AB Enerji Politikasında Beklentiler ve Kabiliyetler İlker Girit Istanbul Üniversitesi

Transcription

1 AB Enerji Politikasında Beklentiler ve Kabiliyetler İlker Girit Istanbul Üniversitesi S

2 İlk Adım S The European Union's prosperity and security hinges on a stable and abundant supply of energy. European Commission S II. World War S European Coal and Steel Community, 1951 S EURATOM, 1957

3 Enerji Ulusal Bir Konu S capacities and responsibilities at the EU level have been limited and the EU has tended to follow the International Energy Agency, an OECD institution, S Energy security issues have long been seen through the national lens of EU member states, European Commission, 2016

4 Enerjiye Erişim S The citizens in most Member States have not had to experience any lasting disruption of their energy supply. S 1970s Energy Crisis S For most citizens, energy is available "on tap", it is ubiquitous and un-intrusive,

5 İlk Büyük Kriz S In the winters of 2006 and 2009, temporary disruptions of gas supplies strongly hit EU citizens in some of the eastern Member States. S wake up call

6 Enerji Politikasını Güçlendirme S energy security were not as pronounced within the EU as they are today. S Since then, a lot has been done in order to strengthen the EU's energy security

7 Rusya Etkisi S Politically motivated Russian gas cuts to the Baltics occurred in 1990s S In the 2000s Russian politicisation of the energy trade grew in significance. S Between 2000 and 2006 Russia cut off energy exports on about 40 occasions

8 Rusya Etkisi S Politically motivated Russian gas cuts to the Baltics occurred in 1990s S In the 2000s Russian politicisation of the energy trade grew in significance. S Between 2000 and 2006 Russia cut off energy exports on about 40 occasions

9 Avrupa Güvenlik Stratejisi S European Security Strategy (ESS) that was adopted by the European Council in 2003 S Security threats: S Terrorism S Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction S Regional Conflicts, State Failure S Organised Crime.

10 Genişleme S In 2004 countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) joined the EU. S energy security was already a pressing issue, (Sedelmeier, U.) S stick and carrot approach

11 Rusya İle Ortaklık S Reliability of Russian gas supplies S Need to create a united European stance in the energy partnership with Russia S European Strategy for Sustainability, Competitive and Secure Energy (2006)

12 İlk Tutarlı Dış Enerji Politikası S coherent external energy policy S competitiveness of the internal energy market, S climate friendly diversification of the energy mix, S solidarity driven crisis management capacities, S sustainable development and technological innovation

13 Ukrayna Krizi S galvanised EU members into considering alternative energy supply sources, S Review of the ESS in 2008 S energy security, S cyber security S climate change

14 Ukrayna Krizi S Gazprom and Naftohaz S pricing and usage of gas S full-blown geopolitical crisis S Russia completely stopped gas exports 2009

15 Ukrayna Krizi S Brotherhood pipeline S around 80 % of Russia s natural daily gas exports to Europe S denied EU-28 states access to the source of 30 % of their collective gas imports S depletion of 20 % of reserve gas supplies

16 Ukrayna Krizi S Bulgaria and Slovakia in particular had no alternative gas supply S state of emergency, (Reuters, 2009). S Moldova, Serbia, Bosnia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

17 Lizbon S Reliability of Russia as a gas supplier and of Ukraine as a transit country S Lisbon Treaty, 2009

18 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S In 2011, the EU Council set 2014 as date to achieve the single market in energy S The 2030 Climate and Energy Framework (CEF) S The European Energy Security Strategy (EESS).

19 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S 2030 Climate and Energy Framework S greenhouse gas emissions have to be cut by at least 40% compared to 1990 levels, S renewable energies should have a share of at least 27% S there has to be an improvement in energy efficiency of at least 27%.

20 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S European Energy Security Strategy S Internally, proposes a more unified energy market S Externally, proposes diversification of fuels, supplies and transit routes.

21 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S European Energy Security Strategy S Immediate actions S Strengthening emergency and solidarity mechanisms S Moderating energy demand S Building a well-functioning and fully integrated internal market S Increasing energy production S Further developing energy technologies S Diversifying external supplies and related infrastructure S Improving coordination of national energy policies and speaking with one voice in external energy policy

22 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S The Energy Union is based on the three long-established objectives of EU energy policy: S security of supply, S sustainability S competitiveness that were already highlighted in the Treaty of Lisbon

23 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S Funding of strategically important infrastructure: S European Investment Bank (EIB) S Establishment of new ones such as the proposed European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI)

24 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S Energy Diplomacy Action Plan S more funds and aid budgets for infrastructure and access to affordable and sustainable energy S acknowledges interests and problems of energy exporting countries

25 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S EU Energy Diplomacy Action Plan - four pillars: S Strengthen strategic guidance through high-level engagement, S Establish and further develop energy cooperation and dialogues, S Support efforts to enhance the global energy architecture and multilateral initiatives, S Strengthen common messages and energy diplomacy capacities.

26 Avrupa Enerji Birliği S Diversification of sources, suppliers and routes S Southern Gas Corridor S Southern Caucasus and Central Asia S Eastern Mediterranean region S Southern Neighbourhood S diplomatic outreach to producer countries, including Russia

27 Enerji Arzı

28 Enerji Arzı - Petrol

29 Enerji Arzı - Gaz

30 Enerji Arzı -

31 Enerji Arzı - Uranyum

32 Enerji Çeşitliliği

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34 Kabiliyetler S Oil Stocks S Member States are obliged to build up and maintain minimum reserves of crude oil and petroleum products S Current stocks: 120 days of consumption

35 Kabiliyetler S Investments in back-up infrastructure are now obligatory S Cross border interconnections S Emergency Preparedness Plans and Emergency Response S Protection of critical infrastructure S Solidarity mechanisms

36 Kabiliyetler S Energy savings S Building sector, responsible for about 40% S Improvements in heating and cooling S need to be discussed at European and/or regional level S Accelerating the construction of key interconnectors

37 Kabiliyetler S no immediate threat for the EU. S Interdependence between the EU, US, and Russia in relation to oil S Availability of oil stocks S The ability to trade and transport oil globally

38 Kabiliyetler S Need to be closely monitored S S S S The dependence of the EU's refinery industry on Russian crude oil The increased concentration in the Russian oil industry The increased ownership of EU refinery capacity by Russian oil companies Refined products consumed in transport

39 AB Enerji Politikasında Beklentiler ve Kabiliyetler İlker Girit Istanbul Üniversitesi S