increased to account for bolt loss and pre-installation verification testing requirements; also, backing has been clarified as steel backing. In Section 7.8.4, non-steel backing is now addressed. In Section 7.13, the term building line has been changed to building exterior. Commentary has been added in Section (e) to coordinate with the cantilevered member preset information added in Section 3.1. Section has been added to address allowances, when used. Section 10 has been significantly revised with multiple categories for AESS and different treatments required for each. The document has been editorially revised for consistency with current terms and other related documents.

5 PREFACE 16.3-v The Committee thanks Jeffrey Dave, Douglas Fitzpatrick, Angela Stephens and Lawrence Kruth for their contributions to integrating treatment of model-based contracts throughout this Code; Walter Koppelaar, Terri Boake and Jack Petersen for their contributions to the update of Section 10; and, George Wendt, Charles Wood, John Rogers and Brian Smith for their contributions to the improvement of tolerances for curved members. The Committee thanks Michael J. Tylk, Donald G. Moore and Paul M. Brosnahan for their contributions as members of the Committee for part of this cycle, and honors Committee member Keith G. Landwehr, who passed away during this cycle. By the AISC Committee on the Code of Standard Practice, Babette C. Freund, Chair Viji Kuruvilla William A. Andrews, Vice Chair James L. Larson Jon D. Andrews H. Scott Metzger Scott F. Armbrust James A. Minkkinen Barry L. Barger, Emeritus David B. Ratterman William R. Davidson David I. Ruby Theodore L. Droessler James A. Stori Donald T. Engler Thomas S. Tarpy, Jr. Lawrence G. Griffis James G. Thompson Samuel G. Haldiman Steven F. Weiss Timothy J. Hanenburg Michael A. West D. Kirk Harman Charles J. Carter, Secretary Lawrence A. Kloiber Timothy J. Bradshaw, Asst. Secretary

6 16.3-vi TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY ix SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS Scope Dates of Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards Units Responsibility for Identifying Contract Documents Design Criteria Responsibility for Design Patents and Copyrights Existing Structures Means, Methods and Safety of Erection Tolerances Marking of Protected Zones in High-Seismic Applications SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Definition of Structural Steel Other Steel, Iron or Metal Items SECTION 3. DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS Structural Design Documents and Specifications Architectural, Electrical and Mechanical Design Documents and Specifications Discrepancies Legibility of the Design Drawings Revisions to the Design Documents and Specifications Fast-Track Project Delivery Intellectual Property SECTION 4. APPROVAL DOCUMENTS Owner Responsibility Fabricator Responsibility Use of Digital Files or Copies of the Design Documents Approval Fabrication and/or Erection Documents Not Furnished by the Fabricator The RFI Process Erection Documents SECTION 5. MATERIALS Mill Materials Stock Materials

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.3-vii SECTION 6. SHOP FABRICATION AND DELIVERY Identification of Material Preparation of Material Fitting and Fastening Fabrication Tolerances Shop Cleaning and Painting Marking and Shipping of Materials Delivery of Materials SECTION 7. ERECTION Method of Erection Job-Site Conditions Foundations, Piers and Abutments Lines and Benchmarks Installation of Anchor Rods, Foundation Bolts, and Other Embedded Items Installation of Bearing Devices Grouting Field Connection Material Loose Material Temporary Support of Structural Steel Frames Safety Protection Structural Steel Frame Tolerances Erection Tolerances Correction of Errors Cuts, Alterations and Holes for Other Trades Handling and Storage Field Painting Final Cleaning Up SECTION 8. QUALITY CONTROL General Inspection of Mill Material Nondestructive Testing Surface Preparation and Shop Painting Inspection Independent Inspection SECTION 9. CONTRACTS Types of Contracts Calculation of Weights Revisions to the Contract Documents Contract Price Adjustment Scheduling Terms of Payment

8 16.3-viii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 10. ARCHITECTURALLY EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL General Requirements Contract Documents Approval Documents Fabrication Delivery of Materials Erection

9 16.3-ix GLOSSARY The following abbreviations and terms are used in this Code. Where used, terms are italicized to alert the user that the term is defined in this Glossary. AASHTO. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Adjustable items. See Section AESS. See architecturally exposed structural steel. AISC. American Institute of Steel Construction. Allowance. A monetary amount included in a contract as a placeholder for work that is antici - pated but not defined at the time the contract is executed. Anchor bolt. See anchor rod. Anchor rod. A mechanical device that is either cast or drilled and chemically adhered, grouted or wedged into concrete and/or masonry for the purpose of the subsequent attachment of structural steel. ANSI. American National Standards Institute. Approval documents. The structural steel shop drawings, erection drawings, and embedment drawings, or where the parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide digital model(s), the fabrication and erection models. A combination of drawings and digital models also may be provided. Architect. The entity that is professionally qualified and duly licensed to perform architectural services. Architecturally exposed structural steel. See Section 10. AREMA. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association. ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials. AWS. American Welding Society. Bearing devices. Shop-attached base and bearing plates, loose base and bearing plates, and leveling devices, such as leveling plates, leveling nuts and washers, and leveling screws. CASE. Council of American Structural Engineers.

10 16.3-x GLOSSARY Clarification. An interpretation, of the design drawings or specifications that have been released for construction, made in response to an RFI or a note on an approval drawing and providing an explanation that neither revises the information that has been released for construction nor alters the cost or schedule of performance of the work. The Code, This Code. This document, the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges as adopted by the American Institute of Steel Construction. Column line. The grid line of column centers set in the field based on the dimensions shown on the structural design documents and using the building layout provided by the owner s designated representative for construction. Column offsets are taken from the column line. The column line may be straight or curved as shown in the structural design documents. Connection. An assembly of one or more joints that is used to transmit forces between two or more members and/or connection elements. Contract documents. The documents that define the responsibilities of the parties that are involved in bidding, fabricating and erecting structural steel. These documents normally include the design documents, the specifications and the contract. Design documents. The design drawings, or where the parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide digital model(s), the design model. A combination of drawings and digital models also may be provided. Design drawings. The graphic and pictorial portions of the contract documents showing the design, location and dimensions of the work. These documents generally include, but are not necessarily limited to, plans, elevations, sections, details, schedules, diagrams and notes. Design model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital model of the structure that conveys the structural steel requirements given in Section 3.1 for the building. Detailer. See steel detailer. Embedment drawings. Drawings that show the location and placement of items that are installed to receive structural steel. EOR, engineer, engineer of record. See structural engineer of record. Erection bracing drawings. Drawings that are prepared by the erector to illustrate the sequence of erection, any requirements for temporary supports and the requirements for raising, bolting and/or welding. These drawings are in addition to the erection drawings. Erection documents. The erection drawings, or where the parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide digital model(s), the erection model. A combination of drawings and digital models also may be provided. Erection drawings. Field-installation or member-placement drawings that are prepared by the fabricator to show the location and attachment of the individual structural steel shipping pieces.

11 GLOSSARY 16.3-xi Erection model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital model produced to convey the information necessary to erect the structural steel. This may be the same digital model as the fabrication model, but it is not required to be. Erector. The entity that is responsible for the erection of the structural steel. Established column line. The actual field line that is most representative of the erected column centers along a line of columns placed using the dimensions shown in the structural design drawings or design model and the lines and benchmarks established by the owner s designated representative for construction, to be used in applying the erection tolerances given in this Code for column shipping pieces. Fabrication documents. The shop drawings, or where the parties have agreed in the contract documents to provide digital model(s), the fabrication model. A combination of drawings and digital models also may be provided. Fabrication model. A dimensionally accurate 3D digital model produced to convey the information necessary to fabricate the structural steel. This may be the same digital model as the erection model, but it is not required to be. Fabricator. The entity that is responsible for detailing (except in Section 4.5) and fabricating the structural steel. Hazardous materials. Components, compounds or devices that are either encountered during the performance of the contract work or incorporated into it containing substances that, not withstanding the application of reasonable care, present a threat of harm to persons and/or the environment. Inspector. The owner s testing and inspection agency. Levels of development, LOD. The levels of completeness of the digital model(s) or digital model elements. MBMA. Metal Building Manufacturers Association. Mill material. Steel mill products that are ordered expressly for the requirements of a specific project. Owner. The entity that is identified as such in the contract documents. Owner s designated representative for construction. The owner or the entity that is responsible to the owner for the overall construction of the project, including its planning, quality, and completion. This is usually the general contractor, the construction manager or similar authority at the job site. Owner s designated representative for design. The owner or the entity that is responsible to the owner for the overall structural design of the project, including the structural steel frame. This is usually the structural engineer of record. Plans. See design drawings.

12 16.3-xii GLOSSARY RCSC. Research Council on Structural Connections. Released for construction. The term that describes the status of contract documents that are in such a condition that the fabricator and the erector can rely upon them for the performance of their work, including the ordering of material and the preparation of shop and erection drawings or fabrication and erection models. Revision. An instruction or directive providing information that differs from information that has been released for construction. A revision may, but does not always, impact the cost or schedule of performance of the work. RFI. A written request for information or clarification generated during the construction phase of the project. SER. See structural engineer of record. Shop drawings. Drawings of the individual structural steel shipping pieces that are to be produced in the fabrication shop. SJI. Steel Joist Institute. Specifications. The portion of the contract documents that consists of the written requirements for materials, standards and workmanship. SSPC. SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings, which was formerly known as the Steel Structures Painting Council. Standard structural shapes. Hot-rolled W-, S-, M- and HP-shapes, channels and angles listed in ASTM A6/A6M; structural tees split from the hot-rolled W-, S- and M- shapes listed in ASTM A6/A6M; hollow structural sections produced to ASTM A500/A500M, A501/A501M, A618/A618M, A847/A847M, A1065/A1065M, or A1085/A1085M; and, steel pipe produced to ASTM A53/A53M. Steel detailer. The entity that produces the approval documents. Structural engineer of record. The licensed professional who is responsible for sealing the contract documents, which indicates that he or she has performed or supervised the analysis, design and document preparation for the structure and has knowledge of the load-carrying structural system. Structural steel. The elements of the structural frame as given in Section 2.1. Substantiating connection information. Information submitted by the fabricator, if requested by the owner s designated representative for design in the contract documents, when Option 2 or Option 3 is designated for connections per Section Tier. The structural steel framing defined by a column shipping piece. Weld show-through. In architecturally exposed structural steel, visual indication of the presence of a weld or welds on the side of the member opposite the weld.

13 CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE FOR STEEL BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1. Scope This Code sets forth criteria for the trade practices involved in steel buildings, bridges and other structures, where other structures are defined as those structures designed, fabricated and erected in a manner similar to buildings, with building-like vertical and lateral force-resisting elements. In the absence of specific instructions to the contrary in the contract documents, the trade practices that are defined in this Code shall govern the fabrication and erection of structural steel. The practices defined in this Code are the commonly accepted standards of custom and usage for structural steel fabrication and erection, which generally represent the most efficient approach. Some provisions in this Code have been incorporated by reference into the International Building Code; see This Code is not intended to define a professional standard of care for the owner s designated representative for design; change the duties and responsibilities of the owner, contractor, architect or structural engineer of record from those set forth in the contract documents; nor assign to the owner, architect or structural engineer of record any duty or authority to undertake responsibility incon sistent with the provisions of the contract documents. This Code is not applicable to steel joists or metal building systems, which are addressed by SJI and MBMA, respectively Dates of Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards The following dated versions of documents are referenced in this Code: AASHTO Specification 2014 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 7 th Edition, with 2015 and 2016 Interim Revisions. ANSI/AISC 341 ANSI/AISC , AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. ANSI/AISC 360 ANSI/AISC , AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. ASME B46.1 ASME B , Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay). AREMA Specification 2015 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering, Volume II Structures, Chapter 15.

14 GENERAL PROVISIONS ASTM A6/A6M-14, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling. ASTM A36/A36M-14, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel. ASTM A53/A53M-12, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot- Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless. ASTM A500/A500M-13, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes. ASTM A501/A501M-14, Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing. ASTM A572/A572M-15, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel. ASTM A618/A618M-04(2015), Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing. ASTM A847/A847M-14, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance. ASTM A992/A992M-11(2015), Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes. ASTM A1065/A1065/M-15, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Electric- Fusion (Arc) Welded High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing in Shapes, with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield Point. ASTM A1085/A1085M-15, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded Carbon Steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS). AWS D1.1/D1.1M AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015 Structural Welding Code Steel. RCSC Specification Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts, SSPC SP1 SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 1, Solvent Cleaning, SSPC SP2 SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 2, Hand Tool Cleaning, SSPC SP6 SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 6, Commercial Blast Cleaning, Additionally, the following dated versions of documents are referenced in the Commentary on this Code: AIA Document E Building Information Modeling Protocol Exhibit AIA Document E Building Information Modeling and Digital Data Exhibit AIA Document G Project Digital Data Protocol Form AIA Document G Project Building Information Modeling Protocol Form ASTM A563-15, Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts. ASTM A563M-07(2013), Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts (Metric). ASTM F3125/F3125M-15, Standard Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, Steel and Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 120 ksi (830 MPa) and 150 ksi (1040 MPa) Minimum Tensile Strength, Inch and Metric Dimensions.

15 GENERAL PROVISIONS BIMFORUM 2013 Level of Development Specification. CASE Document 962 National Practice Guidelines for the Structural Engineer of Record, Consensus Docs BIM Addendum Units In this Code, the values stated in either U.S. customary units or metric units shall be used. Each system shall be used independently of the other. In this Code, dimensions, weights and other measures are given in U.S. customary units with rounded or rationalized metric-unit equivalents in brackets. Be cause the values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, the selective combination of values from each of the two systems is not permitted. 1.4 Responsibility for Identifying Contract Documents The owner s designated representative for construction shall identify all contract documents. When the design drawings and a design model are both provided, the owner s designated representative for design shall specify which document is the controlling contract document. The contract documents shall establish the procedures for communicating changes to the contract documents, permitted use of design and other digital models, and restrictions on the release of these digital models to other parties. There can be many combinations of drawings and digital models used as part of the contract documents, and to transfer information between the many entities in the design and construction processes. The communication of design information to the fabricator through the design model is permitted in this Code. This Code does not designate which of these possible documents takes precedence because of the variation in current practice. The document hierarchy is left to the owner s designated representative for design and communicated through the owner s desig - nated representative for construction. The owner s designated representative for construction must provide guidance as to which information is to be considered to have precedence if conflicts exist Design Criteria For buildings and other structures, in the absence of other design criteria, the provisions in ANSI/AISC 360 shall govern the design of the structural steel. For bridges, in the absence of other design criteria, the provisions in the AASHTO Specification and AREMA Specification shall govern the design of the structural steel, as applicable.

16 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.6. Responsibility for Design When the owner s designated representative for design provides the design, design documents and specifications, the fabricator and the erector are not responsible for the suitability, adequacy or building-code conformance of the design When the owner enters into a direct contract with the fabricator to both design and fabricate an entire, completed steel structure, the fabricator shall be responsible for the suitability, adequacy, conformance with owner-established performance criteria, and building-code conformance of the structural steel design. The owner shall be responsible for the suitability, adequacy and building-code conformance of the nonstructural steel elements and shall establish the performance criteria for the structural steel frame Patents and Copyrights The entity or entities that are responsible for the specification and/or selection of proprietary structural designs shall secure all intellectual property rights necessary for the use of those designs Existing Structures Demolition and shoring of any part of an existing structure are not within the scope of work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such demolition and shoring shall be performed in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of the fabricator or the erector Protection of an existing structure and its contents and equipment, so as to prevent damage from normal erection processes, is not within the scope of work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such protection shall be performed in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of the fabricator or the erector Surveying or field dimensioning of an existing structure is not within the scope of work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such surveying or field dimensioning, which is necessary for the completion of the approval documents and fabrication, shall be performed and furnished to the fabricator in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of the fabricator or the erector Abatement or removal of hazardous materials is not within the scope of work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such abatement or removal shall be performed in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of the fabricator or the erector Means, Methods and Safety of Erection The erector shall be responsible for the means, methods and safety of erection of the structural steel frame.

17 GENERAL PROVISIONS The structural engineer of record shall be responsible for the structural adequacy of the design of the structure in the completed project. The structural engineer of record shall not be responsible for the means, methods and safety of erection of the structural steel frame. See also Sections and Tolerances Tolerances for materials, fabrication and erection shall be as stipulated in Sections 5, 6, 7 and 10. Tolerances absent from this Code or the contract documents shall not be considered zero by default. Tolerances are not necessarily specified in this Code for every possible variation that could be encountered. For most projects, where a tolerance is not specified or covered in this Code, it is not needed to ensure that the fabricated and erected structural steel complies with the requirements in Section 6 and 7. If a special design concept or system component requires a tolerance that is not specified in this Code, the necessary tolerance should be specified in the contract documents. If a tolerance is not shown and is deemed by the fabricator and/or erector to be important to the successful fabrication and erection of the structural steel, it should be requested from the owner s designated representative for design. The absence of a tolerance in this Code for a particular condition does not mean that the tolerance is zero; rather, it means that no tolerance has been established. In any case, the default tolerance is not zero Marking of Protected Zones in High-Seismic Applications The fabricator shall permanently mark protected zones that are designated on the structural design documents in accordance with ANSI/AISC 341 Section A4.1. If these markings are obscured in the field, such as after the application of fire protection, the owner s designated representative for construction shall re-mark the protected zones as they are designated on the structural design documents.

18 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS 2.1. Definition of Structural Steel Structural steel shall consist of the elements of the structural frame that are shown and sized in the structural design documents, essential to support the design loads and described as: Anchor rods that will receive structural steel. Base plates, if part of the structural steel frame. Beams, including built-up beams, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates. Bearing plates, if part of the structural steel frame. Bearings of steel for girders, trusses or bridges. Bracing, if permanent. Canopy framing, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates. Columns, including built-up columns, if made from standard structural shapes and/ or plates. Connection materials for framing structural steel to structural steel. Crane stops, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates. Door frames, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and if part of the structural steel frame. Edge angles and plates, if attached to the structural steel frame or steel (open-web) joists. Embedded structural steel parts, other than bearing plates, that will receive structural steel. Expansion joints, if attached to the structural steel frame. Fasteners for connecting structural steel items: permanent shop bolts, nuts and washers; shop bolts, nuts and washers for shipment; field bolts, nuts and washers for permanent connections; and, permanent pins. Floor-opening frames, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame or steel (open-web) joists. Floor plates (checkered or plain), if attached to the structural steel frame. Girders, including built-up girders, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates. Girts, if made from standard structural shapes. Grillage beams and girders. Hangers, if made from standard structural shapes, plates and/or rods and framing structural steel to structural steel. Leveling nuts and washers. Leveling plates. Leveling screws. Lintels, if attached to the structural steel frame. Marquee framing, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates. Machinery supports, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame. Monorail elements, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame.

19 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Posts, if part of the structural steel frame. Purlins, if made from standard structural shapes. Relieving angles, if attached to the structural steel frame. Roof-opening frames, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame or steel (open-web) joists. Roof-screen support frames, if made from standard structural shapes. Sag rods, if part of the structural steel frame and connecting structural steel to structural steel. Shear stud connectors, if specified to be shop attached. Shims, if permanent. Struts, if permanent and part of the structural steel frame. Tie rods, if part of the structural steel frame. Trusses, if made from standard structural shapes and/or built-up members. Wall-opening frames, if made from standard structural shapes and/or plates and attached to the structural steel frame. Wedges, if permanent. The fabricator normally fabricates the items listed in Section 2.1. Such items must be shown, sized and described in the structural design documents. Bracing includes vertical bracing for resistance to wind and seismic load and structural stability, horizontal bracing for floor and roof systems, and permanent stability bracing for components of the structural steel frame Other Steel, Iron or Metal Items Structural steel shall not include other steel, iron or metal items that are not generally described in Section 2.1, even where such items are shown in the structural design documents or are attached to the structural steel frame. Other steel, iron or metal items include but are not limited to: Base plates, if not part of the structural steel frame. Bearing plates, if not part of the structural steel frame. Bearings, if non-steel. Cables for permanent bracing or suspension systems. Castings. Catwalks. Chutes. Cold-formed steel products. Cold-rolled steel products, except those that are specifically covered in ANSI/AISC 360. Corner guards. Crane rails, splices, bolts and clamps. Crane stops, if not made from standard structural shapes or plates. Door guards. Embedded steel parts, other than bearing plates, that do not receive structural steel or that are embedded in precast concrete. Expansion joints, if not attached to the structural steel frame.

20 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Flagpole support steel. Floor plates (checkered or plain), if not attached to the structural steel frame. Forgings. Gage-metal products. Grating. Handrail. Hangers, if not made from standard structural shapes, plates and/or rods or not framing structural steel to structural steel. Hoppers. Items that are required for the assembly or erection of materials that are furnished by trades other than the fabricator or erector. Ladders. Lintels, if not attached to the structural steel frame. Masonry anchors. Ornamental metal framing. Other miscellaneous metal not already listed. Pressure vessels. Reinforcing steel for concrete or masonry. Relieving angles, if not attached to the structural steel frame. Roof screen support frames, if not made from standard structural shapes. Safety cages. Shear stud connectors, if specified to be field installed. Stacks. Stairs. Steel deck. Steel (open-web) joists. Steel joist girders. Tanks. Toe plates. Trench or pit covers. Section 2.2 includes many items that may be furnished by the fabricator if contracted to do so by specific notation and detail in the contract documents. When such items are contracted to be provided by the fabricator, coordination will normally be required between the fabricator and other material suppliers and trades. The provisions in this Code are not intended to apply to items in Section 2.2. In previous editions of this Code, provisions regarding who should normally furnish field-installed shear stud connectors and cold-formed steel deck support angles were included in Section 7.8. These provisions have been eliminated since field-installed shear stud connectors and steel deck support angles are not defined as structural steel in this Code. Stainless steel is not covered in this Code. AISC Design Guide 27, Structural Stainless Steel, is a source of useful information regarding the practical fabrication and installation issues associated with structural stainless steel components.

21 DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 3. DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3.1. Structural Design Documents and Specifications Unless otherwise indicated in the contract documents, the structural design documents shall be based upon consideration of the design loads and forces to be resisted by the structural steel frame in the completed project. The structural design documents shall clearly show or note the work that is to be performed and shall give the following information with sufficient dimensions to accurately convey the quantity and complexity of the structural steel to be fabricated: (a) The size, section, material grade and location of all members. (b) All geometry and working points necessary for layout. (c) Floor elevations. (d) Column centers and offsets. (e) The camber requirements for members. (f) Preset elevation requirements, if any, at free ends of cantilevered members relative to their fixed-end elevations. (g) Joining requirements between elements of built-up members. (h) When the requirements of ANSI/AISC 341 are applicable, the information required in ANSI/AISC 341 Section A4. (i) The information required in Sections through The structural steel specifications shall include any special requirements for the fabri - cation and erection of the structural steel. The structural design documents, specifications and addenda shall be numbered and dated for the purposes of identification. 3D digital models shall contain a unique identifier. Contract documents vary greatly in complexity and completeness. Nonetheless, the fabricator and the erector must be able to rely upon the accuracy and completeness of the contract documents. This allows the fabricator and the erector to provide the owner with bids that are adequate and complete. It also enables the preparation of the approval documents, the ordering of materials, and the timely fabrication and erection of shipping pieces. In some cases, the owner can benefit when reasonable latitude is allowed in the contract documents for alternatives that can reduce cost without compromising quality. However, critical requirements that are necessary to protect the owner s interest, that affect the integrity of the structure or that are necessary for the fabricator and the erector to proceed with their work must be included in the contract documents. Some examples of critical information may include, when applicable: Standard specifications and codes that govern structural steel design and construction, including bolting and welding. Material specifications. Special material requirements to be reported on the material test reports. Welded-joint configuration.

22 DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS Weld-procedure qualification. Special requirements for work of other trades. Final disposition of backing and runoff tabs. Lateral bracing. Stability bracing. Connections or data for connection selection and/or completion. Restrictions on connection types. Column stiffeners (also known as continuity plates). Column web doubler plates. Bearing stiffeners on beams and girders. Web reinforcement. Openings for other trades. Surface preparation and shop painting requirements. Shop and field inspection requirements. Nondestructive testing requirements, including acceptance criteria. Special requirements on delivery. Special erection limitations. Identification of non-structural steel elements that interact with the structural steel frame to provide for the lateral stability of the structural steel frame (see Section 3.1.4). Column differential shortening information (see Commentary to Section 7.13). Anticipated deflections and the associated loading conditions for major structural elements, such as transfer girders and trusses, supporting columns and hangers (see Commentary to Section 7.13). Special fabrication and erection tolerances for AESS. Special pay-weight provisions. It may be necessary to specify a relative elevation to which the free end of a cantilever must be erected (preset) prior to load application, with the fixed end stabilized before the member is released from the crane or temporary support and any other load is applied to it. This is needed so that the cantilevered member can be detailed and fabricated to allow for any required preset. This does not apply to a beam that is continuous over a support, which is controlled by camber, not preset The owner s designated representative for design shall indicate one of the following options for each connection: (1) Option 1: the complete connection design shall be shown in the structural design documents. (2) Option 2: in the structural design documents or specifications, the connection shall be designated to be selected or completed by an experienced steel detailer. (3) Option 3: in the structural design documents or specifications, the connection shall be designated to be designed by a licensed engineer working for the fabricator. In all of the above options, (a) The requirements of Section shall apply. (b) The approvals process in Section 4.4 shall be followed.

23 DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS When Option 2 is specified, the experienced steel detailer shall utilize information provided in the structural design documents in the selection or completion of the connections. When such information is not provided, tables in the AISC Steel Construction Manual, or other reference information as approved by the owner s designated representative for design, shall be used. When Option 2 or 3 is specified, the owner s designated representative for design shall provide the following connection design criteria in the structural design documents and specifications: (a) Any restrictions on the types of connections that are permitted. (b) Data concerning the loads, including shears, moments, axial forces and transfer forces, that are to be resisted by the individual members and their connections, sufficient to allow the selection, completion, or design of the connection details while preparing the approval documents. (c) Whether the data required in (b) is given at the service-load level or the factoredload level. (d) Whether LRFD or ASD is to be used in the selection, completion, or design of connection details. (e) What substantiating connection information, if any, is to be provided with the approval documents to the owner s designated representative for design. When Option 3 is specified: (a) The fabricator shall submit in a timely manner representative samples of the required substantiating connection information to the owner s designated representatives for design and construction. The owner s designated representative for design shall confirm in writing in a timely manner that these representative samples are consistent with the requirements in the contract documents, or shall advise what modifications are required to bring the representative samples into compliance with the requirements in the contract documents. This initial submittal and review is in addition to the requirements in Section 4.4. (b) The licensed engineer in responsible charge of the connection design shall review and confirm in writing as part of the substantiating connection information, that the approval documents properly incorporate the connection designs. However, this review by the licensed engineer in responsible charge of the connection design does not replace the approval process of the approval documents by the owner s designated representative for design in Section 4.4. (c) The fabricator shall provide a means by which the substantiating connection information is referenced to the related connections on the approval documents for the purpose of review. There are three options covered in this Section: (1) In Option 1, the owner s designated representative for design shows the complete design of the connections in the structural design documents. The following information is included: