AFRICAN ECO-LABELLING STANDARD. AES 02 First Edition Fisheries Sustainability and eco-labelling Requirements

Transcription

1 AFRICAN ECO-LABELLING STANDARD AES 02 First Edition 2013 Fisheries Sustainability and eco-labelling Requirements Reference No. AES 02:2013(E) ICS AEM 2013

2 Table of contents Foreword... v Introduction... vii List of Principles... viii 1 Scope Normative references Definitions Guidance clause General requirements Principles, criteria and indicators Governance and policy Legal compliance Management systems Incentives for sustainable fishing Fishing methods and gear Information for research Customary rights Social aspect Universal Declaration of Human Rights Labour rights Fisheries resources Fish stocks status Reference point Stock rebuilding Harvest strategy Harvest control rules and tools Ecosystem approach Fishing operations Retained species Bycatch species Endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species Habitats AEM 2013 All rights reserved iii

3 6.4.6 Ecosystem Climate change aspect Climate change mitigation and adaptation Reduction of ozone layer depleting compounds Environmental management Waste management Resource use efficiency Energy management Bibliography iv AEM 2013 All rights reserved

4 Foreword The African Eco-Labelling Mechanism (AEM), which is the first Pan-African and multi-sectoral ecolabelling initiative, is being implemented since 2010 under the auspices of the African Union Commission (AUC) with support from the eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa, German International Cooperation, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), African Organisation for Standardisation (ARSO), African Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production (ARSCP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Consumer International (CI) and African Business Council (ABC) with funding from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). The fundamental mandate of AEM is to promote intra-african and international trade and enable African economies to adapt and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. Striving towards this mission, EMA develops sustainability standards for Africa and a recognition system for other sustainability standards through a benchmarking mechanism. The standards define a set of threshold criteria within the ecological, social and climate-relevant requirements as well as credible governance and implementation mechanisms. The Eco-Mark Africa (EMA) ecolabel is aimed to be applied widely on products in a multi-sectoral perspective and will communicate the value proposition of these products on sustainability aspects. The work of preparing these standards is carried out through technical committees/working groups and in accordance with best practices as defined in relevant international standards and best practices such as the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. Each African Country interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established is free to have its views presented to that committee through the officially established systems and processes. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements in this document may be the subject of patent rights. AEM shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This African Eco-labelling Standard was prepared by the EMA Fisheries Technical Committee. African Eco-labelling Mechanism 2013 All rights reserved * AEM Secretariat International House 4th Floor P. O. Box City Square NAIROBI, KENYA Tel , , /608, /608 standards@ecomarkafrica.com Web: * 2013 AEM All rights of exploitation reserved worldwide for African Member States NSBs. AEM 2013 All rights reserved v

5 Copyright notice This AEM document is copyright-protected by AEM. While the reproduction of this document by participants in the AEM standards development process is permitted without prior permission from AEM, neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written permission from AEM. Requests for permission to reproduce this document for the purpose of selling it should be addressed as shown below: Eco-Mark Africa 2013 All rights reserved AEM Central Secretariat International House 4 th Floor P.O. Box NAIROBI, KENYA Tel: Fax: info@ecomarkafrica.com Web: Reproduction for sales purposes may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement. Violators may be prosecuted. vi AEM 2013 All rights reserved

6 Introduction Marine and inland fisheries in Africa make vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the continent s population. In addition to offering employment to about 2.7 million people, fishing provides an average of 23% of the total animal protein uptake in the region, significantly higher than the global average of 16%. However, unsustainable utilization of the fisheries resources has led to the decline of the fisheries. This has further been compounded by climate change which has begun to alter aquatic conditions; particularly water temperature, leading to shifts in species distribution and hence contributing to significant losses in revenues, profits and household incomes. More so, continuous degradation of both marine and inland waters ecosystems has negatively affected the livelihoods of communities who partially or entirely rely on fisheries. Sustainable fisheries management will therefore ensure that people utilize the fisheries resources sustainably and adapt to climate change, while fulfilling their social, economic and environmental needs. As demand for sustainably produced goods and services is soaring on the continent as well as globally, green production creates new business opportunities for African producers and service providers. In order to benefit from these market opportunities, environmental claims need to be credibly verifiable and eco-labelling is an effective market-based instrument to prove the validity of such claims. Through its sustainability label Eco Mark Africa (EMA), the African Eco-labelling Mechanism (AEM) aims at promoting intra-african and international trade as well as sustainable consumption and production patterns across the continent. Striving towards these objectives, the AEM both as the pan-african political structure as well as the technical framework will award the EMA label on the basis of a clear set of threshold sustainability criteria. AEM therefore establishes certifiable sustainability standards for fisheries. Moreover, AEM serves as a benchmarking and recognition system for other sustainability standards. The EMA Fisheries Standard is based on existing international, regional and local standards and will be reviewed on a regular basis. AEM 2013 All rights reserved vii

7 List of Principles Principle 1: Ensure good governance Principle 2: Respect human rights Principle 3: Respect labour rights Principle 4: Maintain fisheries resources and rebuild depleted fish stocks Principle 5: Maintain ecosystems integrity Principle 6: Contribute to the mitigation and adaptation to the detrimental effects of climate change. Principle 7: Responsible waste management Principle 8: Efficient use of resources viii AEM 2013 All rights reserved

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9 1 Scope This African eco-labelling standard provides requirements for the sustainable harvesting of fish up to the point at which the fish are landed. It applies to both marine and inland capture fisheries. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework ISO 26000:2010, Guidance on Social Responsibility International Labour Organization (ILO): Forced Labour Convention (No. 29) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Convention on Biological Diversity Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Guidelines for the eco-labelling of fish and fishery products from marine capture fisheries. Revision Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 biodiversity the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems 3.2 capture fisheries all kinds of harvesting naturally occurring living resources in both marine and fresh water environments 3.3 child labour any employment that interferes with the legal rights of a child and culturally appropriate educational needs 3.4 chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, hydrogen and fluorine. It has been widely used as a refrigerant, propellant or solvent. 3.5 discrimination unequal treatment of persons on grounds which are not justifiable in law 3.6 ecosystem approach AEM 2013 All rights reserved 1

10 strives to balance diverse societal objectives, by taking account of the knowledge and uncertainties of biotic, abiotic and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries 3.7 employee Individual in a relationship recognized as an employment relationship in national law or practice NOTE Employee is a narrower term than worker (3.18). 3.8 environment natural surroundings in which an organisation operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, people, outer space and their interrelationships NOTE Surroundings in this context extend from within an organisation to the global system. 3.9 Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) 'Monitoring' the collection, measurement and analysis of fishing activity including, but not limited to: catch, species composition, fishing effort, by-catch, discards and area of operations. This information is primary data that fisheries managers use to arrive at management decisions. (a) (b) 'Control' involves the specification of the terms and conditions under which resources can be harvested. These specifications are normally contained in national fisheries legislation and other arrangements that might be nationally or regionally agreed. The legislation provides the basis for which fisheries management arrangements, via MCS, are implemented. 'Surveillance' involves the regulation and supervision of fishing activity to ensure that national legislation and terms, conditions of access and management measures are observed. This activity is critical to ensure that resources are not overexploited, poaching is minimised and management arrangements are implemented 3.10 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon, fluorine and chlorine. They have widely been used as refrigerants, propellants or solvents hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) organic compounds that contain hydrogen, fluorine and carbon. They have widely been used as refrigerants, propellants or solvents minimum age as defined by ILO convention life cycle consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal 3.14 operator an individual or organisation responsible for ensuring that the production system and the products meet the requirements of this standard 2 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

11 3.15 Precautionary Approach Principle the principle stating that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation 3.16 Port State Measures Port State Measures (PSM) are requirements established or interventions undertaken by port states which a foreign fishing vessel must comply with or is subjected to as a condition for use of ports within the port state 3.17 Social and Environmental Management System (SEMS) part of an organization s management system used to develop and implement its social and environmental policy and manage its social and environmental aspects NOTE 1 A management system is a set of interrelated elements used to establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives. NOTE 2 A management system includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources worker a person who performs work, whether an employee (3.6) or someone who is self-employed 3.19 by-catch species taken in a fishery that is targeting on other species or on a different size range of the same species. That part of the by-catch with no economic value is discarded and returned to the water, usually dead or dying discards the components of a fish stock that are thrown back into the habitat after capture. Normally, most of the discards can be assumed not to survive ecosystem an organizational unit consisting of an aggregation of plants, animals (including humans) and microorganisms, along with the non-living components of the environment 3.22 fish stock the living resources in the community or population from which catches are taken in a fishery. Use of the term fish stock usually implies that the particular population is more or less isolated reproductively from other stocks of the same species and is thus self-sustaining. In a particular fishery, the fish stock may be one or several species of fish, but the definition is also intended to include commercial invertebrates and plants fishery the term refers to the sum of all fishing activities on a given resource, for example, a hake or shrimp fishery. It may also refer to the activities of a single type or style of fishing on a particular resource, for AEM 2013 All rights reserved 3

12 example a beach seine fishery or trawl fishery. The term is used in both senses in this document and, where necessary, the particular application is specified fleet total number of units of any discrete type of fishing activity using a specific resource. Hence, for example, a fleet may be all the purse seine vessels in a specific sardine fishery, or all the fishers setting nets from the shore in a tropical multispecies fishery indicator a variable that can be monitored in a system, e.g. a fishery to give a measure of the state of the system at any given time. Each indicator should be linked to one or more reference points and used to track the state of the fishery in relation to those reference points reference point benchmark against which to assess the performance of management in achieving an operational objective, corresponding to a state considered to be desirable (target reference point) or undesirable and requiring immediate action (limit reference point) 3.27 trophic level any of the sequential stages in a food chain, occupied by producers at the bottom and in turn by primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers or group of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain 3.28 principle overarching guiding concept for managing natural resources, usually developed in the context of global agreements and/or legislation. Examples: the precautionary approach, maintaining ecosystem integrity fishing mortality the proportion of the fish available for being removed by fishing in a small unit of time 4 Guidance clause 4.1 Flexibility / Relevance This standard is flexible enough to be useful for economic operators of various sizes, products and countries of operation. In adhering to this standard, the economic operator shall deal only with those elements that are relevant to the operator s activities. If certain specific sustainability aspects are considered not relevant to the process, the economic operator shall justify the specific manner in which its operations do not contribute to the impact of the aspects concerned. Local circumstances shall be taken into account when assessing the environmental, social or economic situation. 4.2 Stakeholder involvement Where required in this standard or when a legal right is exercised by a stakeholder in regard to any indicator that affects the stakeholder s welfare, the economic operator shall document how stakeholders were engaged. 4 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

13 NOTE "Engaged" means both that stakeholders were provided opportunity to comment and that the economic operator provided a documented response to any grievance presented by stakeholders. 4.3 Undue administrative burden The capacity and resources of the economic operator should be taken into account so that this standard does not cause excessive administrative burden. 4.4 Management plan When referenced as an indicator in this standard, management plans are intended to be a flexible mechanism for the economic operator to use to establish reasonable and appropriate plans to address relevant sustainability aspects. A plan that does not include all elements listed in the definition of a management plan is not considered a management plan for the purpose of this standard. The form of a management plan is not specified; a plan may be comprised of disparate or consolidated proprietary documents, reference materials and/or demonstrated knowledge and/or practice. Monitored data generated in accordance with the plan should be accessible to the verifier to facilitate his or her assessment and to ensure that the definition of a management plan has been adhered to. The data itself would not be attached to or incorporated into the verifier s conformity assessment. 5 General requirements 5.1 Responsibility An economic operator shall be responsible for only its own operations in applying this standard. Its own operations are defined as the sum of activities conducted by the economic operator throughout the supply chain, including those contracted activities conducted by its subcontractors. 5.2 Transparency The data, information sources and assumptions used shall be clearly supported. 5.3 Legality The economic operator shall be in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations having direct relevance to the principles, criteria and indicators presented in this standard. An economic operator may document instances where it is prohibited from complying with this standard as a consequence of a conflicting applicable law or regulation. 5.4 Science-based approach Any data collected or used in the application of this standard, as well as justifications, presentations, commentary, or interpretation of results associated with the use of this standard, shall be based on science. 5.5 Human rights This standard strives to ensure that the actions of the economic operators and their subcontractors respect the human rights of all citizenry, especially those of local stakeholders. The economic operators shall respect universally recognized human rights. 5.6 Working conditions AEM 2013 All rights reserved 5

14 The economic operator shall respect labour rights and provide safe and healthy working conditions, including providing tools, equipment and training that address the risk of workplace hazards. 6 Principles, criteria and indicators 6.1 Governance and policy Principle 1: Ensure good governance Legal compliance Criterion: The operator shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations The operator shall demonstrate the presence of valid applicable licences and other legal requirements. The operator shall have a mechanism for ensuring that all applicable laws and regulations are implemented and appropriately scaled system for tracking any changes in the law Management systems Criterion: The operator shall have a management system which shall exist within the applicable laws and regulations for sustainable fisheries The operator shall maintain records of compliance such as licenses from competent authorities, Operations data Monitoring Control and Surveillance (MCS) reports and other appropriate compliance reports (EIA) Incentives for sustainable fishing Criterion: The operator system shall provide economic and social incentives for sustainable fishing and shall not operate with subsidies that contribute to unsustainable fishing The operator shall document operation data such as net economic return for fishery, profit to harvesting sector and gain in per capita income Fishing methods and gear Criterion: Fishing operation shall make use of fishing gear and practices designed to avoid the capture of non-target species (and non-target size, age, and/or sex of the target species); minimise mortality of this catch where it cannot be avoided, and reduce discards of what cannot be released alive The operator shall maintain records on the type of gear used and species targeted, total amount of discards, amount of discards of high-risk species and size and age structure of the catch Information for research Criterion: The operator shall have a strategy that addresses the information needs of the fishery management. 6 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

15 The operator shall have records on; data management system, total catch data (retained and discarded), Biodiversity of species caught Fishing effort, Catch per unit effort (CPUE), Size and/or age structure of catch Customary rights Criterion: The operator observes the legal rights created explicitly or established by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood; and incorporates an appropriate dispute resolution framework The operator shall have evidence of verifiable conflict resolution policy: Conflicts and complaints from the community tracked transparently and proof that they are responded to within the stipulated time frame provided and that operations are not inhibiting or restricting local community access to traditional fishing grounds the operator shall document employment in the harvesting sector by fleet and number of indigenous fishers 6.2 Social aspect Universal Declaration of Human Rights Principle 2: Respect human rights Criterion: The operator shall not violate human rights. All workers shall enjoy applicable basic human rights in accordance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequent UN Human Rights treaties The operator shall have a proof of implementing a declaration on social practices supporting human rights Labour rights Principle 3: Respect labour rights Forced or compulsory labour Criterion: The operator shall not use any type of forced labour, within the context of with ILO Conventions 29 and 105 and national labour laws The operator shall implement a declaration on social practices supporting labour rights and keep records on number of final, binding and unappeasable decisions of an applicable judicial authority or compulsory labour that remain unresolved Worker safety Criterion: The operator shall have a written occupational health, safety and hygiene policy and procedures, including issues of risk assessment in accordance with national and internationally recognized standards The operator shall document: AEM 2013 All rights reserved 7

16 (a) (b) Occupational health, safety and hygiene policy Occupational health, safety and hygiene compliance procedures (c) Conditions of safety and health are in compliance with the provisions of ILO 184 (d) (e) Records of workers trained in health and safety practices/ procedures/ policies, Records of health- and safety-related accidents and violations recorded and mitigated through corrective actions, and proof of insurance (accident/ injury) for employee costs in a job-related accident or injury when not covered under national law Freedom to associate Criterion: The operator shall grant all workers freedom of association and freedom of collective bargaining in accordance with all national and local legislation and ILO Conventions 87 and The operator shall demonstrate a clause within the employment contract indicating freedom to join or not join unions and evidence of a mechanism to bargain collectively or have access to representative(s) chosen by workers Non-discrimination Criterion: The operator shall not discriminate in the labour and hiring policies and procedures along the lines of race, colour, gender, age, religion, social class, political opinion, nationality, tribe, union membership, personal relationship, civil status or any other motive as indicated by applicable laws, ILO Conventions 100 and 111, and this standard The operator shall demonstrate that; (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The provisions of ILO conventions 100 and 111 are implemented. A publicly available equal opportunities policy exists. Workers irrespective of gender are remunerated equally for same amount of work. Evidence of affirmative action in employment for vulnerable groups. Workers confirm that they are not subjected to any form of discrimination in hiring, remunerations, benefits, access to training, promotions, terminations retirements or any other aspect of employment Child labour Criterion: The operator shall not use child labour as stipulated in ILO Conventions 138 and 182. Children may do light work, provided that such work is not dangerous to their health and safety and does not jeopardize their educational, moral, social and physical development. Such work shall be supervised by adults and authorized by a legal guardian. 8 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

17 The operator shall keep verifiable records of workers ages and number of working hours for employed children that support compliance with the criterion Working conditions Criterion: Workers wages and working conditions shall respect all applicable laws and international conventions as well as all relevant collective agreements The operator shall ensure that there are records on worker s written contract stating their payment policies and procedures and workers have a written contract stating their rights with regards to working hours, leave days among others. 6.3 Fisheries resources Principle 4: Maintain fisheries resources and rebuild depleted fish stocks Fish stocks status Criterion: Fishery operations must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or depletion of the resources. Populations that are depleted must be utilized in a manner that demonstrably leads to their recovery Fishery management shall maintain records indicating current registered fishers, total catch per given period or stock assessment Reference point Criterion: The fishery shall ensure that the limit and target reference points are appropriate for the stock and can be estimated Fishery management shall have records of stock assessment such as mortality and biomass Stock rebuilding Criterion: Strategies for rebuilding depleted stocks shall be put in place within the shortest possible time frame Fishery management shall have records of stock assessment such as mortality, biomass of key species and size spectrum of fish community Harvest strategy Criterion: The harvest strategy shall be responsive to the state of the stock and designed to achieve stock management objectives reflected in the target and limit reference points. AEM 2013 All rights reserved 9

18 Fishery management shall have records of stock assessment such as yields, fishing effort and spawning biomass Harvest control rules and tools Criterion: The operator shall define harvest control rules that are consistent with the harvest strategy and ensure that the exploitation rate is reduced as limit reference points are approached Fishery management shall have records on lengths, weights of fish harvested and mean length in population in mixed fishery. 6.4 Ecosystem approach Principle 5: Maintain ecosystems integrity Fishing operations Criterion: All fishing operations shall conserve aquatic ecosystems Fishery management shall have records on diversity of the ecosystems retained, structure of the ecosystem and productivity of fish stocks (including reproductive capacity) Retained species Criterion: Activities by the operator shall not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the retained species nor hinder recovery of depleted retained species Fishery management shall have records on spawning stock biomass of key retained species and level of fishing mortality for key retained species Bycatch species Criterion: Activities by the operator shall not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the bycatch species or species groups and does not hinder recovery of depleted by catch species or species groups Fishery management shall have records on proportion of bycatch species in total catch and evidence of adherence to the management plan of the target fishery Endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species Criterion: The operator shall have a comprehensive strategy in place for managing the fishery s impact on ETP species, including measures to minimise mortality, that is designed to achieve above national and international requirements for the protection of ETP species. The operator shall have in place precautionary management strategies designed to: (a) (b) meet national and international requirements; ensure the fishery does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to ETP species; 10 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

19 (c) (d) ensure the fishery does not hinder recovery of ETP species; and minimize mortality of ETP species The operator shall document per cent ETP species in the total catch and mortality or injuries of ETP species. The fishery shall also have protection plans for ETP species and habitat or a development schedule for plans and records of activities undertaken under the plans Habitats Criterion: The operator shall not cause serious or irreversible harm to habitat structure with particular attention to the occurrence of vulnerable habitat types, considered on a national, regional or bioregional basis and function The operator shall document area of the fishery impacted by gear, amount of habitat protected by the fishery and area of fish nursery habitat degraded. The fishery shall maintain records of any modification to the habitat Ecosystem Criterion: The operator shall have strategy in place that consists of a plan, containing measures to address all main impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem. The plan and measures shall be based on wellunderstood functional relationships between the fishery and the Components and elements of the ecosystem The operator shall have a plan to address all main impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem. 6.5 Climate change aspect Principle 6: Contribute to the mitigation and adaptation to the detrimental effects of climate change Climate change mitigation and adaptation Criterion: The operator shall have an integrated management programme to continually reduce water pollution, air pollution and emissions, including greenhouse gases The operator shall have programme for reduction of water pollution and air pollution and a documented emissions reduction strategies Reduction of ozone layer depleting compounds Criterion: The operator shall implement measures to reduce and ultimately phase out ozone depleting compounds as stipulated in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, including but not restricted to CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs. AEM 2013 All rights reserved 11

20 The operator shall have programme integrated programme for reduction of emissions 6.6 Environmental management Principle 7: Responsible waste management Waste management Criterion: The operator shall have an integrated waste management programme for the waste products it generates. This will be based on the concept of the waste management hierarchy, that is: source reduction, especially as regards lost fishing gear, oil spills and on-board spoilage of catch; reuse; recycling and reprocessing; waste treatment and waste disposal; and ensuring proper management of unavoidable pollution and waste. The waste reduction hierarchy should be used in a flexible manner based on the life cycle approach The operator shall have waste management programme and reports such as environmental impact assessment on fishing activities, log of unaccounted for fishing gears and emergency, contingency plans for oil discharges into coastal and inland waters 6.7 Resource use efficiency Principle 8: Efficient use of resources Energy management Criterion: According to the size, capacity and complexity of the operations, the operator shall have an energy efficiency plan with goals and implementation activities for increased efficiency, for reducing dependency on non-renewable sources and for increasing the use of renewable energy The operator shall have records of units of total energy used in a fisheries operations and document measures taken to address energy efficiencies. 12 AEM 2013 All rights reserved

21 Bibliography (1) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Fisheries Management - 2. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. 4, Suppl (2) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Guidelines for the ecolabelling of fish and fishery products from marine capture fisheries. Revision (3) Friends of The Sea: Certification Criteria Checklist for Wild Catch Fisheries (4) International Labour Organization (ILO): Forced Labour Convention (No. 29) (5) International Labour Organization (ILO): Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (No. 87) (6) International Labour Organization (ILO): Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98) (7) International Labour Organization (ILO): Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100) (8) International Labour Organization (ILO): Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105) (9) International Labour Organization (ILO): Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No.111) (10) International Labour Organization (ILO): Minimum Age for Admission to Employment and Work (No. 138) (11) International Labour Organization (ILO): Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) (12) International Standardisation Organisation (ISO): Environmental management systems Requirements with guidance for use. ISO 14001:2004(E) (13) International Standardisation Organisation (ISO): Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14040:2006 (14) International Standardisation Organisation (ISO): Guidance on Social Responsibility. ISO 26000: 2010 (E) (15) Marine Stewardship Council (MSC): MSC Fishery Standard: Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing. Version 1.1: 2010 (16) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (17) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Convention on Biological Diversity (18) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development AEM 2013 All rights reserved 13