Forestry Department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Transcription

1 Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT RUSSIAN FEDERATION FRA2010/173 Rome, 2010

2 Contents 1 TABLE T1 EXTENT OF FOREST AND OTHER WOODED LAND TABLE T2 FOREST OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT RIGHTS TABLE T3 FOREST DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT TABLE T4 FOREST CHARACTERISTICS TABLE T5 FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND REFORESTATION TABLE T6 GROWING STOCK TABLE T7 BIOMASS STOCK TABLE T8 CARBON STOCK TABLE T9 FOREST FIRES TABLE T10 OTHER DISTURBANCES AFFECTING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY TABLE T11 WOOD REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS TABLE T12 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS TABLE T13 EMPLOYMENT TABLE T14 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK TABLE T15 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TABLE T16 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH TABLE T17 PUBLIC REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE

3 Report preparation and contact persons The present report was prepared by the following persons: Name (FAMILY NAME, First name) Filipchuk Andrey Moiseev Boris Institution / address Tel/Fax Tables International Centre of Forests VNIILM / , Institutskaya, 15, Pushkino, Moscow region, Russia International Centre of Forests VNIILM / , Institutskaya, 15, Pushkino, Moscow region, Russia afilipchuk@yandex.ru bmoiseev@yandex.ru

4 1 Table T1 Extent of Forest and Other wooded land 1.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Forest Other wooded land Other land Other land with tree cover (Subordinated to Other land ) Inland water bodies Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. All land that is not classified as Forest or Other wooded land. Land classified as Other land, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. 1.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Forest resources USSR (under the count on ). The statistical collection / Goscomles USSR, M., 1990 (in Russian). Quality (H/M/L) Н Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Forest 1990 total coverage lands Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIIClesresurs, M., 1999 (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ).Handbook / VNIILM, M., 2003 (in Russian). The state (national) report on a status and use of lands of Russian Federation in 2001/ Roszemkadastr, M., 2002 (in Russian). Roslesinforg Forest Resources Database as of М М М M Forest lands Forest lands Other lands with tree cover Forest lands 2000 total coverage 2005 total coverage partial coverage 2010 total coverage 4

5 1.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Forests Forest lands Stocked forest lands, included: Forest tree stands Bushes (shrubs) Unstocked forest lands Urban forests Non-Forest with tree cover: Fruit plantations Field-protective belts The forest lands include stocked forest lands and unstocked forest lands. This term completely corresponds to definitions Forest + Other wooded land in the FAO terms. - consist from closed stands of trees and bushes with relative stand density equal or more than 30 %. - aggregate of trees and shrubs forming a forest cover. - bush tangle usually having height up to 6 m and less. include sparse stands with crown density of trees and bushes less than 30 %, cutting down area, burned forest lands and glade. Urban forest parks include stocked forest lands and unstocked forest lands Fruit trees in agricultural production systems Field-protective tree belts (of width less then 20 m ) in agricultural production systems Original data National classification Years Forest Lands Stocked forest lands included: forest tree stands bushes (shrubs) ) Unstocked forest lands Total forest lands included Urban forest Non-forest lands Other non-forest lands included lands with tree cover ) Total land area 2) Inland water bodies 2) Total for country 2) Notes: 1). Assessment based on expert knowledge. 2). FAOSTAT data. 3) th. ha of Dwarf Siberian Pine stands (stocked forest lands) was included to a category "forest tree stands" in State account of forest resources - SAFR It has come in category bushes after SAFR Analysis and processing of national data Calibration Source Inland water bodies Total land area Total country area National data (1988,1998) FAOSTAT (1990, 2000) National data (2003, 2008) FAOSTAT (2005) Note: There is no need to perform calibration since the national land area data matches the FAOSTAT land area. 5

6 1.3.2 Estimation and forecasting a) The extrapolation and forecast of the national data cannot be carried out, since the data of forest management are heterogeneous for 1800 forest enterprises, and their prescription realization changes from 5 to 50 years. b) The increase in stocked forest lands of more than 20 million ha is not realistic for the period and the large positive change rate in Table does not accurately reflect the actual trend (see Table 5 data). In order to meet the FRA objective of realistic assessment of trends, the area of Forest in 2010 was estimated through expert s assessment of the approximate change of forest area in the period ( hectares) that well corresponds to data in Table 5 and which is one of the methods recommended by FAO. The area of Other Wooded Land in 2010 was also assessed on the basis of expert evaluation, assuming an increase of this category of about hectares since Reclassification of the SAFR data into FRA 2010 categories, %% National classes FRA 2010 Categories Forest OWL Other Land Total OLWTC Forests: Forest tree stands Bushes (shrubs) Unstocked forest lands Non-forests: Other Non-forest Land Total land area Notes: OWL = Other wooded land OLWTC = Other land with tree cover. This is a subcategory of "Other land", hence the percentage given in this reclassification matrix refers the percentage of the area of "Other land" that has tree cover. Result of reclassification for example SAFR- 2003: National categories FRA 2010 Categories (1000 ha) Forest* OWL* Other Land Total OLWTC Forests: Forest tree stands Bushes (shrubs) n.a. Unstocked forest lands n.a n.a. Non-forest: Other land Total land area Note: * ) expert assessment. 1.4 Data for Table T1 Area (1000 hectares) FRA 2010 categories Forest *) Other wooded land *) Other land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies Total for country Note: *) expert assessment. 6

7 1.5 Comments to Table T1 Variable / category Forest Other wooded land Other land Comments related to data, definitions, etc. The national data on forests of Russia given in TBFRA 2000 are based on SAFR years, which data are incomplete and have low reliability. The causes lay in range of political and economic instability of Russia in this period. Therefore distinctions exist between our data for 2000 (FRA2005) and national data TBFRA 2000 (FRA 2000). All area (bushes) of Dwarf Siberian Pine (27574,3 th. ha ) were classified as Forest in the SAFR 1988 while in subsequent SAFRs they were classified as bushes (OWL). The figure for 1990, based on SAFR 1988, has therefore been adjusted in order to correspond to the definitions used for SAFR 1998 and SAFR FAOSTAT data Comments on the reported trend The increase of the forest areas is caused by settling of farmlands by wood vegetation. Wood plantations do not play an essential role in this trend, it means natural expansion of forest. Other land with tree cover Figure for assessment based on expert knowledge. Inland water bodies FAOSTAT data Other general comments to the table The database of the State account of forest resources (SAFR) of Russia for 1988 were used for the characteristic of FRA 1990 data; the SAFR database of for FRA-2000; the SAFR database of for FRA-2005 without extrapolations. Data for FRA-2010 have been received on the basis of expert estimations and SAFR-2008 data. The fullest SAFR is carried out once to five years on the basis of data of the forest inventory. The forest inventory has been lead 5-50 years back by different taxators with different accuracy and errors. The areas of wood enterprises constantly vary in this or that side. SAFR cannot reflect all current changes. They reflect only the general tendency with the big mistake and uncertainty. The increase in the area of forests occurs due to the agricultural lands growing wood vegetation. Expected year for completion of ongoing/planned national forest inventory and/or RS survey / mapping Field inventory 2009 Remote sensing survey / mapping n.a. 7

8 2 Table T2 Forest ownership and management rights 2.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Public ownership Private ownership Individuals (sub-category of Private ownership) Private business entities and institutions (sub-category of Private ownership) Local communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Indigenous / tribal communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Other types of ownership Forest owned by the State; or administrative units of the public administration; or by institutions or corporations owned by the public administration. Forest owned by individuals, families, communities, private co-operatives, corporations and other business entities, private religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs, nature conservation associations and other private institutions. Forest owned by individuals and families. Forest owned by private corporations, co-operatives, companies and other business entities, as well as private non-profit organizations such as NGOs, nature conservation associations, and private religious and educational institutions, etc. Forest owned by a group of individuals belonging to the same community residing within or in the vicinity of a forest area. The community members are co-owners that share exclusive rights and duties, and benefits contribute to the community development. Forest owned by communities of indigenous or tribal people. Other kind of ownership arrangements not covered by the categories above. Also includes areas where ownership is unclear or disputed. Categories related to the holder of management rights of public forest resources Public Administration Individuals/households Private institutions Communities Other form of management rights The Public Administration (or institutions or corporations owned by the Public Administration) retains management rights and responsibilities within the limits specified by the legislation. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to individuals or households through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to corporations, other business entities, private cooperatives, private non-profit institutions and associations, etc., through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to local communities (including indigenous and tribal communities) through long-term leases or management agreements. Forests for which the transfer of management rights does not belong to any of the categories mentioned above. 8

9 2.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Forest Code of the Russian Federation Forest Code of the Russian Federation Quality (H/M/L) M L Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Public ownership Public ownership, Public Administration 1997 It has lost a validity in The new Forest Code (2006) is installed since Classification and definitions in 2005 National class Public ownership Public Administration (as for 2005) Forest resources and forest lands owned by the State 1. The Ministry of natural resources of the Russian Federation 2. The Ministry of agriculture of the RF 3. The Ministry of education of the RF 4. The Ministry of defence of the RF 5. The city authorities Original data (Roslesinforg, 2003) Public Administration (as for 2003) 1. The Ministry of natural resources of the Russian Federation (RF) 2. The Ministry of agriculture of the RF 3. The Ministry of education of the RF 4. The Ministry of defence of the RF Forest lands, 1000 ha % The city authorities Total

10 2.3 Data for Table T2 Table 2a - Forest ownership FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Public ownership Private ownership of which owned by individuals of which owned by private business entities and institutions of which owned by local communities of which owned by indigenous / tribal communities Other types of ownership TOTAL Note: If other types of ownership is reported, please specify details in comment to the table. Does ownership of trees coincide with ownership of the land on which they are situated? Yes No until the end of 2006 from the beginning 2007 If No above, please describe below how the two differ: The new Forest Code (2006) is installed since According to it, forest resources on the rented land could be owned by the private companies and other users, while the all rights to management of forests are transferred to region authorities of the RF. However they will be under the general management of Federal agency of forestry (Rosleshoz) of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. Table 2b - Holder of management rights of public forests FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Public Administration Individuals* Private corporations and institutions (tenants) Communities Other TOTAL * Individuals could rent state forest lands, but there is no data on this category. Total area of rented forests, that could include area rented by individuals, is reported under category Private corporations and institutions. 10

11 2.4 Comments to Table T2 Variable / category Public ownership Private ownership Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Forest resources and forest lands owned by the State, according to Forest Code of the RF in No Comments on the reported trend The new Forest Code (2006) is installed since According to it, the forest resources on the rented land could be owned by the private companies and other users. Other types of ownership No Management rights of the Private corporations and institutions The private companies and other users rent of the state forest lands for the purpose of resources used. Long-term (<50; <100 yr) rent of forest lands for the purpose of wood cutting, conducting hunting, non-wood forest using, recreation, etc. Other general comments to the table Individuals could rent state forest lands, but there is no data on this category. Total area of rented forests, that could include area rented by individuals, is reported under category Private corporations and institutions. 11

12 3 Table T3 Forest designation and management 3.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Term Primary designated function The primary function or management objective assigned to a management unit either by legal prescription, documented decision of the landowner/manager, or evidence provided by documented studies of forest management practices and customary use. Protected areas Areas especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. Categories of primary designated functions Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other No / unknown Special designation and management categories Area of permanent forest estate (PFE) Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Forest area designated primarily for production of wood, fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forest products. Forest area designated primarily for protection of soil and water. Forest area designated primarily for conservation of biological diversity. Includes but is not limited to areas designated for biodiversity conservation within the protected areas. Forest area designated primarily for social services. Forest area designated primarily for more than one purpose and where none of these alone is considered as the predominant designated function. Forest areas designated primarily for a function other than production, protection, conservation, social services or multiple use. No or unknown designation. Forest area that is designated to be retained as forest and may not be converted to other land use. Forest area within formally established protected areas independently of the purpose for which the protected areas were established. To be defined and documented by the country. Forest area that has a long-term (ten years or more) documented management plan, aiming at defined management goals, which is periodically revised. 3.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Forest resources USSR (under the count on ). The statistical collection / Goscomles USSR, M., (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / Quality (H/M/L) Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Н Forest lands 1990 total coverage in 1988 М Forest lands 2000 total coverage in

13 VNIIClesresurs, M., 1999 (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIILM, M., 2003.(in Russian). Roslesinforg Forest Resources Database as of (office data) М Forest lands 2005 total coverage in 2003 M Forest lands 2010 total coverage in Classification and definitions National class First (1) group Second (2) group Third (3) group Protective forests Operational forests Reserve forests Till 2007* Forests which principal assignment is to perform water conservation, protective, sanitary, hygienic and health improving functions; Forests in areas with high density of the population, having both protective and limited exploitation value, and also forests with insufficient raw material resources and with imposed strict mode of forest use; Forests of forest-rich areas having mainly operational importance and intended for continuous meeting of requirements of economy in timber, without damaging the protective properties of these forests. After 2006** Protective forests are a subject to development with a view of preservation, water-security, protective, sanitary-and-hygienic, improving and other useful functions of forests with simultaneous use of forests under condition of if this use is compatible to a special-purpose designation of protective forests and useful functions carried out by them. Operational forests are a subject to development with a view of steady, as much as possible effective reception of high-quality wood and other wood resources, products of their processing with maintenance of preservation of useful functions of forests. The remote forests which will not be developed in 20 and more years NOTE: * - According to the RF Forest Code (1997) ** - According to the RF Forest Code (2006) Original data (for Rosleshoz management forests in 2008) National Categories / Designated Original forest lands, 1000 ha %% function Protective forests*) Operational forests Reserve forests Total *) Protective forest lands included th. ha of protected forest area (strict reservations -zapovedniks, national and natural parks, nature monuments and others), which are under management of the Ministry of natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation. 13

14 3.3 Analysis and processing of national data Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories FRA 2010 Categories / Designated function National categories Production Forest: Operational forests having mainly wood production importance. Protection of soil and water Protective forests carrying out soil and water protective of function. Conservation of biodiversity Protective forests of strict reservations (zapovedniks), national and nature parks, nature monuments. Social services Protective forests of green zones of settlements and preservation of resorts. Multiple purpose Other forest lands of the Protective forests. Other No or unknown function Reserve forests - the remote forests which will not be developed 20 and more years The database of the State account of forest resources (SAFR) of Russia for 1988 were used for the characteristic of FRA 1990; the SAFR database of for FRA-2000; the SAFR database of for FRA-2005; the SAFR database of 2008 for FRA-2010 without extrapolations. Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories, 1000 ha National Categories / Designated function Original forest lands FRA 2010 Categories Protective forests Operational forests Reserve forests Total Data for Table T3 Table 3a Primary designated function FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other * ) No / unknown TOTAL Note: * ) reserve forests. 14

15 Table 3b Special designation and management categories FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Area of permanent forest estate Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Comments to Table T3 Variable / category Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other No / unknown designation Area of permanent forest estate Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Reserve forests All Protective forest lands (previously I- group of the forest lands) Forest lands of the strict reservations, national and nature parks, nature monuments. Operational and Protective forest lands (All forest lands without Reserve forests) Total forest lands of the RF. All forests of the country are under management plans, but forest inventory is carried out by different methods and with different accuracy. Periodic forest inventories = yr. Comments on the reported trend The increase of the Production forests is caused by settling of farmlands by wood vegetation. The increase of the forest areas is caused by strengthening of nature protection tendencies in forestry. The increase of the forest areas is caused by strengthening of nature protection tendencies in forestry. The increase of the forest areas is caused by strengthening of recreation tendencies in forests. Other general comments to the table The database of the State account of forest resources (SAFR) of Russia for 1988 were used for the characteristic of FRA 1990; the SAFR database of for FRA-2000; the SAFR database of for FRA-2005 without extrapolations. Data for FRA-2010 have been received on the basis of expert estimations and SAFR-2008 data. 15

16 4 Table T4 Forest characteristics 4.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Term / category Naturally regenerated forest Introduced species Characteristics categories Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest Other naturally regenerated forest of introduced species (sub-category) Planted forest Planted forest of introduced species (sub-category) Special categories Rubber plantations Mangroves Bamboo Forest predominantly composed of trees established through natural regeneration. A species, subspecies or lower taxon, occurring outside its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans). Naturally regenerated forest of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. Naturally regenerated forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities. Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of introduced species. Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding. Planted forest, where the planted/seeded trees are predominantly of introduced species. Forest area with rubber tree plantations. Area of forest and other wooded land with mangrove vegetation. Area of forest and other wooded land with predominant bamboo vegetation. 4.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Forest resources USSR (under the count on ). The statistical collection / Goscomles USSR, M., (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIIClesresurs, M., 1999 (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIILM, M., 2003.(in Russian). Roslesinforg Forest Resources Database as of Quality (H/M/L) Н М М M Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Forest 1990 total coverage lands Forest lands Forest lands Forest lands 2000 total coverage 2005 total coverage 2010 total coverage 16

17 4.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Primary forests Other naturally regenerated forest Planted forest Undisturbed by man forest is climax forest (boreal climax of succession) where there are ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. Climax forests are mature and overmature stands of coniferous tree species. All Reserve forests and the mature forest in protected areas are considered as a primary forest (expert data). It is equal to Total forest lands minus Primary forest minus Planted forest areas. All planted forests of the RF Original data (for Rosleshoz management forests in 2008) National Categories as for 2008 Forest area (1000 hectares) %% Primary forest* ) Other naturally regenerated forest Planted forest TOTAL Note: * ) expert assessment. 4.3 Analysis and processing of national data Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories National Categories as for 2008 Original Forest area (1000 hectares) %% FRA-2010 forest area (1000 ha) Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest Planted forest TOTAL Data for Table T4 Table 4a FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest of which of introduced species Planted forest of which of introduced species n.a. n.a TOTAL

18 Table 4b FRA 2010 Categories Area (1000 hectares) Rubber plantations (Forest) Mangroves (Forest and OWL) Bamboo (Forest and OWL) Comments to Table T4 Variable / category Primary forest Other naturally regenerating forest Planted forest Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Assessment based on expert knowledge. The area of primary forests is not taken into account in the forest management, therefore these data is not present in the State account of forest resources (SAFR). We assumed that all mature and overmature coniferous stands of trees as primary, as they are a climatic climax in terrain of Russia.. Total planted forest Comments on the reported trend The increase of the forest area is caused by accumulation of tree stands of low productivity and stands in the remote lands....of which of introduced species Mangroves Forest area with the dominated by introduced tree species included area of stand with domination of Robinia pseudacacia, Armeniaca vulgaris, Gleditsia sp., Quercus suber, Junglans regia, Morus sp. Data for another introduced tree species is absent. No Bamboo No Other general comments to the table The database of the State account of forest resources (SAFR) of Russia for 1988 were used for the characteristic of FRA 1990; the SAFR database of for FRA-2000; the SAFR database of for FRA-2005 without extrapolations. Data for FRA-2010 have been received on the basis of expert estimations and SAFR-2008 data. 18

19 5 Table T5 Forest establishment and reforestation 5.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Term Afforestation Reforestation Natural expansion of forest Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest. Expansion of forests through natural succession on land that, until then, was under another land use (e.g. forest succession on land previously used for agriculture). 5.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information The basic parameters of forestry activity for 1988, years/ Roslesinforg, M:, 2008 (in Russian) Quality (H/M/L) M Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Afforestation Reforestation Planted areas Classification and definitions National class Afforestation Reforestation Natural expansion of forest Artificial wood planting on the agricultural land Natural and/or artificial re-establishment of a forest stand on the cut down and burnt forest lands. There is no official definition Original data Years Afforestation, ha Reforestation, 1000 ha of which on areas previously planted, 1000 ha Table continuation

20 5.3 Data for Table T5 FRA 2010 Categories Annual forest establishment (hectares/year)...of which of introduced species (hectares/year) Afforestation Reforestation of which on areas previously planted n.a. n.a. n.a. Natural expansion of forest* ) n.a Note: * ) expert assessment. The figures for the reporting years refer to the averages for the 5-year periods , and respectively. 5.4 Comments to Table T5 Variable / category Afforestation Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Comments on the reported trend Area reduction is connected with reduction of financing of these works. Reforestation Natural expansion of forest In the Russian Federation, reforestation includes assistance to natural renewal on the cut down and burnt forest lands. The statistical account is not conducted Area reduction is connected with reduction of financing of these works. Other general comments to the table 20

21 6 Table T6 Growing stock 6.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Growing stock Growing stock of commercial species Volume over bark of all living trees more than X cm in diameter at breast height (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. Growing stock (see def. above) of commercial species. 6.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Zagreev V.V. et al. All-union specifications for taxation of forests / М., Kolos, 1992 (in Russian). Forest resources USSR (under the count on ). The statistical collection / Goscomles USSR, M., (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIIClesresurs, M., 1999.(in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ).Handbook / VNIILM, M., 2003.(in Russian). Roslesinforg Forest Resources Database as of ( Quality (H/M/L) Н Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Complementary information 2005 Н Growing Stock 1988 total data М Growing Stock 1998 total data М Growing stock 2003 total data M Growing stock 2008 total data Classification and definitions National class Growing stock of forest stands Growing stock of coniferous stands Growing stock of broadleaved stands Growing stock of commercial species Volume over bark of all living trees 8 cm in diameter at breast height and more than. Includes the stem above stump and excluded branches. Its included mixed forest stands. The mixed forests are not excreted in national data of the account of forest resources. Growing stock of deciduous forests (excluded Larch stands). All species are commercial 21

22 6.2.3 Original data in 2008 National class Million m 3 Growing stock of the Rosleshoz management forests Growing stock of the other forest managements Total growing stock of which growing stock of bushes Analysis and processing of national data Calibration, million m 3 National class in 2008 Rosleshoz forests %% FRA Forest Growing stock of forest stands Growing stock of coniferous stands Growing stock of broadleaved stands Note: Growing stock for coniferous and broadleaved stands are determined for the Rosleshoz forest land in Estimation and forecasting The database of the State account of forest resources (SAFR) of Russia for 1988 were used for the characteristic of FRA 1990; the SAFR database of for FRA-2000; the SAFR database of for FRA-2005; the SAFR database of 2008 for FRA 2010 without extrapolations Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories FRA 2010 National categories Categories Total Growing Growing stock is determined for the stocked forest land only (Total = mill m 3 in 2008). stock It was re-counted (on %%) for Growing stock of FRA Growing stock composition Growing Stock composition (as in 2003) is known for the Rosleshoz forests only. It was re-counted (on %%) for Growing stock of FRA Growing stock composition FRA 2005 category / Species name (Scientific Growing Stock in Forests (million cubic meters) name and common name) FRA-2005 National data as in 2003 %% (without bushes) Larch (Larix - 4 species) Pine (Pinus 6 species) Birch (Betula 10 species) Spruce (Picea 6 species) Pine siberian stone (Pinus sibirica-1sp.) Aspen (Populus tremula 1 species) Fir (Abies 4 species) Oak (Quercus 5 species) Lime (Tilia 6 species) Beech (Fagus 2 species) Remainder of species (136 species) Total (181 native species)

23 6.4 Data for Table T6 Table 6a Growing stock Volume (million cubic meters over bark) FRA 2010 category Forest Other wooded land Total growing stock of which coniferous n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.... of which broadleaved n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Growing stock of commercial species Table 6b Growing stock of the 10 most common species FRA 2010 category / Species name Growing stock in forest (million cubic meters) Rank Scientific name Common name st Larix Larch - 4 species nd Pinus Pine 6 species rd Betula Birch -10 species th Picea Spruce 6 species th Pinus sibirica Pine siberian stone -1sp th Populus tremula Aspen - 1 species th Abies Fir - 4 species th Quercus Oak 5 species th Tilia Lime - 6 species th Fagus Beech - 2 species Remaining 136 species TOTAL 181 native species Notes: Pinus sibirica is allocated as the most important species of the Pine. Table 6c Specification of threshold values Item Value Complementary information Minimum diameter (cm) at breast height of trees included in growing stock (X) 8 For tree stands Minimum diameter (cm) at the top end of stem for calculation of growing stock (Y) 6 Minimum diameter (cm) of branches included in growing stock (W) Branches and stump not included. Volume refers to above ground (AG) or above stump (AS) AS 23

24 6.5 Comments to Table T6 Variable / category Total growing stock Growing stock of coniferous Growing stock of commercial species Growing stock composition Comments related to data, definitions, etc. The estimates of growing stock are made for Stocked forest land only. The so-called mixed forests enter into a category of coniferous forests. However the mixed forests do not enter into a category deciduous forests. All native species. Growing Stock composition in 2003 was re-counted (on %%) for Growing stock of FRA Comments on the reported trend The total stock increase according to increase of the forest area. However rate of a total stock deposition is much less than rate of the forest area increase. A change occurred in 1995 to the forest classification system. Before 1995 a forest was classified as coniferous forest if needleaved trees occupied 30-40% of the crown cover. The threshold was increased to 50% (or more) while after The different classification system adopted after 1995, thus brought to a decrease of the area occupied by the coniferous forests, which does not correspond to a real decrease of the coniferous forest area. Other general comments to the table Pinus sibirica is allocated as the most important and valuable species of the Pine. 24

25 7 Table T7 Biomass stock 7.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country. 7.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Forest resources USSR (under the count on ). The statistical collection / Goscomles USSR, M., (in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ). Handbook / VNIIClesresurs, M., 1999.(in Russian). Forest resources of Russia (as of ).Handbook / VNIILM, M., 2003.(in Russian). Roslesinforg Forest Resources Database as of Bazilevich N.I. A biological productivity of Boreal Eurasia ecosystems - M.: Nauka, (in Russian) Quality Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments (H/M/L) Н Growing Stock 1988 All Forest lands М Growing Stock 1998 All Forest lands М Growing stock 2003 All Forest lands M Growing stock 2008 All Forest lands M Biomass stock Conversion factors Zagreev V.V. et al. Allunion specifications for taxation of forests / М., Kolos, 1992 (in Russian). Moiseev B., Filipchuk A. Method of Carbon Balance Assessment for the Russian Forests// World Climate Change Conference, Moscow, 2003 (in English). Н Complementary information M Biomass stock Conversion factors Conversion factors 25

26 7.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood All living biomass above the soil. The account is made for Stocked forest land only. All biomass of live roots. All non-living woody biomass. Dead wood does not include a litter and the dead roots in soils Original data in 2005 Species Growing stock, mill m3 Basic density t/m3 Stem biomass, mill tone BEF m3/tone AGB, mill tone R BGB, mill tone D/L DWB, mill tone Total, mill tone Larch Pine Birch Spruce Pine siberian stone Aspen Fir Oak Lime Beech Remainder of species Total Thresholds used for woody biomass (e.g. minimum diameter): 4 cm. Mean conversion factors used: Basic density = 0.45 tone/m 3 ; Biomass expansion factors (BEF) = 1.41 m3/tone ; Root factors (R) = 0.25; Dead-live ratios (D/L) = 0.23 (excluded litter). 7.3 Data for Table T7 Biomass (million metric tonnes oven-dry weight) FRA 2010 category Forest Other wooded land* ) Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood TOTAL Note: * ) expert assessment according to Bazilevich,

27 7.4 Comments to Table T7 Variable / category Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Comments related to data, definitions, etc. According to Bazilevich method (1993) According to Bazilevich method (1993) Comments on the reported trend The total biomass increase according to increase of the forest area for period. Dead wood According to Bazilevich method (1993) In this work mass of a litter have increased in 2 times in comparison with data of the national report for FRA Therefore above-ground dead wood has decreased accordingly. The total sum of a mortmass has not changed. Other general comments to the table Account of the Biomass stock for OWL is made according to Bazilevich, The OWL bushes grow in severe conditions of northern and mountain forest-tundra. Dead wood decays slowly there. Therefore stocks of deadwood can surpass stocks of living biomass. The below-ground biomass can reach 50 % from an aboveground biomass in northern conditions. We believe that all calculations of biomass stocks are carried out at a level of expert estimations. 27

28 8 Table T8 Carbon stock 8.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below-ground biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon in litter Soil carbon Carbon in all living biomass above the soil, including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. Carbon in all biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded, because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country. Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than the minimum diameter for dead wood (e.g. 10 cm), lying dead in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a specified depth chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series. 8.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Moiseev B.N. & Filipchuk A.N.. Carbon balance for Russian forests // Use and protection of natural resources of Russia, 4-5, 2003 (in Russian). Bazilevich N.I. A biological productivity of Boreal Eurasia ecosystems - M.: Nauka, (in Russian) Quality (H/M/L) M M Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Carbon in biomass Carbon in dead wood and litter The method of calculations is used Moiseev B., Filipchuk A. Method of Carbon Balance Assessment for the Russian Forests// World Climate Change Conference, Moscow, 2003 (in English). Senkin N.I. (Сенькин Н.И.) A database on stores of a humus in soils of Russian regions ( M Carbon in biomass L Soil carbon Recalculation is made for the forest lands only and for soil depth = 0.3 m. 28

29 8.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Carbon in aboveground biomass Carbon in belowground biomass Carbon in dead wood biomass Carbon in litter Soil carbon Carbon in all living biomass above the soil, including stem, stump, branches, bark. Carbon in all living biomass of roots. Carbon in all non-living woody biomass. Dead wood includes dry trees, trees lying on the surface, dead branches, roots and stumps. Carbon in all non-living biomass in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. This includes the dead branches (small), bark, seeds and foliage. Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a specified depth = 0.3 m Original data Example of calculation of the carbon stock in wood litter in 2005 Spesies Forest area, 1000 ha Litter, tone C/ha Total Litter, mill tone C Larch (Larix) Pine (Pinus) Birch (Betula) Spruce (Picea) Pine siberian stone (Pinus sibirica) Aspen (Populus tremula) Fir (Abies) Oak (Quercus) Lime (Tilia) Beech (Fagus) Remainder of species Total Analysis and processing of national data Estimation and forecasting Table 7 data have been used for calculations of the wood carbon. 29

30 8.4 Data for Table T8 FRA 2010 Category Carbon in aboveground biomass Carbon in belowground biomass Sub-total: Living biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon (Million metric tonnes) Forest Other wooded land * ) Carbon in litter n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Sub-total: Dead wood and litter Soil carbon* ) TOTAL Note: *) expert assessment. Soil depth (cm) used for soil carbon estimates 30 Carbon coefficient for the wood biomass Carbon coefficient for the soil humus and litter (Chestnih et al, 2004) 0.50 C/tone 0.57 C/tone 8.5 Comments to Table T8 Variable / category Carbon in above-ground biomass Soil carbon Comments related to data, definitions, etc. The stock of carbon in forest soil (96 tone C/ha) be well agreed with literary data: Stolbovoi, 2002 = 81 tone C/ha; Chestnih et al, 2004 = 103 tone C/ha. Low stock of carbon in OWL soil (26 tone C/ha) is caused by severe climatic and ecological conditions of forest-tundra and mountain forest-tundra (Dwarf Siberian Pine). Comments on the reported trend The carbon stock is estimated with an error +/ %. Under this data it is impossible to define authentically about stock tendencies in time. Other general comments to the table The estimation of stores of Carbon in forest ecosystems is carried out with the large error (± 20%) and uncertainty. The annual change of carbon store cannot be determined on these data for the large terrains. The annual change should be defined on the Net Annual Increment (NAI) data and Biomass expansion factors according to TBFRA-2000 method (UN-ECE/FAO Forest Resources Assessment, 2000). 30