Fibre Composites in Structural Engineering ETHZ Course No

Transcription

1 Fibre Composites in Structural Engineering ETHZ Course No Masoud Motavalli Head of Structural Engineering Research Laboratory Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse Duebendorf, Switzerland

2 Table of content of printouts: Introduction Materials and Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites Mechanics of a Lamina Laminate Theory Ply by Ply Failure Analysis Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures: Introduction and Basics Flexural Strengthening Strengthening in Shear Column Confinement FRP Strengthening of Masonry Structures CFRP Strengthening of Metallic Structures FRP Strengthening of Timber Structures Design of Flexural Post-Strengthening of RC: Swiss Code 166 Design of FRP Profiles and all FRP Structures An Introduction to FRP Reinforced Concrete Monitoring and Testing of Civil Engineering Structures Composite Manufacturing Testing Methods

3 Team Members: Flexural Strengthening using FRP Composites: Swiss Code and other codes Dr. Christoph Czaderski and Dr. Julien Michels, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa External Strengthening of Metallic Structures Elyas Ghafoori, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa External Strengthening of Timber Structures Robert Widmann, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa FRP Composite Profiles, All Composites Structures Dr. Moslem Shahverdi, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa Measurement Techniques and Structural Health Monitoring Dr. Glauco Feltrin, Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa

4 Manuscript Power Point printouts Handouts Download pdf files from:

5 References: Lawrence C. Bank, Composites for Construction: Structural Design with FRP Materials, John Wiley & Sons, INC., ISBN-13: , (2006) Fib bulletin 14, Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures, Technical Report, ISBN , (2001) G. Eckold, Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge england, ISBN , (1994)

6 Internet Sites

7 Course Schedule, Fall Semester /Sept: Introduction and Overview, Material Properties 27/Sept: Mechanics of a Lamina: Micro Mechanics, Macro Mechanics 04/Oct: Laminate Theory, 11/Oct: Laminate and Failure Theory, First written interim exam 18/Oct: Design of FRP Profiles and All FRP Structures, Case Studies 25/Oct: Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures: Bending, Shear, Torsion 01/Nov: Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures: Column Confinement

8 Course Schedule, Fall Semester /Nov: Flexural strengthening of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement: Swiss Code 166 and other codes, Introduction to the laboratory experiments 15/Nov: Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for Metallic Structures 22/Nov: Application of Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement in the Empa laboratory, Second written interim exam 29/Nov: FRP-Reinforced Concrete Design (Internal Reinforcement) 06/Dec: Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for Timber Structures / Measurement Techniques and Structural Health Monitoring 13/Dec: Laboratory experiments and Empa structural laboratory tour 20/Dec: Manufacturing Methods; Testing Methods

9 Exercise at Empa Lap-shear test CFRP strip adhesive F Static loading test of RC beam F M: 1: K2 F concrete K3/K4

10 Master-Thesis: 10. Semester, 16 weeks Thesis within ongoing research projects at the Structural Engineering Research Laboratory, Empa. To be discussed.

11 Interim Exam 1: 15%; written exam Interim Exam 2: 15%; written exam Final Exam: 70% 30 minutes, oral exam Language can be selected:english or German Questions????

12 Introduction Book L. Bank, Chapter 1

13 Objectives To provide students with a general awareness of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials and their potential uses To provide information on some of the potential uses of FRPs in civil engineering applications To provide guidance for students seeking additional information on FRPs

14 Outline SHM Introduction and Overview Applications Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Durability Mechanical Properties

15 Global Infrastructure Crisis How can we prevent deterioration of infrastructure? How can we prolong the lives of existing structures?

16 A primary factor leading to extensive degradation Corrosion Concrete Moisture, oxygen and chlorides penetrate Through concrete Through cracks Corrosion products form Volume expansion occurs More cracking Corrosion propagation End result

17 Why build and repair with the same materials? Why repeat the cycle? Lightweight Easy to handle High Strength 5x steel FRP Materials Corrosion resistant Durable structures Highly versatile Suit any project

18 Longstanding reputation in sport, automotive and aerospace industries Over the past 20 years have FRP materials been increasingly considered for civil infrastructure applications FRP costs have decreased New, innovative solutions needed! FRPs now recognized as effective and efficient structural materials

19 Increased use of FRPs in infrastructure applications attributable to: FRP advantages Will not corrode electrochemically (durability) High strength-to-weight ratio Electromagnetically inert Ease and speed of installation Ability to tailor mechanical properties (versatility) Low thermal conductivity

20 Potential FRP disadvantages FRPs are linear elastic materials Addressed through careful design procedures High initial material cost But not when life-cycle costs are considered

21 All-FRP structures FRP-reinforced concrete Repair and rehabilitation Hybrid FRP structures Smart materials FRP ground anchors architectural panels Infinite possibilities...

22 Background Reliability Challenged by the Sport Items State of the Technology Today Future Challenges

23 Background

24 Polymer Production [Mio t] In Switzerland: t 800 Companies Employees 10 Mrd. Revenue

25 Material Application per Year (old statistic!): Steel t Polymer t E-Glass Fibre t Carbon Fibre t

26 Quiz Volume Usage per Year: A: Volume Steel >> Volume Polymer B: Volume Steel = Volume Polymer C: Volume Steel << Volume Polymer

27 Answer to Quiz Volume Usage per Year (old statistic!): Volume Steel = m 3 Volume Polymer = m 3 B: Volume Steel = Volume Polymer

28 Composites are not new!!! Brick: Egypt BC Fibres: straw Matix: Clay RAMSES II

29 Trabant, Plastic Bomber DDR 1957 Phenol resin/cotton fibers

30 First Polymer Composite Bridge: Appr in USA

31 Historical Bridge Sins, Switzerland Built in 1807 Post strengthening of lateral profile with CFRP in 1992

32 Reliability

33 Creep Test at EMPA-Switzerland RC beam strengthened with one glued steel plate (7X120 mm) Loading: 2 X 30 kn (88% of failure load!) Since March 1970

34 Langzeitversuch mit geklebter Bewehrung Versuchsbedingungen : Temp C, relative Luftfeuchtigkeit % Betonstauchung Dehnungen / Stauchungen [Promille] Durchbiegung Stahldehnung Betondehnung Durchbiegungen [mm] Beobachtungs - Zeitraum

35 Long Time Reliability: BASF - Chimney 1970 H = 55.3 m; D = 2.5 m v = 150 km/h; T = 60 C weight = 133 kn t = mm

36 Long Time Reliability: E-2C Hawkeye since 1964

37 Challenged by the sport items

38 Challenged by sport Steffi Graf, 1988 No. 1

39 Challenged by sport

40 State of technology today

41 Post Strengthening using Steel Strips Reasons for strengthening - Aging of our structures - Renewal is too expensive - Higher loads (railway bridges, ) - Natural hazards (earthquake, ) - Man made hazards (terror attacks, ) - Repair - Heavy - Corrosion - Requires scaffold - Requires many joints

42 Post Strengthening using CFRP Strips Introduced by Prof. Urs Meier (EMPA Switzerland) in 80 s Concrete Epoxy CFRP Strip (1 mm) - Light weight - Corrosion resistant - No scaffold - No joints

43 CFRP strips CFRP Fibers: vol% Strength: MPa E-Modul: GPa

44 Ibach Bridge, Switzerland 1991

45 Ibach Beridge, Switzerland 1991

46 Thorpe Marsh Cooling Towers Introduction Fibre Composites, FS17 Masoud Motavalli

47 Daily Job

48 CFRP Strips in Switzerland t / a

49 Alternative to Steel? For example: Stay cables

50 incoming light core cladding cladding Bragg grating grating coating transmitted light reflected light Parallel wire cable 241 wires (Diameter 5 mm) Load capacity: 12 MN

51 Storch Bridge 1996, Winterthur, Switzerland (Span: 124 m, 2 Lanes)

52 Laroin Foot Bridge, st bridge ever built in France using carbon composite cables

53 GFRP Bridge Sugar Grove, VA

54 Bridge Decks

55 GFRP-Deck in Ohio

56 All FRP Structures Length: 19.2 m Width: 1.6 m Height pylon: 7.5 m Total weight girder: 1500 kg Smart Cable Stayed GFRP-Bridge at Empa

57 All FRP Structures FRP road bridge Laboratory testing of an FRP bridge deck panel

58 FRP-Reinforced Concrete Placing the deck slab concrete

59 FRP-Reinforced Concrete Morristown, Vermont Re-opened metre span ISOROD GFRP in deck slab Bridge deck reinforcement

60 GFRP in Building Construction

61 Flexural testing

62 CFRP reinforcement

63 Typical questions: Price? 130% of classical pole Lightning strike? Safe! Insulation tested in the laboratory for high voltages of ABB

64 SACAC Carbolith Pole CFRP reinforced concrete L = 9.2 m Light point height = 8 m Mass 350 kg (= 65% of a classical pole!)

65 State of the technology : Airbus A300, 310 approved since 1974

66 Ariane V Live load cover H = 12,7 m D = 5,4 m 200 C, 110 km, 3 min Total mass = 1680 kg

67 Ariane V: Static Tests at EMPA, Switzerland

68 CFRP/Alu-Hybride in the machine industry

69 CFRP Fasteners (Icotec)

70 Pressure vessel ( bar)

71 Future Challenges

72 Visions and Dreams Messina: 3'300 m

73 Relative equivalent Modulus

74 Relative equivalent Modulus 220 Modulus [GPa] = 720 MPa Steel CFRP Span [m]

75 Dock Tower, Prof, Th. Keller EPFL FRP high rise building D = 27 m 36 Floors

76 Light weight masts

77 Tidal and Wind Power Station Delphi-Study: offshore wind energy stations with over 100 MW capacity will be built

78 Structural Health Monitoring Wireless Monitoring Technology at Empa