The Core Institutions of the EU: the Commission. EU Integration after Lisbon
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1 The Core Institutions of the EU: the Commission EU Integration after Lisbon
2 Slides finally online: http: // Next Wednesday: BA-Forum for Bachelor students
3 EU Institutions EU Integration after Lisbon (0/17)
4 The big picture: EU institutions EU Integration after Lisbon (1/17)
5 The big picture: EU institutions EU Integration after Lisbon (1/17)
6 The institutional triangle at the EU s core Commission Council Parliament EU Integration after Lisbon (2/17)
7 The institutional triangle at the EU s core Commission Council Parliament EU Integration after Lisbon (2/17)
8 Why study institutions? Institutionalism a very traditional approach to Political Science Roots: Aristotle So: why? New Institutionalism (March & Olsen 1998) Central claim: Institutions matter EU Integration after Lisbon (3/17)
9 What are the main claims of institutional approaches? Many varieties: historic, rational-choice, sociological... Institutions... create loyalties/identities shift in preferences behave as if they were actors (and their members) have own interests difficult to control are all about norms are difficult to change Path dependency So we re back to the study of institutions, but with a twist EU Integration after Lisbon (4/17)
10 New institutionalism and the EU EU institutions interesting because EU is sui generis and polycentric (Peterson & Shackleton) Central claim: Institutions (as opposed to member states) playing a leading role in integration process Institutions (Commission, EP, (ECJ)) Information advantages and global networks Clear priorities w respect to integration (vs. governments) EU Integration after Lisbon (5/17)
11 New institutionalism and the EU EU institutions interesting because EU is sui generis and polycentric (Peterson & Shackleton) Central claim: Institutions (as opposed to member states) playing a leading role in integration process Institutions (Commission, EP, (ECJ)) Information advantages and global networks Clear priorities w respect to integration (vs. governments) But also: fraud, nepotism, lack of accountability, mismanagement, weakness... EU institutions (relatively) new, evolving, experimental Commission a fairly unique institution EU Integration after Lisbon (5/17)
12 The European Commission: overview EU Institutions EU Integration after Lisbon (6/17)
13 Commission: public image Appearance in the news Supranational government? Hyper-bureaucracy? EU power centre? Scandals Fraud (lack of control) Nepotism (jobs for friends and family) Incompetence/symbolic politics (multi-lingualism) Global trade Trade-wars, WTO Subsidies and regulation (Microsoft) Media Roaming fees Body scanners & Air freight security EU Integration after Lisbon (7/17)
14 Basic structure: split Political Arm President (Barroso) + High Rep of the Union... (Ashton) + 25 other commissioners (college) + their cabinets EU Integration after Lisbon (8/17)
15 Basic structure: split Political Arm President (Barroso) + High Rep of the Union... (Ashton) + 25 other commissioners (college) + their cabinets Bureaucracy Secretary General (Catherine Day, 2005-) 30+ Directorate Generals (DGs) + various other (internal) departments + task forces + translators and external consultants = services EU Integration after Lisbon (8/17)
16 Basic structure: split Political Arm President (Barroso) + High Rep of the Union... (Ashton) + 25 other commissioners (college) + their cabinets Bureaucracy Secretary General (Catherine Day, 2005-) 30+ Directorate Generals (DGs) + various other (internal) departments + task forces + translators and external consultants = services 20,000-25,000 staff EU Integration after Lisbon (8/17)
17 The President Most prominent figure Hallstein first president (58-67) Jenkins only president from UK (77-80) Delors most active (85-94) Appointment Renewable five-year term Nominated (QMV) by EC (EP elections), approved by parliament States and EC nominate commissioners, college approved by EP Tasks Political guidance and representation Shapes portfolios, allocates commissioners Head of EU administration EU Integration after Lisbon (9/17)
18 College of Commissioners One delegated from each state since 2005, plans for reduction scrapped EU Integration after Lisbon (10/17)
19 College of Commissioners One delegated from each state since 2005, plans for reduction scrapped Required to serve EU, not national interests Art. 17 TEU The members of the Commission shall be chosen on the ground of their general competence and European commitment... In carrying out its responsibilities, the Commission shall be completely independent.... members of the Commission shall neither seek nor take instructions from any government or other institution, body, office or entity. EU Integration after Lisbon (10/17)
20 College of Commissioners One delegated from each state since 2005, plans for reduction scrapped Required to serve EU, not national interests Overlapping portfolios, strong & weak commissioners Art. 17 TEU The members of the Commission shall be chosen on the ground of their general competence and European commitment... In carrying out its responsibilities, the Commission shall be completely independent.... members of the Commission shall neither seek nor take instructions from any government or other institution, body, office or entity. EU Integration after Lisbon (10/17)
21 College of Commissioners One delegated from each state since 2005, plans for reduction scrapped Required to serve EU, not national interests Overlapping portfolios, strong & weak commissioners After Lisbon: High Rep... as First VP (+ six other VPs) Art. 17 TEU The members of the Commission shall be chosen on the ground of their general competence and European commitment... In carrying out its responsibilities, the Commission shall be completely independent.... members of the Commission shall neither seek nor take instructions from any government or other institution, body, office or entity. EU Integration after Lisbon (10/17)
22 Current portfolios Agriculture and Rural Development Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration Climate Action Environment Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Competition Financial Programming and Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Budget Development Health and Consumer Policy Regional Policy Digital Agenda High Representative Research, Innovation and Science Economic and Monetary Affairs Home Affairs Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud Education, Culture, Multilingualism Industry and Entrepreneurship and Youth Employment, Social Affairs and Internal Market and Services Inclusion Energy International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response Trade Transport EU Integration after Lisbon (11/17)
23 Responsibilities and powers Legislative functions Development (sole right of initiative) Commission legislation (administrative) Comitology (240+) Commission regulation (competition) EU Integration after Lisbon (12/17)
24 Responsibilities and powers Legislative functions Development (sole right of initiative) Commission legislation (administrative) Comitology (240+) Commission regulation (competition) Executive functions Implementation of policies/supervision Agenda setting, guardian, conscience Mediator Management (budget) External representation (trade, candidates) EU Integration after Lisbon (12/17)
25 Questions Civil Service or European Government? 2. Facilitating structure or autonomous actor? EU Integration after Lisbon (13/17)
26 ? Government /autonomous actor Task of promoting integration Central to EU system, well connected (many friends), resources Legislative and executive powers + partial control over agenda Role during treaty re-negotiations EU Integration after Lisbon (14/17)
27 ? Government /autonomous actor Task of promoting integration Central to EU system, well connected (many friends), resources Legislative and executive powers + partial control over agenda Role during treaty re-negotiations Civil Service /structure Unelected/not directly accountable to EP Executive/legislative powers limited (technical decisions vs. 1st pillar vs. CFSP/JHA) No power to raise taxes, no control over police or army Loser of treaty revisions, (EP) and national governments have final say (if they insist) EU Integration after Lisbon (14/17)
28 Implementation Most day-to-day implementation done by member state executives/agencies Implementation problems increased in the 1990s Disparities in implementation records of member states calls for more effective enforcement EU Integration after Lisbon (15/17)
29 More problems Concerns over... Inefficiency: hierarchy, over-centralisation, problems of co-ordination, anarchy Mismanagement and fraud: waste, Greece, nepotism (Santer commission resigned in 1999) Overload: strain of managing/monitoring the Eastern enlargement Lack of political clout: Santer, Prodi, Barroso much weaker than Delors, Council and EP rising EU Integration after Lisbon (16/17)
30 Class questions What kind of institution (actor/facilitator... ) is the Commission? In what sense has the Commission served as the motor of European integration? What factors inhibit it from playing this role today? EU Integration after Lisbon (17/17)
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