Freshwater Mussels of the SOSMART Area
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1 Freshwater Mussels of the SOSMART Area Todd J. Morris 1 and Scott Reid 2 1 GLLFAS, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON 2 ARDS, OMNR, Peterborough, ON
2 Overview Biology/Ecology Distribution Species at Risk Sampling and Monitoring
3 Mussel Ecology Bacteria Detritus Algae Unionids cycle nutrients, transfer energy within ecosystems, provide habitat and clarify water bodies (Dillon 2001, Vaughn et al. 2008)
4 Long Life-spans Haag and Rypel 2010
5 Complex Life Cycle Reproduction K. McNichols University of Guelph M. C. Barnhart
6 Reproductive Tactics many glochidia, low cost, low success, host generalists Broadcast Release Lures pre-glochidial release post-glochidial release few glochidia, high cost, high success, specialists Host Capture
7 Mussel Lures
8 842 recognized species world-wide (Order: Unionoida) 302 in North America (2 Families) 55 in Canada (2 families) 41 in Ontario (1 Family) Global Diversity Graf and Cummings 2009
9 Mussel Hot-Spots Distribution
10 Mussel Hot-Spots Distribution
11 Species at Risk
12 Nationally at Risk Species at Risk 65% of Canadian mussel species are in need of conservation Source: Wild Species 2000; National General Status Assessment for Freshwater Mussels (2004)
13 Species at Risk Nationally at Risk 55 species in Canada 18 COSEWIC listed species 1 Extirpated 13 Endangered 1 Threatened 3 Special Concern 15 Candidate species awaiting assessment
14
15 SAR Distribution within SOSMART
16
17 Rainbow D. McGoldrick, NWRI Rainbow END (SARA) TH (ESA) Habitat Small to medium-sized rivers and inland lakes Historically: shallow nearshore areas of the lower Great Lakes In or near riffles emergent vegetation moderate to strong current cobble, gravel, sand clean, well-oxygenated Depths < 1 m
18 Rainbow
19 /conmag/2003/08/10.htm Rainbow D. Mc Goldrick, NWRI, EC
20
21 Eastern Pondmussel S Staton (NWRI) Eastern Pondmussel END Habitat Sheltered areas of lakes, slack-water areas of rivers and canals Prefer fine substrates and mud Depths (03-4.5m) L. St. Clair >95% sand Lower reaches of rivers
22 Eastern Pondmussel
23
24 Mapleleaf Mapleleaf THR Habitat: medium to large rivers firmly packed coarse gravel and sand to a substrate of firmly packed clay/mud (broad range) historically from larger lakes, but recent data indicate it has largely been lost from these habitats
25 Mapleleaf
26
27 Lilliput COSEWIC Candidate Lilliput Habitat: Low gradient streams/rivers, coastal wetlands Soft substrates mud and silt Highly turbid systems Previously thought restricted to L. Erie watershed but no known from L. Ontario.
28
29 Sampling/Monitoring
30 Sampling Methods Wadable/accessible sites Inventory Life history Non-wadable/accessible sites
31 Wadable - Inventory Timed-searches Ideal for first time surveys River bottom visually searched for a set amount of time 4.5 person-hours Data: Species presence/absence Relative abundance (CPUE) Distribution patterns (within watershed) Size class distributions Sex ratios
32 Wadable - Inventory Advantages: Cheap and requires little planning Easy to execute in the field Limitations: Easily biased Small species & juveniles often overlooked Not great at estimating population size No statistical rigor # species found related to effort!
33 Wadable Life History Systematic sampling with excavation Ideal for determining population size and trend through time Can easily be adapted for a wide range of applications Data: Density Distribution patterns (within site) Micro-habitat preferences Size class distributions Sex ratios
34 Wadable Life History Across Upstream
35 Wadable Life History Advantages: Gives precise estimates for patchily distributed populations Spreads sampling effort throughout the survey site Can calculate variance for statistical analyses Limitations: Labour intensive Requires a minimum of 3 people (4 ideal)
36 Non-wadable, high visibility Snorkelling/Diving 65 m 2 Data: Species presence/absence Density Size class distributions Sex ratios
37 Non-wadable, low visibility
38 Non-wadable, low visibility
39 Non-wadable, low visibility
40 Non-wadable, low visibility
41 Additional Information Ontario Freshwater Mussel Recovery Team
42
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