Pest management of cone and seed insects in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seed orchards in Sweden

Transcription

1 Pest management of cone and seed insects in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seed orchards in Sweden Olle Rosenberg & Jan Weslien Skogforsk Uppsala Science Park SE UPPSALA Photo: Olle Rosenberg

2 Background Insects and their damage Pest management Pheromones

3 Spruce seed orchards in Sweden 1:st set, , 200 ha 10% 2:nd set, , 200 ha % 3:rd set, ha % Hannertz, M. et al Scots pine and Norway spruce seed orchards in Sweden -a description with an analysis of future seed supply. SkogForsk Redogörelse nr pp. Rosvall, O. et al Genetic gain from present and future seed orchards and clone mixes. SkogForsk Redogörelse nr pp. Rosvall, O Zon- och ägarvisa plantagearealer för tredje omgången fröplantager i Sverige. Skogforsk Arbetsrapport 549, 42 pp.

4 Number of spruce seeds/seedlings used in Sweden Year No. x10 6 Swedish orchards % 41 % 45 % 50 % 50 % 47 % 48 % 47 % Source: Swedish Forest Agency

5 Kg spruce seeds per year Millions of spruce seedlings per year 0 Present Base alternative Intensive management Flowerstimulation Insect control All Curt Almqvist, Skogforsk

6 Photo: Olle Rosenberg Photo: Olle Rosenberg

7 Photo: Olle Rosenberg

8 Photo: Olle Rosenberg Photo: Olle Rosenberg Photo: Mats Wilhelm Pettersson

9 Photo: Olle Rosenberg

10 Photo: Olle Rosenberg

11 Photo: Olle Rosenberg

12 The gallmidges Kaltenbachiola strobi and Plemeliella abietina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Damages not visible from the cones exterior Photo: Olle Rosenberg

13 The spruce seed chalcid Megastigmus strobilobius (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) Damage not visible from the cones exterior Photo: Olle Rosenberg

14 Pest management in spruce seed orchards Example of equipments for insecticide application Photo: Olle Rosenberg

15 Photo: Olle Rosenberg Spraying of Btk using a tractor pulled air-blast sprayer on 6 m high trees in a spruce seed orchard in 2002

16 The conventional spraying was carried out at different phases of flowering Photo: Kjell Lännerholm Early flowering Late flowering Cone initiation Early cone development

17 Damage by D. abietella and/or E. abietaria was reduced from about 80 to 15 % in 1996, from 45 to 17 in 2000 and from 65 to 30 % in 2002 Photo: Nils Jerling Weslien, J Scand. J. For. Res. 14: Glynn, C. & Weslien, J J. Econ. Entomol. 97: Rosenberg, O & Weslien, J J. Econ. Entomol. 98:

18 Damage by D. abietella and/or E. abietaria was reduced from about 80 to 15 % in 1996, from 45 to 17 in 2000 and from 65 to 30 % in 2002 No treatment effects on C. strobilella could be observed in any of the studies Photo: Olle Rosenberg Weslien, J Scand. J. For. Res. 14: Glynn, C. & Weslien, J J. Econ. Entomol. 97: Rosenberg, O & Weslien, J J. Econ. Entomol. 98:

19 Percent of the cones Conventionally applied insecticides Control Water Diflubenzuron Acetamiprid 5 0 Damaged >10 % Mean values of percent cones damaged by D. abietella and/or E. abietaria. In each treatment 30 trees were used as replicates.

20 Percent of the cones Conventionally applied insecticides Control Acetamiprid Azadirachtin S. anthracina D. abietella C. strobilella Mean values of percent cones damaged. In each treatment 10 trees were used as replicates.

21 Percent of the cones Conventionally applied insecticides Control Btk Fastac S. anthracina D. abietella C. strobilella Mean values of percent cones damaged. In each treatment 15 trees were used as replicates. Fastac (a.i. alphacypermethrin 50g/liter) is a broad spectrum insecticide that is effective against many species.

22 Injection of two different insecticides in spruce trunks- efficacy of reducing damage by cone and seed insects Photo: Olle Rosenberg Photo: Nils Jerling In July 2005 and May 2006 we injected insecticides with the active substances abamectin (2% a.i.) and imidacloprid (5% a.i.). One injection (1 ml) per cm of the trees circumference.

23 Percent of the cones Injections in Control 25 Water 20 Abamectin 15 Imidacloprid Damaged > 10 % Mean values of percent cones damaged by D. abietella and/or E. abietaria. In each treatment 20 trees were used as replicates.

24 Percent of the cones Injections in C W A GA I GI 0 Damaged >10% Mean values of percent cones damaged by D. abietella and/or E. abietaria

25 Seed quality X-ray photo of seeds in order to find treatment related effect on quality and insects

26 Pheromones Photo: Olle Rosenberg

27 Why pheromones? Monitoring Attract and kill Mating disruption

28 Catch per trap per day Catch of Dioryctria abietella

29 Accum. degree days > 5 Ccatch per trap per day Catch of Dioryctria abietella and accumulated degree days >5 C

30 Accum. degree days > 5 Catch per trap per day Catch of Dioryctria abietella and accumulated degree days >5 C 1600,0 0,8 1400,0 0,7 1200,0 0,6 1000,0 0,5 800,0 0,4 600,0 0,3 400,0 0,2 200,0 0,1 0,0 0

31 Identification of the sex pheromone of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella (Tortricidae) Cydia strobilella uses E,E-8,10-12:Ac and E,Z-8,10-12:Ac (ratio 3:2) as sex pheromone. The pheromone is produced in extremely low amounts ( 1 pg/female). Male antennae super-sensitive to the pheromone compounds. Wang, H., Svensson, G.S., Rosenberg, O., Bengtsson, M., Jirle, E.V. & Löfstedt, C Identification of the sex pheromone of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella L. (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 36:

32 Summary Norway spruce do not flower each year, so when they do, it is important to protect the flowers from insect damages There are mainly 4 species that cause the severe damages Bacillus thuringiensis can decrease damages from Dioryctria and Eupithecia Fastac was more effective than Bacillus thuringiensis A combination of injectable insecticide and the flower stimulating hormone gibberellin may be possible and will increase the cost efficiency Pheromones will be a valuable help for better knowledge about the insects and for timing of insecticide application, may decrease the area that need to be sprayed and may also be directly used to control insects by mating disruption

33 Photo: Mats Wilhelm Pettersson Financial support The Swedish Tree Breeding Association and The Swedish seed orchard owners