THE LAST PHASE INDEPENDENCE AND THE BRITISH OF INDIA
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1 THE LAST PHASE INDEPENDENCE AND THE BRITISH OF INDIA
2 THE CABINET MISSION The mission consisted of Pethick Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India: Stafford Cripps, the President of the Board of Trade anda.v.alexander, the First Lord of Admirality. It arrived in India on 24 th March, 1946 to have discussions with leaders on issues of the interim government and the procedure and principle on which the Constituent Assembly would frame the new constitution, also to bring about a settlement between the League and Congress for speedy transfer of power.
3 REASONS FOR SENDING THE CABINET MISSION TO INDIA * The extent of public sympathy witnessed during the trial of the Indian National Army forced the British to change its policies towards India. * The 1945 elections in England brought the Labour Party back into power. The Prime Minister Mr. Clement Attlee wanted to resolve the Indian situation as soon as possible. *The elections to the central and legislative councils in India : The new Secretary of State for India, Lord Pethick-Lawrence announced that elections to the Central and Provincial legislatures in India would be held. Elections were over by Feb, 1946 the elections were all over, Congress won in eight our of eleven provinces. The Muslim League formed government in Bengal and Sindh. Punjab coalition government. Muslim League the only mouth piece of the Muslims started the demand for partition of India
4 * REJECTION OF THE IDEA OF PARTITION WHY? Pakistan if formed would contain a large non-muslim population, for example the North West Frontier Province had a large number of non- Muslims.. The division of Bengal and Punjab would upset regional ties. There would be difficulty in communication between West and East Pakistan. Division of the army was not a good idea. Britain wanted a strong and united India
5 Main features of cabinet mission
6 Creation of an Federal Union The Cabinet Mission offered to create a federal union comprised of British Indian provinces and princely states. The centre would control the defence, communication and external affairs.
7 Grouping of the provincial assemblies The British provinces were grouped into three sections Section A Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, United Provinces, Bihar and Orissa. Section B Punjab, North West Frontier Province, and Sindh. Section C- Bengal and Assam After the first general elections, a province was free to come out of the group.
8 Formation of the constituent assembly The Mission proposed the formation of the constituent assembly to frame the new constitution.
9 Interim government An interim government would be formed from the constituent assembly.
10 Princely states The princely states would no longer be dependent on the British government. They would be free to negotiate their position with the new government or with the British government.
11 Part of commonwealth India was free to remain within the British Commonwealth or leave.
12
13 Reaction to the cabinet mission plan The Congress objected on the grouping of provinces. The Muslim League believed that the provinces of Group B and C would gradually form a separate identity and would decide to secede into Pakistan. The Muslim League thought that the Cabinet Mission Plan would not be acceptable to the Congress. As a result, it thought that the British government would have to invite the League to form the interim government. The Muslim League accepted the plan, but the Congress also accepted the Plan, though a few days later.
14 WHAT HAPPENED LATER - THE CONGRESS MANAGED TO WIN THE ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE THEN WITHDREW ITS ACCEPTANCE TO THE CABINET MISSION PLAN. COMMUNAL IOTS B OKE OUT FOLLOWING THE CALL FO DI ECT ACTION BY THE MUSLIM LEAGUE IN O DE TO ACHIEVE PAKISTAN.
15 ATTLEE S ANNOUNCEMENT THE BRITISH DECIDED TO GO WITHOUT THE LEAGUE AND FORM THE INTERIM GOVERNMENT WITH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AS THE HEAD. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE LATER WAS PERSUADED TO JOIN IN. BUT IT KEPT OBSTRUCTING THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GOVERNMENT. THE CRISIS BETWEEN THE CONGRESS AND THE MUSLIM LEAGUE WAS TEMPORARILY AVERTED BY THE ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER ATTLEE REGARDING THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE BRITISH FROM INDIA.
16 MOUNTBATTEN PLAN MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE PLAN THE PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLIES OF PUNJAB AND BENGAL TO DECIDE ON ISSUE OF PARTITION. IF VOTED FOR PARTITION, THERE WOULD BE TWO DOMINIONS AND TWO CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLIES. THE SINDH PROVINCE, NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE FREE TO DECIDE. INDIAN PRINCELY STATES WERE TO EITHER JOIN PAKISTAN OR THE INDIAN UNION. IF PARTITION WAS ACCEPTED THEN A BOUNDARY COMMISSION WOULD BE SET UP. BOTH THE DOMINIONS WOULD BE INDEPENDENT IN DETERMINING THEIR FOREIGN RELATIONS / COMMONWEALTH MEMBERSHIP. INDEPENDENCE TO BE GIVEN ON 15 TH AUGUST 1947.
17 REASONS FOR CONGRESS ACCEPTING MOUNTBATTEN PLAN PEACEFUL AND IMMEDIATE TRANSFER OF POWER. GETTING RID OF UNDEMOCRATIC MEANS LIKE SEPARATE ELECTORATE. COMMUNAL SITUATION VERY CRITICAL IN THE COUNTRY. MUSLIM LEAGUE S NEGATIVE TACTICS TO DIS UPT WORKING OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY. THREAT TO THE UNITY OF INDIA IF PRINCELY STATES ARE GIVEN INDEPENDENCE.
18 INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947 TWO DOMINIONS TO BE CREATED INDIA & PAKISTAN, BOTH WITH A SEPARATE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND ARMY. TWO CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLIES FOR INDIA & PAKISTAN. PRINCELY STATES FREE TO DECIDE WHETHER TO JOIN INDIA OR PAKISTAN. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE TO BE ABOLISHED. JINNAH TO BECOME THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN AND LORD MOUNTBATTEN OF INDIA. RAJAGOPALCHARI BECAME THE LAST VICEROY OF INDEPENDENT INDIA IN 1948.
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