NEW NOMENCLATURE OF DOWNY MILDEW RACES IN SUNFLOWER (Plasmopara halstedii Farl. Berlese et de Toni) IN BULGARIA (RACE COMPOSITION DURING )

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1 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) UDC : NEW NOMENCLATURE OF DOWNY MILDEW RACES IN SUNFLOWER (Plasmopara halstedii Farl. Berlese et de Toni) IN BULGARIA (RACE COMPOSITION DURING ) Shindrova, P. * Dobroudja Agricultural Institute, General Toshevo, Bulgaria Received: September 12, 2004 Accepted: May 22, 2005 SUMMARY A new unified nomenclature system of downy mildew races was introduced in 2000 (Tourvieille et al., 2000). The present study has the aim to determine the distribution and race composition of sunflower downy mildew in Bulgaria according to this new nomenclature. During , 57 samples were collected from infected plants and their race affiliation was determined. According to the results obtained, three downy mildew races were isolated during this period: races 100, 300 and 700. Race 100 had the most limited distribution, 3.5% of the downy mildew population. It was detected only during the first year of the investigation. Race 300 was isolated during all years of study. Its percent in the pathogen population was 36.8% averaged for the period. It was distributed mainly in the southeastern, northwestern and central parts of Bulgaria. Race 700 had the widest distribution during the period of investigation. It was isolated from 34 out of a total of 57 samples analyzed, which was 59.7%. Its area of distribution was mainly in northeastern Bulgaria. Key words: sunflower, downy mildew, races composition INTRODUCTION Not so long ago, various nomenclature systems have been used to determine the race composition of downy mildew in sunflower. In the United States, the races were designated with numbers (race 1, race 2, etc.). In France and several other European countries the so-called European nomenclature was adopted. According to this system, the races were denoted with Latin letters: race A, race B, etc. In Bulgaria, the downy mildew races were designated with consecutive Arab figures (race 1, race 2, etc.), but they did not correspond to the races from the American nomenclature system (Shindrova, 1995, 1998, 2000). In many cases differential lines used * Corresponding author

2 58 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) for determination of the races were not the same. All this made both race determination and the exchange of information and breeding materials difficult. Therefore a new, uniform nomenclature of downy mildew races was suggested that would replace the old ones. According to this nomenclature system there are 10 downy mildew races currently existing in the world, as follows: 100, 300, 310, 330, 700, 703, 710, 711, 730 and 770 (Tourvieille et al., 2000). This study aims to determine the distribution and race composition of sunflower downy mildew in Bulgaria according to the new nomenclature system. MATERIALS AND METHODS With a view of determining the race composition of downy mildew in the major sunflower production regions in Bulgaria, expeditions have been annually undertaken to collect samples from infected plants. During the period of investigation, the samples were collected as follows: southeastern Bulgaria (Bourgas, Rusocastro, Bolyarovo, Gorsky Izvor), northwestern Bulgaria (Chomakovtzy, Selanovtzy), central-northern Bulgaria (Pordim, Byala), northeastern Bulgaria (Sitovo, Dobrich, Isperih, Shumen, DAI-1, DAI-2); southeastern Bulgaria (Bourgas, Topolovgrad, Radnevo), northwestern Bulgaria (Kapitanovtzy, Vidin, Selanovtzy), central-northern Bulgaria (Pordim, Russe-1, Russe-2, Brashlyan), northeastern Bulgaria (Targovishte-1, Targovishte-2, Popovo, Kardam, Isperih, Svetlen, Sitovo, DAI-1, DAI-2); southeastern Bulgaria (Elhovo, Medven, Radnevo, Gorsky Izvor), northwestern Bulgaria (Selanovtzy, Kneja, Iskar-1, Iskar-2), northeastern Bulgaria (Silistra, Sredishte, Dobrich, DAI-infection field); southeastern Bulgaria (Bourgas, Radnevo, Gorsky Izvor), northwestern Bulgaria (Selanovtzy, Kneja), central-northern Bulgaria (Pordim, Byala), northeastern Bulgaria (Tutrakan, Sitovo, Dobrich, DAI-1, DAI-2). The inoculum collected from the above regions was used to infect the set of differential lines. Standard methodology (Gulia et al., 1991) was applied for this purpose. For determination of the race affiliation of downy mildew according to the new nomenclature system, nine lines were grouped as follows: first group - AD-66 (D-1), Rha-265 (D-2), Rha-274 (D-3); second group PM-13 (D-4), PM-17 (D-5), (D-6); third group - HAR-4 (D-7), HAR-5 (D-8), HA-335 (D-9). Races were determined on the basis of the response of the lines from each group (Tourvieille et al., 2000). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this investigation showed that during 2000 three races were isolated from the 14 samples - races 100, 300 and 700 (Table 1). Race 100 had the

3 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) 59 most limited distribution, representing 14.3% of the pathogen population (Table 5). It was isolated from 2 samples originating from northwestern Bulgaria. Race 300 has a wider area of distribution. It was isolated from 5 samples, which makes 35.7% of the downy mildew population. This race is distributed in southeastern, northern and northeastern Bulgaria. The most common race in 2000 was race 700, isolated from 7 samples. Its share in the pathogen population was 50%. It was distributed in all sunflower production areas of the country - southeastern, northern and northeastern Bulgaria. Table 1: Distribution and race composition of downy mildew in sunflower in 2000 Origin 2000 Set one Set two Set three Race D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 N. AD 66 Rha 265 Rha 274 PM 13 PM HAR 4 HAR5 HA 335 Southeastern Bulgaria Bourgas S S S R R R R R R 700 Risocastro S S S R R R R R R 700 Bolyarovo S S R R R R R R R 300 Gorsky izvor S S R R R R R R R 300 Northwestern Bulgaria Chomakovtzy S R R R R R R R R 100 Selanovtzy S R R R R R R R R 100 Northern Bulgaria Pordim S S R R R R R R R 300 Byala S S S R R R R R R 700 Northeastern Bulgaria Sitovo S S S R R R R R R 700 Dobrich S S S R R R R R R 700 Isperih S S R R R R R R R 300 Shumen S S R R R R R R R 300 DAI-1 S S S R R R R R R 700 DAI-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 In 2001, 19 samples of downy mildew were collected and two races were isolated from them - race 300 and race 700 (Table 2). Race 300 was identified in 6 samples, which is 31.6% of the pathogen population. It prevailed in southeastern Bulgaria, where 3 samples were isolated. Single samples from this race originated from the regions of Kapitanovtzy, Sitovo and DAI. Race 700 was predominant in It was isolated from 13 samples amounting to 68.4% of the downy mildew population. The distribution area of this race included northwestern, northern and northeastern Bulgaria. Race 300 and 700 were again established in the total of 12 samples collected during the vegetation period of 2002 (Table 3). Race 300 was isolated from 5 samples, race 700 from 7 samples. The two races had different distribution areas. Race

4 60 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) 300 was predominant in southeastern and northwestern Bulgaria, while race 700 was isolated mainly in northeast. It was also found in single samples originating from the regions of Medven and Iskar. Table 4: Distribution and race composition of downy mildew in sunflower during 2003 Origin 2003 Set one Set two Set three Race D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 N. AD 66 Rha 265 Rha 274 PM 13 PM HAR 4 HAR-5 HA-335 Southeastern Bulgaria Bourgas S S S R R R R R R 700 Gorsky izvor S S R R R R R R R 300 Radnevo S S R R R R R R R 300 Northwestern Bulgaria Kneja S S R R R R R R R 300 Selanovtzy S S R R R R R R R 300 Northern Bulgaria Pordim S S S R R R R R R 700 Byala S S S R R R R R R 700 Northeastern Bulgaria Tutrakan S S S R R R R R R 700 Sitovo S S S R R R R R R 700 Dobrich S S R R R R R R R 700 DAI-1 S S R R R R R R R 300 DAI-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 In 2003, races 300 and 700 were again isolated from 12 analyzed samples (Table 4). Their shares in the downy mildew population were quite similar, with slight predominance of race % (Table 5). Table 5: Percent of different races in the downy mildew population Period of study Race Collected samples No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % The results of the distribution areas were similar to those from the previous years: race 300 occurred mainly in the southwest, northwest and central-north of the country, while race 700 was detected in all samples collected from in northeast.

5 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) 61 Table 2: Distribution and race composition of downy mildew in sunflower in 2001 Set one Set two Set three Origin 2001 D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 Race N AD 66 Rha 265 Rha 274 PM 13 PM HAR 4 HAR-5 HA-335 Southeastern Bulgaria Bourgas S S R R R R R R R 300 Topolovgrad S S R R R R R R R 300 Radnevo S S R R R R R R R 300 Northwestern Bulgaria Kapitanovtzy S R R R R R R R R 300 Vidin S S S R R R R R R 700 Selanovtzy S S S R R R R R R 700 Northern Bulgaria Pordim S S S R R R R R R 700 Rousse-1 S S S R R R R R R 700 Rousse-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 Brashlyan S S S R R R R R R 700 Northeastern Bulgaria Popovo S S S R R R R R R 700 Kardam S S S R R R R R R 700 Isperih S S R R R R R R R 700 Targovishte-1 S S S R R R R R R 700 Targovishte-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 Svetlen S S S R R R R R R 700 Sitovo S S R R R R R R R 300 DAI-1 S S R R R R R R R 300 DAI-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 Table 3: Distribution and race composition of downy mildew in sunflower in 2002 Set one Set two Set three Origin 2002 D-1 D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 Race N AD 66 Rha 265 Rha 274 PM 13 PM HAR 4 HAR-5 HA-335 Southeastern Bulgaria Elhovo S S R R R R R R R 300 Medven S S S R R R R R R 700 Gorsky izvor S S R R R R R R R 300 Radnevo S S R R R R R R R 300 Northwestern Bulgaria Selanovtzy S S R R R R R R R 300 Kneja S S R R R R R R R 300 Iskar-1 S S S R R R R R R 700 Iskar-2 S S S R R R R R R 700 Northeastern Bulgaria Silistra S S S R R R R R R 700 Sredishte S S S R R R R R R 700 Dobrich S S R R R R R R R 700 DAI S S S R R R R R R 700

6 62 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) CONCLUSION According to this investigation, three downy mildew races were isolated in Bulgaria during the period : race 100, race 300 and race 700. The distribution area and share in the pathogen population of each of them varied over the years, which is related to the rapid change in the variety structure of the sunflower crop. Race 100 had the most limited occurrence, 3.5%. It was detected only in the first year of the study, which can be explained with the mass introduction of resistant sunflower hybrids. Race 300 was isolated in all years of the investigation. Its share in the pathogen population, averaged for the whole period of study, was 36.8%. This race was distributed mainly in southeastern, northwestern and central northern Bulgaria. During race 700 was most common. It was isolated in 34 out of a total of 57 samples analyzed, which makes a mean of 59.7% of the overall downy mildew population in sunflower. The distribution area of race 700 was mainly northeastern Bulgaria, but it was also detected in single samples from other regions. REFERENCES Gulya, T.J., J.F. Miler, F. Firanyi and W.E. Sackston, Proposed internationally standardized method for race identification of Plasmopara halstedii. Helia 14: Tourvieille, D., Gulya, T., Maširevic, S., Penaud, A., Rashid, K. and Viranyi, F., New nomenclature of races of Plasmopara halstedii (sunflower downy mildew). Proc. of the 15 th Int. Sunflower Conf., Toulouse, France, June, pp. I 61-I 66. Shindrova, P., Race composition of downy mildew/plasmopara helianthi Novot./ in Bulgaria during the period The First Balkan Symposium on Breeding and Cultivation of Wheat, Sunflower and Legume Crops, Albena, Bulgaria, pp Shindrova, P., 1998, Distribution and race composition of downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) in Bulgaria in the period th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Edinburgh, Scotland, 9-16 August 1998, Downy Mildew Newsletter, Number 10, August 1998, pp.16. Shindrova, P.S., 2000, Distribution and race composition of downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii ( Farl. ) Berl. and de Toni) in Bulgaria. Helia 23(33): NUEVA RECLASIFICACIÓN DE RAZAS DEL TIZÓN DE GIRASOL (Plasmopara halstedii Farl. Berlese et de Toni) EN BULGARIA (COMPOSICIÓN DE RAZAS DURANTE EL PERÍODO DE ) RESUMEN El nuevo sistema unificado de nomenclatura de razas del tizón fue introducido en el año 2000 (Tourvieille et al. 2000). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la distribución y la composición de razas del tizón en Bulgaria, de conformidad con la nueva nomenclatura. Durante el período comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2003, fueron recolectadas 57 muestras de las plantas infectadas, que fueron analizadas para el tipo de la raza. Según los resultados obtenidos, tres razas fueron aisladas durante el período de investigación, las razas 100, 300 y 700. La raza 100

7 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005) 63 tuvo la distribución más estrecha, 3,5% de la población total del tizón. Ésta fue determinada solamente durante el primer año de la investigación. La raza 300 fue determinada en todos los años, con la aportación promedia en la población de 36,8%. Ésta fue divulgada prevalentemente en las partes de sudeste, noreste y central de Bulgaria. La raza 700 tuvo la mayor distribución durante el período de investigación. Ella fue aislada de 34 del total de 57 muestras analizadas, lo que hace 59,7%. El areal de distribución de esta raza fue prevalentemente el noreste de Bulgaria. NOUVELLE NOMENCLATURE DES RACES DE ROUILLE DU TOURNESOL (Plasmopara halstedii Farl. Berlese et de Toni) EN BULGARIE (COMPOSITION DE RACE EN ) RÉSUMÉ Un nouveau système unifié de nomenclature des races de rouille a été présenté en 2000 (Tourvieille et al. 2000). Le but de cette étude est de déterminer la distribution et la composition de la race de rouille du tournesol en Bulgarie selon cette nouvelle nomenclature. En 2000 et 2003, cinquante-sept échantillons ont été recueillis des plantes infectées et leur affiliation à une race a été déterminée. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que trois races avaient été isolées au cours de la période de recherche, les races 100, 300 et 700. La race 100 avait la distribution la plus limitée, 3,5% de la population de rouille. Elle n a été détectée que durant la première année de la recherche. La race 300 a été isolée pendant toutes les années de la recherche. Le pourcentage de sa population pathogène était de 36,8% en moyenne pour cette période. Elle était distribuée surtout dans le sudest, le nord-ouest et les régions centrales de la Bulgarie. Pendant la période de recherche, c est la race 700 qui était le plus largement distribuée. Elle a été isolée dans 34 des 57 échantillons analysés, ce qui représente 59,7%. Sa zone de distribution était surtout le nord-est de la Bulgarie.

8 64 HELIA, 28, Nr. 42, p.p , (2005)

BROOMRAPE (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) IN BULGARIA - DISTRIBUTION AND RACE COMPOSITION

HELIA, 29, Nr. 44, p.p. 111-120, (2006) UDC 633.854.78:632.03 BROOMRAPE (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) IN BULGARIA - DISTRIBUTION AND RACE COMPOSITION Shindrova, P. * Dobroudja Agricultural Institute - General