Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate by using Bentonite and Waste Sheet Glass Aggregate

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1 Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate by using Bentonite and Waste Sheet Glass Aggregate Abhinav Kumar #1, Er. Shweta Puri *2 #1 M. Tech student, Department of Civil Eng., Sri Sai University, Palampur (H.P), India *2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Eng., Sri Sai University, Palampur (H.P), India Abstract As construction in India and other developing countries increases, the consumption of energy and resources is also increasing in an alarming way. Most of the developing nations have reduced the usage of virgin material like aggregates in construction, due to consumption of energy and resources is increasing in an alarming way, so they focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of wastes materials. Many industries produce lot of waste products which is disposed into landfills. This material can be used in construction industry as alternative to conventional materials. Such practice conserves natural resources and reduces the space required for the landfill disposal of these waste materials. The objective of Present work is to find out the effectiveness of the bentonite and recycled waste glass aggregate based concrete. In this investigation it was proposed that the use bentonite as cement replacement material and recycled waste glass as fine aggregate material partially in concrete. Cement is partially replaced (5%, %, %) with Bentonite and Natural sand was partially replaced (%, %, 20%) with sheet glass aggregate. Compressive strength of cubes at 7days and 28 days of duration and flexural strength at 28 days were studied and compared with conventional concrete. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture, water absorption was also studied. Based on the test results, the ideal percentage of mix which shows maximum compressive strength was identified. Keywords Recycled Waste Glass Aggregate, Bentonite, workability, Compression strength. I. INTRODUCTION A large number of researches have been directed towards the utilization of such materials which are easy available and cheaper in cost. For the construction industry, the development and use of blended cements and use of recycled material as aggregate substitute is growing rapidly Construction industry need huge amount of construction material and continuous dependence on natural virgin material will lead scarcity of the construction material and increase in cost of material and construction. To overcome such situation researchers introducing some substitution of material which is cheaper in cost and easily available like bentonite is receiving more attention of users and use of industrial waste in concrete as aggregates. Use of such material not only related to the energy efficiency and environmental aspects of the cement industry, but also improves the durability and life cycle performance and costs of the concrete structures. A. Bentonite Bentonite is clay generated frequently from the alteration of volcanic ash, consisting mostly of Montmorillonite of smectite group. It contains variety of accessory minerals in addition to montmorillonite, these minerals may include quartz, calcite, feldspar and gypsum. Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties when comes in contact with water, its volume also increases several times, creating gelatinous and viscous fluid. Bentonite has special properties like hydration swelling, water absorption, viscosity and thixotropy which make it a valuable material for wide range of uses and applications. Bentonite is extracted by quarrying deposits. Extracted bentonite is distinctly solid fine grained rock, contains moisture approximately 30%. The raw material is first crushed then soda ash (NA 2 CO 3 ) is added if necessary. Secondly, bentonite is dried (air or forced drying) to reach moisture content of approximately %. Thirdly, according to its application either it is sieved (granular form) or milled into powder or super fine powder form. Bentonite is purified by removing Gangue minerals, treated with organics to produce organoclays and treated with acids to produce acid activated bentonite as per required applications. Bentonite acts as natural pozzolan in ordinary portland cement. A pozzolan is siliceous or aluminous material which itself possesses equalant to zero percent cementing properties, but in the presence of moisture it chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. When water is added in a mixture of OPC and pozzolan, its silica component reacts with liberated calcium hydroxide in hydrated cement paste. In the ISSN: Page 326

2 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 39 Number 6- September 2016 presence of water it forms calcium silicate hydrates. This reaction is lime consuming, instead of lime producing, this improves its durability of hydrated cement paste in acidic environments. Reaction products of hydrated pozzolanic cements are very efficient in filling up larger capillary pores this helps in improving the impermeability and strength of concrete. B. Waste Glass Aggregate Glass is a 0% recyclable material it can be recycled without any loss of quality. Now a day s many recycling companies realize that they have a loss in processing glass because recycling process involves collecting, sorting, transporting, beneficiating and manufacturing glass back into new glass products and has cost embedded in each step of the process. In 2011, tonnes of glass was sent for recycling and bought in tonnes tonnes of glass couldn t be recycled and sent for disposal. Glass industry produces approximately 0.7% of waste broken glass, which comes under Non hazardous waste. This can be recycled and utilized under building application. Every metric ton of waste glass recycled into new product saves 3 kilograms of carbon dioxide from being released into atmosphere during creation of new glass. If glass waste disposed into landfills it can possibly take million or more years to breakdown. In order to avoid environmental problem that would be created if they were sent to landfills, this need to be recycled and reused. Glass is 0% recyclable material, it can be recycled without any loss of quality for example use of waste glass as cullet in glass production, as an aggregate substitute in concrete, used in reflective paints for highways, to produce fibreglass, as raw material for production of abrasives, in sand blasting, etc. Fig. 1 Crushed Waste Glass Recycling of waste glass by converting it into aggregates saves landfill areas and also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw material for construction activity. This thing really helps to conserve the conventional natural aggregate for other important works. ISSN: II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY A. Experimental Program To achieve the objectives, an experimental program was planned to investigate strength properties of concrete containing Bentonite as partial replacement of cement and recycled waste glass as partial replacement of natural fine aggregates. Sixteen concrete mix samples containing different percentage of bentonite and recycled waste glass was used in this study. The concrete mixes for the investigation of different percentages of concrete using bentonite and RWG were designated as 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09,, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 B. Material In the present work, various materials like Bentonite, Cement, Recycled waste glass aggregate, Sand, Coarse aggregate, Water and Super-plasticizer were used. Cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade throughout the work. From the experimental results it was found that the specific gravity, Initial setting time, Final setting time of cement was 3., 58 minutes, and 375 minutes respectively. Fine aggregate used in this investigation was locally available clean river sand passed through 4.75 mm IS sieve. It was found that the Specific gravity and Fineness modulus of fine aggregate was 2.70 and 2.7 respectively. Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone used for making concrete, were obtained from local quarry. The maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate was 12.5mm. It was found that the specific gravity, Fineness modulus and average water absorption of course aggregate was 2.75, 7.36 and respectively. Bentonite used is sodium bentonite of yellow colour in powder form having specific gravity Waste glass used is obtained from local glass market. It was found that the Specific gravity and Fineness modulus of fine aggregate was 2.18 and 2.35 respectively. B. Mix Design for M30 Mix design is prepared as per IS- 262:2009. This standard provides the guidelines for proportioning and preparing concrete mixes as per the requirements using the concrete making materials. Two type of mix is prepared one is plain concrete mix using cement, sand and coarse aggregate in proportion 1:2.995:1.775:0.375 and the other concrete mix is prepared using bentonite 0%, 5%, %, % as partial replacement of cement, and crushed glass as 0%, %, %, 20% as partial replacement of fine aggregate. With the same amounts of coarse aggregate and water-concrete ratio as in the plain mixes. Page 327

3 C. Specimen Details For obtaining compression strength, compression test can be conducted either on cubical specimen or on cylindrical specimen. But here we used 0 X 0 X 0 mm size cubes and for obtaining flexural strength, specimens of rectangular beam with square cross-sections of size 0 X 0 X 0 mm are used. The specimens is prepared in steel or cast iron moulds, should be such that moulded specimen can be removed easily, the moulds are of split type, and are provided with a metal base plate having a plane surface. The molds were coated with mineral oil to ensure that no water escaped during casting and to prevent adhesion of concrete. D. Casting and Curing A suitable control mix was prepared and subsequently mixes containing replaced cement with bentonite and fine aggregates with recycled waste glass were obtained. Each batch consisted six standard cubes for determination of 7-days & 28- days compressive strength. For each batch of concrete mixed the quantities of various ingredients i.e. cement, bentonite, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, recycled waste glass, water, super plasticizer were kept ready in required proportions. Firstly the cement, bentonite and fine aggregates were mixed thoroughly to get a uniform mix in dry form indicated by the uniform colour and no concentration of either material was visible. Then, coarse aggregate were added to this dry mix and turned over twice or thrice in dry state for one minute. Then water was added in to the mix. The concrete mix was filled in the cube specimen in layers each layer compacted either by vibrator or hand and the surface of cubes was finished. As soon as moulding is complete, the specimens were allowed to harden for 24 hours at temperature 27 o ± 2 o c. These were then removed from the moulds and were marked with their respective designations and placed in the curing tank which is filled with clean water. The cube specimens were removed from water after 7 days and 28-days and were tested to obtain the compressive strength and flexural strength results. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Slump Test In this experiment, slump of all mixes with constant water to cement (w/c) ratio for the same group were measured to get information about workability changes due to bentonite and recycled waste glass. When concrete mix with cement substituted bentonite and fine aggregates with recycled waste glass shows slump reduction than the control mix as shown in table I. Mix TABLE I WORKABILITY RESULTS OF ALL MIXES Replacement of Cement by Bentonite % Replacement of Sand by Glass Aggregate % Slump in mm B. Compressive Strength Test The average compressive strengths of casted cubes was determined as per IS using bentonite and recycled waste glass at the age of 7 & 28 days and reported in Table II. Variation of compressive strength of all the mixes cured at 7-days and 28-days is also shown in table II and Fig 2. ISSN: Page 328

4 TABLE II COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT Mix ID Cement % replacement of cement by Bentonite % Sand % replacement of sand by glass aggregate % Coarse Aggre. Compressive strength N/mm 2 7 days 28 days Compressive strength, N/mm Mix ID days 28 days Fig. 2 Compressive Strength for Concrete Mixes (7 and 28 days) IV. CONCLUSIONS I. The investigation revealed that, as the partial replacement of cement by bentonite and fine aggregates by recycled waste glass in concrete mix increases, the workability of concrete mix decreases. II. The partial replacement of cement is 0% and fine aggregate is replaced by % recycled waste glass, compressive strength increased by 1.6% when compared with control concrete. ISSN: Page 329

5 III. The partial replacement of cement by % bentonite and fine aggregates by 0% recycled waste glass in concrete mix results in Increase of compressive strength by 0.27% as compared to controlled mix. IV. The maximum increase in compressive strength was found when partial replacement of cement with bentonite at % and partial replacement of natural fine aggregates with recycled waste glass at % was N/mm2 for 7 days and N/mm2 for 28days. V. The optimum mix was taken as that mix in which the partial replacement of cement with bentonite and recycled waste glass gives the maximum value of compressive strength. From table II, mix was selected as optimum mix in which Cement and coarse aggregates is partially replaced with bentonite with % and recycled waste glass with % and gives the highest compressive strength of N/mm2 for 28days ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am thankful to Civil Engineering, Sri Sai University, Palampur for providing the necessary backing in completing this research work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Er. Shweta Puri for the continuous support for my project study and research. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of Sri Sai University for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help me in completion of research. REFERENCES [1] S. Afzal, K. Shahzada, M. Fahad, S. Saeed, and M. Ashraf, Assessment of early-age autogenous shrinkage strains in concrete using bentonite clay as internal curing technique, Construction and Building Materials. 66 (2014): [2] J. Akbar, B. Alam, M. Ashraf, S. Afzal, A. Ahmad, and K. Shahzada, Evaluating the Effect of Bentonite on Strength and Durability of High Performance Concrete, International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.02, Issue 01 (Jan., 2013), PP 1-5. [3] J. Mirza, M. Riaz, A. Naseer, F. Rehman, N. A. Khan, and Q. Ali, Pakistani bentonite in mortars and concrete as low cost construction material, Applied Clay Science 45 (2009): [4] A. S. Memon, R. Arsalan, S. Khan, T. Y. Lo, Utilization of Pakistani bentonite as partial replacement of cement in concrete, Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012): [5] M. Karthikeyan, R. P. Ramachandran, A. Nandhini, and R. Vinodha, Application on Substitute of Cement by Bentonite in Concrete, International Journal of ChemTech Research Vol.8, No.11 pp , 20. [6] R. Dhivyana, An Experimental Study on Concrete Using Bentonite and Steel Slag, National Conference on Research Advances in Communication, Computation, Electrical Science and Structures (NCRACCESS-20) ISSN: [7] Z. Z. Ismail, and Enas A Al-Hashmi, Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, Waste Management 29 (2009) [8] M. Adaway, and Y. Wang, Recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in structural concrete Effects on compressive strength, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 14(1) 20. [9] N. L. Rahim, R. C. Amat, N. M. Ibrahim, S. Salehuddin, S. A. Mohammed, and M. A. Rahim, Utilization of Recycled Glass Waste as Replacement of Fine Aggregate In Concrete Production, Materials Science Forum Vol. 803 (20) pp [] G. Vasudevan, and K. G. S. Pillay, Performance of using waste glass powder in concrete as replacement of cement, American journal of engineering research, Volume-02, Issue-12, pp [11] B. S. Shekhawat, and Dr. V. Aggarwal, Utilization of Waste Glass Powder in Concrete, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 7, July [12] T. P. Madhavi, V. Sampathkumar, P. Gunasekaran, Replacement Of Cement And Fine Aggregate By Using Fly Ash And Glass Aggregate, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, eissn: pissn: [13] Dr. G. Vijayakumar, Ms H. Vishaliny, and Dr. D. Govindarajulu, Studies on Glass Powder as Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 2, February ISSN: Page 330