Ecological Sustainability and Integrity: Concepts and Approaches

Transcription

1 Ecological Sustainability and Integrity: Concepts and Approaches Edited by John Lemons Department of Life Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, U.S.A. Laura Westra Department of Philosophy, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada and Robert Goodland Environment Department, The World Bank, Washington, DC, U.S.A. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

2 PART I Chapter 1 Sustainability in Relation to Science, Law, and Ethics The Concept of Sustainability: A Critical Approach Lynton K. Caldwell Problems of Definition Behavioral Obstacles Psychological Obstacles: Seven Deadly Sins of Unsustainability Sustainability and Development 4.1. What May Be Done? 4.2. Requisites for Sustainability Summary Sustainability and Environmental Ethics 16 Kristin Shrader-Frechette 1. Ethical Individualism Problems with Ethical Individualism Environmental Holism Problems with Environmental Holism Hierarchical Holism Answering Objections 24 Ecological Sustainability as a Conservation Concept 31 J, Baird Callicott and Karen Mumford 1. Introduction Sustained Yield and Sustainable Development Ecological Sustainability Applications Conclusion 41 Investigating Individual Motives for Environmental Action: Lexicographic Preferences, Beliefs and Attitudes 46 Clive L. Spash 1. Introduction Economics and Environmental Policy Lexicographic Preferences 50 xi

3 Empirical Investigation of Preferences Further Exploration of Rights Conclusions CONTENTS Chapter 5 Biocentrism and Ecological Integrity James P. Sterba Parti Part II Part III Part IV Chapter 6 Burden of Proof Requirements and Environmental Sustainability: Science, Public Policy, and Ethics John Lemons 1. Recent Studies Concerning Uncertainty 2. Science and Environmental Assessment 3. Scientific and Legal Burdens of Proof 4. Post-Normal Science 5. Scientists and Advocacy 6. Conclusion PART II Chapter 7 Sustainability and Ecological Integrity: Problems in Natural Resources Water Resources: Agriculture, the Environment, and Ethics David Pimentel, J- Houser, E. Preiss, O. White, H. Fang, L. Mesnick, T. Barsky, S. Tariche, J. Schreck, and S. Alpert Introduction Water Water 3.1.' Resources Hydrologic Cycle Ground Water Resources Water Availability Climate and Other Human-Induced Environmental Changes Use Human Use of Water Crop Production Livestock Production Irrigation and Energy Use Water Use in Energy Production

4 xiii 3.6. Biodiversity in Terrestrial and Aquatic 112 Ecosystems 4. Limits to Water Use Extent of Water Pollution Costs of Water Treatment Economic Costs and Subsidies for Water Improving Agricultural Water Use Runoff and Erosion Salinization and Waterlogging Water and Society Water and Population Density Disease and Human Health Conflicts Over Water Resources Conclusion 122 Chapter 8 Canada's Model Forest Program: The Manitoba Experience 135 Peter Miller 1. Introduction Sustainable Livelihoods Sustainable Development as Progress Towards Sustainable Living Sustainable Livelihoods: A Social and Ethical Concept Decent Sustainable Livelihoods s I Might Have No Livelihood At All I Might Have a Livelihood That is Not Decent I Might Have a Livelihood That is Not Sustainable Primary Resource Industries: The Economy's Front End A Federal Initiative and Manitoba's Response A Focus on Forests The Federal Model Forest Program Manitoba Model Forest: The Proposal The Model Forest and Sustainable Livelihoods Making Industrial Forestry More Sustainable Creating Other Sustainable Livelihoods The Model Forest and Community-Based Resource Management Managing a Program vs. Managing a Resource The Model Forest and Aboriginal Partners Multi-Stakeholder vs. Community-Based Resource Management 150

5 Chapter 9 The Ratchet Effect Carl F. Jordan CONTENTS Technology and Sustainability Cycles of the Ratchet 2.1. The Mechanical Round 2.2. The Chemical Round Pesticides Herbicides Hormones 2.3. The Genetic Round Genetic Engineering Risks of Genetic Engineering The Tightening Ratchet The Problem of Scale 4.1. Scale and Loss of Species Diversity An Alternative Approach 5.1. Economic Feasibility Conclusion Chapter 10 Sustaining World Fisheries Resources: An Ethical Dilemma 168 Charles F. Cole 1. Introduction 2. Humanity's Ethics 3. The Case for a Professional Resource Ethicist 4. The Ethics of the Fisherman 5. The Ethics of Use 6. The Moral Basis of the Profession 7. The Ethics of a Commercial Fisherman 8. The Ethics of the Consumer 9. Conclusions Chapter 11 Traditional Sustainability: A Case Study of Floodplain Fisheries Management in West Africa Reginald Victor 1. Introduction 2. Floodplain Fisheries in West Africa 3. Etsako - Isoko Fishery System 3.1. The Area 3.2.' - The People 3.3. the Fishery System Establishment The Management Harvest

6 Setback and Safeguards 4. Fitting the Sustainability Model 5. Technology Intervention and Consequences 6. The Integrity Issue 7. Roles of Science and Ethics PART III Chapter 12 Approaches to Public Policy The Federal Ecosystem Management Initiative in the United States Charles R. Malone The Need for Ecosystem Management in the U.S Nature of the Federal Ecosystem Management Initiative in the U. S Emergence of the Policy Role of Integration Concern, Controversy, and Barriers to Ecosystem Management Conflict Over Ecosystem Management Barriers to Ecosystem Management Ecosystem Management and Professional Ethics Summation 214 Chapter 13 Sustainability, Growth and Distributive Justice: Questioning Environmental Absolutism 218 Ted Schrecker 1. Introduction: We Are Not All In This Together Growth Matters: More Than Just Basic Needs Environmentalism and Equity: The Perils of Environmental Absolutism The Political Economy of the Common Future Conclusion 229 Chapter 14 Environmental Sustainability in Agriculture: Bioethical and Religious Arguments Against Carnivory 235 Robert Goodland 1. The Environmental Sustainability Case Against Carnivory 1.1. The Global Food Crisis 1.2. Eating More Sustainably 1.3. Food Chain Ranking 1.4. Grain-Based Diet

7 1.5. Food Policy 2. The Bioethical Argument Against Carnivory 2.1. Reasons for Killing Animals 2.2. Ethics of Killing for Food 2.3. Sentience and Diet 2.4. The Health Argument 2.5. Incentives to Reduce Carnivory 2.6. Non-Food Agriculture 3. The Religious Case Against Carnivory 3.1. Religion vs. Economics 3.2. Organized Religions and Carnivory 4. Conclusion Chapter 15 Why We Need a Non-Anthropocentric Environmental Evaluation of Technology for Public Policy Laura Westra 1. The Ecological Point of View and the Canadian "Fish Wars" 2. The Limits of Economic Evaluation and Anthropocentrism 3. Beyond the Anthropocentrism/Non- Anthropocentrism Debate 4. A Question of Responsibility Chapter 16 Coping With 2050 Richard A. Carpenter 1. Introduction 1.1. Coping 2. Why Warnings Won't Work 2.1. Some Implausible Suggestions 2.2. A Plausible Reaction 3. What the 2050 Environment Will Be Like 3.1. Population and Carrying Capacity 3.2. Biophysical Characteristics 3.3. Economic Growth 3.4. Food 4. What Environmental Sciences Might Do 4.1. Research at the Managment Scale for Adaptive Ecosystem Management 4.2. Improving Biophysical Measurements of Sustainability 4.3. Minimum Data Sets 4.4. Integrity, Resilience, Biodiversity, Health and Sustainability

8 xvii 5. Ethics Science May Help Find a New Ethic Religion Love Conclusion 308 Index 312