A HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF RESEARCH EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT MECHANIZED PEAR HARVEST IN CALIFORNIA
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1 A HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF RESEARCH EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT MECHANIZED PEAR HARVEST IN CALIFORNIA Rachel B. Elkins University of California Cooperative Extension Lakeport, California, USA ISHS Symposium on Mechanical Harvesting and Handling Systems of Fruits and Nuts April 3, 2012
2 Photo courtesy of the West Antelope Valley Historical Society, California.
3 The Call For Farm Labor Photograph courtesy of OSU Extension and Experimental Station Communications photographs Photograph courtesy of Cindy Hahamovitch, The Fruits of Their Labor ; University of N. Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
4 THE BRACERO PROGRAM 1942 WWII - LABOR SHORTAGE Treaty with Mexico signed by President Roosevelt Photograph courtesy of Dorothea Lange.
5 TRADITIONAL HARVEST (Pre-WWII late 1950 s) Photo Source: Labor Utilization in Picking pears, Special Report #136, August, 1962, pg.4.
6 BULK FEVER 1958 by % BINS TRACTORS ENABLED: BULK BINS, FORKLIFTS, BRUSH MOWERS; 3 PICKS TO 1 PICK POSSIBLE Sansivini, S. and Zocca, A.; Esperienze comparative sulla raccolta delle pomacee, pgs. 22 & 61.
7 THE QUEST TO REPLACE BRACEROS (Public Law 78 signed in 1951; 1964 is final year) Diagram source: U. S. Patent Office: Green, Kenneth, E.; Patented Feb, 1, Photograph courtesy of Dena Yberra. 1960: THE QUADRAMANN TOWERS TO SPEED UP LADDERS
8 Whole lotta shakin going on Mechanical harvesters offer solution to labor shortage : ended due to fruit damage Photograph source: Barnard, L. C. and McNelly, L. B., California Agriculture : February, 1964, Vol. #18, pg. 6. TRIALS INDICATE NEED TO REDESIGN TREES FOR GREATER GROUND CLEARANCE OF LIMBS
9 USE OF AIR AND WIND (1962) Photo source: Fridley, R. B., Adrian, P. A.; Mechanical Harvesting Equipment for Deciduous Tree Fruits, Bulletin #825, pg. 37. Pulsating air blower with louvers set to converge air stream
10 UC Plan of Work : Focus on close spacing, mechanization (picking, sorting); much grower experimenting, tinkering ; concepts of lease pools, nontraditional labor force. 1965: Mechanical Harvesting Equipment for Deciduous Tree Fruits, UC Bulletin 825, R.B. Fridley (UC) and P.A. Adrian (USDA) 1967 Fridley and Adrian intensified platform harvest INCREASED RATE (STANDARD = 3 BINS PER PERSON PER DAY) 9 21%
11 CANOPY DENSITY COMPARISON Photos: Courtesy of UC Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA.
12 FACTORS FOR PEARS: Apical dominance Lack of dwarfing rootstock STILL PROBLEMATIC! Diagram source: Reprint from Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1969.
13 Man-positioning multilevel picking platforms increased productivity and reduced labor need Photo source: (See slide #12) UC platform eliminates ladders, eases harvest and boosts production per man hour Photo source: Sacramento Bee: March 22, 1968, pg. CL11.
14 Orchard Platform Tests Promising 10-man Crew Picks 15-50% Faster With Aid of Platform UC-developed platform has open steel framework, numerous small steps Photo source: The Blue Anchor ; December, 1968, pg. 29. Photo source: Western Fruit Grower ; October, 1968, pg early 1970 s
15 BOTTLENECKS AND CIRCUMSTANCES 1969 HEDGEROW REVOLUTION (10K acres). BUT: Platforms can t replace good pickers ( manminutes between trees ); THEY SPEED UP INEXPERIENCED AND SLOWER PICKERS. KEY FUTURE GOAL: ATTAIN MOST PRODUCTIVITY FOR LEAST EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT PER WORKER 1974 (Fridley): energy use, tree shape, rootstocks, and multi-man/multi-positional platforms must be industry goals. HAS ANYTHING CHANGED: NO!
16 WANING OF BRACERO PROGRAM 500, , , ,000 MECHANIZATION OF US AGRICULTURE Annual Totals 300, , ,000 World War II 150,000 Bulk Bins 100,000 50, Graph source: Graphic copyright 2011, Richard D. combatingglobalization.com
17 BACK TO THE FUTURE Photo courtesy of the West Antelope Valley Historical Society, California. Tim Meyers
18 2004 PRESENT: LABOR WOES RETURN Photo by Max Whittaker, The New York Times, Sept., 22, 2006.
19 Comparison of Platform Versus Ladders for Harvest in Northern California OR Can we incorporate European technology into our system? Photo of ladders on left Photo of machine on right
20 PLATFORM HARVESTER Mechanical Harvest Aid for Labor Intensive Orchard Systems (COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT U05/CCU911435) & STATE FUND COMP INSURANCE CALIFORNIA PEAR ADVISORY BOARD/PPMRF Photos: Courtesy of UC Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA.
21 Economic Factors: Costs and Benefits CAPITAL COST = greatest limitation 2003: 40K 42K 48K in 2008? ($1.37 as of 11/12/10) = $65,760! DIESEL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS LIMITS CREW SIZE AND SPEED BUT! MULTIPLE OPERATIONS AMORTIZED OVER TIME: PORTUGAL: HOURS PER YEAR: 200 HARVEST 800 PRUNING 200 THINNING ADDITIONAL OPERATIONS: ANOTHER HOURS? PHEROMONE TIE HANGING FIRE BLIGHT CUTTING
22 Thank You!!!!!!! Gracias! Photos: Courtesy of UC Cooperative Extension, Lakeport, CA.
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