PILOT TEST OF ELECTROKINETIC-ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION OF PCE DNAPL
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1 PILOT TEST OF ELECTROKINETIC-ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION OF PCE DNAPL Charlotte Riis, NIRAS Renare Mark, Nov
2 TEAM EK-BIO NIRAS A/S Charlotte Riis Martin Bymose Geosyntec Consultants, US Evan Cox James Wang US Army Engineer R&D Center David Gent Capital Region, Denmark Mads Terkelsen Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
3 THE CHALLENGE OF LOW PERMEABILTY MATERIAL PCE and TCE migrate/diffuse into low K materials Clay/silt can serve as a source for decades after accessible VOC mass is addressed Bioremediation and chemical oxidation are effektive technologies, but amendment distribution is poor in Low K and heterogeneous materials Better amendment delivery techniques are required for low K sites Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
4 SOLUTION: ELECTROKINETIC TRANSPORT Application of direct current (dc) to saturated subsurface Primary EK-BIO transport mechanisms in clay and silt: Electro-migration (EM) movement of charged ions substrate transport Electro-osmosis (EO) bulk movement of water bacterial transport Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
5 WHY WILL ELECTROKINETICS WORK? Why will EK work in low K formations, where conventional injection techniques commonly fail? As Kh decreases, EK becomes the most efficient delivery method Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
6 TEST SITE BACKGROUND Industrial facility PCE used for degreasing Skuldelev Pilot test site: Hot Spot IV 7 PCE DNAPL hot spots 300 m long plume in sand layer 2-6 mut PCE DNAPL µg CVOC/L µg CVOC/L µg CVOC/L Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER m
7 TEST SITE BACKGROUND Start: 100 mg PCE/kg Day 100: All is ethene Tight clay till with sand stringers (high heterogeneity) PCE DNAPL present in soil cores (both clay and sand) Lab microcosm test showed bioaugmentation required to achieve ethene complete degradation of PCE DNAPL Field injection test limited distribution within/across clays short-circuiting into sand lenses ERD based on conventional injection approaches was deemed too uncertain due to distribution heterogeneity EK lab and field tests initiated Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
8 EK-BIO PILOT TEST OBJECTIVES 1. Evaluate and demonstrate applicability of EK-BIO 2. Evaluate lactate transport rate under field conditions 3. Evaluate viability and transport of Dhc in tight clay under field conditions 4. Evaluate degradation of PCE within the timeframe of the pilot test 5. Gather site specific operational data for full-scale EK-BIO design Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
9 PILOT TEST AREA Pilot test area: Depth 3-8 m.u.t. PCE DNAPL Tight clay till w/ high-k sand lenses Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
10 DISTRIBUTION OF PCE DNAPL IN TEST AREA Sand Soil mg/kg TS PCE TCE MIP-probing M412 and Core sample K cm apart Clay till Sand 76 1,4 6,6 0, ,0 Clay till 250 0, , ,70 EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
11 WELL CONFIGURATION PILOT TEST 1.5 m 3 cm/day x 60 days = 1.5 m Test area ~3x3 m Well configuration: 3 cathode wells 3 anode wells 3 injection wells 4 monitoring wells Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
12 CROSS SECTION TEST AREA Water table Cross circulation between electrode wells for ph-control Clay till Sand lenses Substrate (lactate) follows electrical field Even substrate distribution Cathode Injection Anode EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
13 PILOT TEST INFRASTRUCTURE 60 days of operation Amendment Tanks Control Room Cathode wells Injection wells Anode wells EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
14 MONITORING PROGRAM Ensure steady electric field and even substrate distribution Electrical System: Current of power supply and individual electrodes Electrical potential Document progress of amendment distribution and CVOC degradation Groundwater Field measurements (DO, ORP, EC, Temp) CVOC s, Ethene, Methane, Nitrate, Sulfate, Chloride, VFA Dehalococcoides, VcrA Soil cores Baseline, After pilotforsøg, 7 months after pilot test CVOC s, TOC, VcrA, cations, anions Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
15 RESULTS SUBSTRATE TRANSPORT EK Operation Lactate transport rate ~ cm/day (~ similar to lab results: 3.2 cm/day) Substrate deficiency 3 months after EK operation Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
16 RESULTS REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION - GROUNDWATER Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
17 RESULTS REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION - GROUNDWATER Increase in vcra in all wells, also post test Increase in ethene 3 mo and 6 mo after pilot test - max 3,700 µg/l Confirm ongoing complete reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides Increase in PCE and Chloride (~190 mg/l PCE degraded) DNAPL dissolution and desorption Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
18 RESULTS REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION SOIL CORES Post test soil cores samples 63 days after bioaugmentation High concentrations of vcra in samples from clay till --> Dhc transport into clay due to EK processes Charlotte Riis, NIRAS Detection limit EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
19 RESULTS REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION SOIL CORES Dechlorination continuing in soil cores post test Few samples unaffected by degradation Decrease in total CVOC concentrations in most samples Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
20 KEY CONKLUSIONS EK-BIO PILOT TEST EK transport of lactate through clay till ~ 2.5 to 5 cm/day Evident increases in Dehalococcoides and vcra in groundwater and clay till PCE dechlorination to vinylchlorid and ethene PCE desorption and DNAPL dissolution should shorten duration EK-BIO has shown to be an efficient method to achieve a good distribution of substrate and bacteria for the purpose of enhancing PCE dechlorination Full scale EK-BIO implementation initiated December 2012 Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
21 EK-BIO vs. THERMAL DESORPTION DNAPL PCE in tight clay Energy consumption/ CO 2 emission Sustainability Contaminant removal In situ destruction EK-BIO ISTD/ERH ZVI Clay ~25% of thermal < EK-BIO Above-ground treatment In situ destruction Remediation time 2-5 years ½-1 year ½-2 years Maturity Emerging Proven Proven Geotechnical proporties No change Desiccation Loss of strength Costs Thermal < EK-BIO Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
22 EK-BIO FULL SCALE Treatment Area A Split into 2 treatment areas 90 days each area Then rotate electric field 90 o Treatment Area B EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
23 FULL SCALE - PHOTOS
24 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! QUESTIONS? Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
25 TIMELINE PILOT TEST + Monitoring after EK-drift: Groundwater 3 & 6 months post-test Soil cores 7 months post-test Charlotte Riis, NIRAS EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
26 RESULTS GEOCHEMISTRY EK Operation EK Operation EK Operation Monitoring showed: Charlotte Riis, NIRAS Neutral ph Negative ORP Slight increase in temperature (~5 o C), which may benefit biological activities EK-BIO PILOT TEST RENARE MARK, NOVEMBER
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