Keith Clay, Daniel Johnson, Angie Shelton, Luke Flory and Cynthia Huebner
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1 Effects of overabundant deer in the lower Midwest on native biodiversity and interactions with invasive species Keith Clay, Daniel Johnson, Angie Shelton, Luke Flory and Cynthia Huebner
2 Causes of High Deer Populations improved forage from agriculture elimination of natural predators increase in edge habitat supplemental feeding warm winters hunting biased towards bucks Images from Fairfield County, Conn. Deer Management Alliance.
3 History of Deer Population in Indiana early 1900s: Deer eliminated from Indiana by hunting and habitat destruction 1930s: Deer reintroduced to state 1950s: Populations re-established and modern hunting programs begun 1990s - present: Historically high deer populations Today: Forest vegetation in Bloomington area more visibly affected by deer than nearby areas
4 Shelton, A.L., J.A. Henning, P. Schultz and K. Clay Effects of abundant white-tailed deer on vegetation, animal communities, mycorrhizal fungi, and soils. Forest Ecology and Management 320: Johnson, D. J., S. L. Flory, A. Shelton, C. Huebner and K. Clay Interactive effects of a non native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum and herbivore exclusion on experimental tree regeneration under differing forest management. Journal of Applied Ecology 52:
5 Deer Exclosure Study at IU s Griffy Woods Griffy Lake Region 15 fenced exclosures and 15 unfenced controls Constructed Area of Deer Exclosure Study 15 x 15 m each Fences exclude deer (and probably turkeys) but allow access by most other animals.
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7 average pellet piles/ha Griffy Woods Deer Density Counted pellet piles in early spring 2011 Standard method for estimating deer densities Moores Moores Griffy Woods Creek Lilly Dickey Lilly Dickey Woods Creek Woods 13 times more pellet piles at Griffy Woods
8 Questions: - What are effects of exclosures on native vegetation? - On invasive plant species? - On animals? - On soil properties?
9 Vegetative Structure Run tape at 3 heights above ground level Count number of times vegetation contacts tape 140 cm 60 cm 20 cm
10 # Touches by Vegetation # Touches by Vegetation Vegetative Structure P < P = Unfenced Fenced P = Height (cm) Vegetation is significantly more abundant inside exclosures at all heights within browse range. Data collected after 2-3 years of fencing Japanese stiltgrass is more abundant in controls than exclosures. Suggests interaction between deer and invasive species. Plots invaded by Stiltgrass Control Exclosure Height Above Ground (cm)
11 Effects on Woody Plants open forest plot fenced forest plot 28 woody plants 7 species 204 woody plants 21 species
12 ash pawpaw multiflora rose spicebush privet hickory honeysuckle sassafras beech grape musclewood sugar maple viburnum barberry # new seedlings Tree and Shrub Seedlings P = Outside exclosures: - No native trees are regenerating Control Exclosure Dominated by invasives and unpalatable species unpalatable invasive native trees 5 0 tree or shrub species
13 Growth Rate: - Tree seedlings grow faster inside exclosures - All types of woody plants grow faster in exclosures, especially invasive shrubs
14 Density Facilitation Inhibition? Time
15 Mean Species / Plot Species Richness of Spring Ephemerals P = Control P = P = Exclosure 20 P =
16 Total Mice Captured Effects on Forest Animals Live trapped mice and released in same location More mice inside deer fences. Juveniles found much more often in exclosures (none in controls 2011) Control Exclosure P = ADULT JUVENILE image: with help from Evie Rynkiewicz
17 Mean Ticks / Plot Sample ticks with CO 2 traps Sampling period was very hot and after peak questing time. Ticks P = May be more indicative of environmental conditions than host availability Dermacentor variabilis 0 Control Exclosure with help from Evie Rynkiewicz
18 soil compaction (kg/cm2) Soil Compaction controls exclosures Soil inside exclosures is significantly less compacted than soil in control plots after only 2 years of fencing! Treatment effect P < lowland ridge slope habitat Habitat effect P < with Jeremiah Henning & Peggy Schultz
19 Total Spore Abundance AMF Species Richness Mycorrhizal Diversity control exclosure control exclosure cm 5-15 cm Soil Depth Soil Depth (cm) No significant effect of treatment. Some effect of plot and depth. With Jeremiah Henning and Peggy Schultz
20 Conclusions: - Exclosures resulted in increases in spring ephemerals, native tree seedlings and invasive shrubs - Increased growth rate of woody plants - Increased abundance of mice and ticks but no effects on salamanders or earthworms - Decreased soil compaction and trend for increased mycorrhizal diversity and abundance
21 How do abundant deer and invasive species interact to affect forest regeneration? Microstegium vimineum, an invasive annual grass
22 Six sites three with no timber harvest for > 20 yrs, three with timber harvest w/i 3 yrs 1m 1m 1-2m with Microstegium without Microstegium Blocks with two paired plots (x10 per site) Herbicide sprayed to remove Microstegium (pre-emergent sprayed year 2)
23 Half of each plot fenced to exclude deer and other vertebrate herbivores 1m 1m 1-2m with Microstegium without Microstegium
24 20 tree seedlings of five species planted per plot 1m 1m 1-2m with Microstegium without Microstegium Followed growth and survival (Acer saccharum, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, Q. rubra and Q. shumardii) for two years
25 Fence No fence Potential Outcomes: Associational Resistance Mv no Mv Predator Refuge Interspecific Competition
26 Tree Seedling Survival Factor P Removal < Exclosure < Species <0.027
27 Seedling Biomass Factor P Removal < Management < Species < R x M <0.032
28 Conclusions: - Removal of Microstegium improved seedling performance - Excluding herbivores also improved seedling performance but less than removal - No removal x exclosure interactions - Management history affected biomass, and interacted with removal - Variation among species. Removal especially good for oaks
29 Collaborators Peggy Schultz Jeremiah Henning Rich Phillips Burney Fischer (SPEA) Assistance Michael Chitwood and IURTP staff Evie Rynkiewicz and Clay Lab Group ISCC: Thomas Jackson & Xuefu Wang Curtis Conrad, Katherine Zaiger, Nathan Wells, Julia Ferguson, Rachel Maranto, Elizabeth Ridens, Barrett Goodale, Sean Fox, Eric Menigat, Piotr Madej, Hannah Milano, Alicia Cooley, Environmental Biology students Acknowledgements Funding USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station Indiana Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment Indiana Academy of Science
30
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