Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project SMF 4194 MARKET DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR C & D WASTE MATERIALS - CHRISTCHURCH

Transcription

1 Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project SMF 4194 MARKET DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR C & D WASTE MATERIALS - CHRISTCHURCH Final November 2004

2 Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project SMF 4194 MARKET DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR C & D WASTE MATERIALS - CHRISTCHURCH Final November 2004 Sinclair Knight Merz Level 3, 321 Manchester Street PO Box 8298 Christchurch New Zealand Tel: Fax: Web: COPYRIGHT: This work is copyright. The copying, adaptation, or issuing of this work to the public on a non-profit basis is welcomed. No other use of this work is permitted without the prior consent of the copyright holder(s).

3 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Market Development Strategy Goals 3 3. Key Market Participants 4 4. Market-wide Actions and Tools Data Gathering Certification and Specifications Economic Incentives Planning and Regulation Provision of Infrastructure Green Procurement and Policies Provision of Information and Training Priorities in the Strategy Crushed Concrete Aggregate Wood Plasterboard Salvage Items / Second Hand Materials Metal Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) 33 Glossary of Abbreviations 35 I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE i

4 Executive Summary The Construction and Demolition (C & D) Waste Reduction Project has been developed to assist industry, councils and the community to meet the New Zealand Waste Strategy 1 target: By December 2008 there will have been a reduction of C & D waste to landfills of 50% of December 2005 levels measured by weight. This report sets out a strategy to develop markets for recycled products from C & D waste materials. The purpose of this strategy is to identify key actions and priorities to overcome current barriers and enhance opportunities in the market place. The strategy has been developed in consultation with industry, following an initial assessment of the market earlier in The C & D Waste Reduction Project brief does not include the implementation of the strategy, rather the market participants are responsible for achieving the actions and working towards the strategy goals. The key market development opportunities identified for action are: The use of crushed concrete aggregate as an alternative to natural aggregate for base course and other uses; increased reuse of wood, including wood products, treated timber and untreated timber; developing a market for waste wood as a renewable energy source; the use of crushed gypsum from plasterboard as a soil conditioner and additive to compost; improving the demand and supply of second hand building materials; improving diversion of metal for recycling; and diverting expanded polystyrene for recycling into plastic products. The common tools and actions that are required throughout the market to stimulate both the supply and demand of recycled and second hand products are: Data gathering in order to prioritise actions and monitor progress; certification and specifications; increasing the cost of disposal; planning and regulation to adjust market signals and provide a framework for the building industry to recycle and reuse materials; provision of infrastructure; green procurement policies; and information dissemination and training. 1 2 MfE, LGNZ The New Zealand Waste Strategy. Towards Zero Waste and a Sustainable New Zealand. Sinclair Knight Merz Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project SMF Assessment of Markets for C & D Waste. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE ii

5 Acknowledgments Project Steering Group The following people form the Steering Group for the Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project (SMF 4194), and manage the project on behalf of the project sponsors. Roman Jaques BRANZ Diane Shelander Christchurch City Council Sven Hanne Hamilton City Council Chris Purchas Ministry for the Environment Simon Wilkinson Ministry for the Environment Kevin Crutchley North Shore City Council Melissa Arsenault RONZ Pene Burns Sinclair Knight Merz Industry Participants Thanks to the following people for helping to develop this Market Development Strategy. Ross Herrett Christchurch City Council Peter McDonald Christchurch City Council Tony Moore Christchurch City Council Eric Park Christchurch City Council Zefanja Potgeiter Christchurch City Council Sue Winter Christchurch City Council John Te Amo Concut Glenn Hedges EC Fixers Hamish Frew Frews Contracting Steve Masters Frews Contracting Greg Slaughter Fulton Hogan Robyn Flynn Holcim Cement Brian Cribb Owaka Road Cleanfill and Crusaders Landscaping David Alabaster Transit I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE iii

6 Debbie Firestone Transit Richard English Twelfth Knight Consulting Andrew Boyd Waste Management Patrick Clancy Waste Management Brad Guy Winstones Graham Ross Winstones PAGE iv I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc

7 1. Introduction The Construction and Demolition (C & D) Waste Reduction Project has been developed to assist industry, councils and the community to meet the New Zealand Waste Strategy 1 target: By December 2008 there will have been a reduction of C & D waste to landfills of 50% of December 2005 levels measured by weight. In order to divert waste from landfill and cleanfill 3, alternatives must be available and incentives or disincentives must exist to influence market behaviour. A primary goal of the project is to prepare a Market Development Strategy for products that use or recycle C & D waste, to be implemented by market participants. The purpose of this strategy is to identify key actions and priorities to overcome current barriers and enhance opportunities in the market place. The strategy has been developed in consultation with industry, following an initial assessment of the market earlier in The C & D Waste Reduction Project brief does not include the implementation of the strategy, rather the market participants are responsible for achieving the actions and working towards the strategy goals. The C & D Waste Reduction Project also recognises that organisations involved in the resource recovery industry constantly monitor the market for opportunities and develop markets where profit can be made. This report pulls those opportunities into one strategy, and assists by developing action plans to overcome the current barriers perceived by the industry. It is also noted that the markets are unstable and change quickly in response to plan rules, regulation, currency exchange rates and local economic factors and, while current barriers can be identified, market changes in future will affect the actions and priorities stated in the strategy. This strategy has set diversion goals for the market to achieve for six key waste material types; concrete, wood, plasterboard, salvage items, metal and expanded polystyrene (EPS). Common actions and tools have been identified as important for developing the waste recovery market in general, and are relevant for all of the key waste materials. Participants and their roles in the market place have been identified and listed in the strategy. Market barriers and opportunities are specific for each material, and actions have been adapted accordingly. For each of the six waste material categories in the sections below, a table is presented to detail: Market stages (supply of waste material, transportation, sorting, storage, processing of processed material and demand for processed material); current and future barriers and opportunities for each market stage; actions to improve market activity; responsibility for the action plans; and priority for each action based on potential impact on achieving strategy goals and availability of resources. 3 The C & D Waste Reduction Project has included the goals of reducing waste to cleanfill, as well as landfill, to recognise the lost potential for resource reuse. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 1

8 Background C & D waste is any residual material from a building construction or demolition project and includes, but is not limited to: Wood (particle board, MDF, treated, untreated, hardwood, native); plastic, including EPS; soil; vegetation; concrete and concrete products; rubble; plasterboard; glass; metal; cardboard; and building components, fixtures and fittings. At the start of the C & D Waste Reduction Project an assessment of the C & D waste market was undertaken and reported in Sinclair Knight Merz (2004) 2. This report provided an overview of local market trends with respect to concrete, wood, plasterboard, salvage items, metal, EPS, glass and plastic. The recommendations from the Market Assessment Report were: 1) The Strategy should focus on the key C & D wastes: concrete and rubble, plasterboard, wood (treated and untreated timber and wood products) and salvage items. 2) EPS should also be included as a problem waste, with few options for diversion currently available. Less emphasis will be given to EPS compared to the four main waste categories. Metal should also be included to improve diversion rates from construction sites. 3) Pursue an estimate of the scale of waste flow in order to understand the significance of potential options. 4) Isolate the key potential opportunities for each waste, in each region, and engage in further research to develop strategies to overcome the issues and barriers. 5) Identify the participants and their potential roles in the resource recovery market, including the C & D industry, recycling operators, local government, the community, manufacturers, private industry and non-profit organisations. 6) Focus the strategy on non-regulatory tools and methods for market development, as regulatory methods have been addressed elsewhere in the C & D Waste Reduction Project. 7) Explore the following: Existing research, and research gaps, on the characteristics of recycled and reusable products; understanding and improving the links between waste producers, transporters, storage and end users; identifying solutions to barriers such as information, infrastructure, funding and marketing; the development of specifications, standards etc for recycled and reusable materials, and influence demand by improving the knowledge of products to potential end users. 8) Acknowledge that waste reduction guidelines for the C & D industry and the resource recovery industry are addressed elsewhere in the C & D Waste Reduction Project. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 2

9 2. Market Development Strategy Goals The overall aim of the strategy is to: "Assist councils, industry and the community to achieve the NZ Waste Strategy goal of 50% reduction of C & D waste to landfill and cleanfill of 2005 levels, by 2008 (as measured by weight)". Within the strategy the goals are to: Improve data gathering and market information; develop training, certification, specifications and other resources to develop a waste minimisation culture in the building industry; create demand through 'green' procurement and 'green' policies, with particular regard to significant infrastructure and building clients such as councils and roading contractors; develop detailed strategies for the four key C & D waste streams: concrete, wood, plasterboard and second hand materials. Provide discussion on improving the metal and EPS markets; reduce concrete to landfill and cleanfill by stimulating a market for crushed concrete aggregate; reduce wood to landfill and cleanfill by stimulating a market for wood reuse, recycling and waste wood as a renewable energy source; reduce plasterboard to landfill and cleanfill by developing markets for agricultural and landscape applications; and improve demand and supply in the second hand building materials markets by improving market information, training and improving salvage rates. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 3

10 3. Key Market Participants The roles and responsibilities of key participants in the market place are listed alphabetically in Table 1. In the Strategies in the following sections, organisations have been given specific responsibilities to develop the recycling and reuse markets, based on their roles identified below. Table 1 Market participants and their roles and responsibilities to implement the Christchurch Market Development Strategy. Participant Role / Responsibility Aggregate and Promotion of guidelines for crushed concrete. Quarry Association BRANZ Provide supporting research and industry assistance where possible. Maintain the REBRI web site as a conduit to inform industry. Cement and Promotion of guidelines for crushed concrete and the substitution of natural Concrete Association aggregate with natural aggregate. of New Zealand Industry training in the use of crushed concrete. Christchurch City Provide a planning and regulatory framework. Council Provide or support infrastructure for sorting and storage of materials. Support business development through funding, market information, databases and advice. Procure recycled, second hand materials in construction and infrastructure projects by implementing green procurement policies in contracts with service providers. This includes adopting Transit s M4 specification for crushed concrete aggregate and the use of a percentage of crushed concrete aggregate in roading. Affect cost structures for disposal through licensing and levies under the Local Government Act Affect sorting and storage facilities and services through the proposed licensing of transfer facilities. Cleanfill operators Affect cost structures for disposal. Provide information to the Council and market regarding waste volumes. Stockpile and / or process waste materials. Concrete crushing operators Demolition contractors Provide infrastructure, investment, services, research and development for C & D waste materials. Provide information to the industry. Supply of quality, contamination-free waste materials. Improve deconstruction skills through training. Develop relationships and use recycling operators rather than hauling waste to landfill and cleanfill. Provide information of materials to the market. Design professionals Procure recycled; second hand materials in construction. Provide information to the market regarding product demands. Manage projects to allow waste separation, time for deconstruction etc. Developers and builders Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority Supply of quality, contamination-free waste materials by following industry guidelines. Provide information of waste materials to the market. Specify recycling services rather than waste removal services. Procure recycled, second hand materials in construction. Renewable energy policy advocacy and development, including assistance to businesses identifying opportunities that meet the renewable energy policy objectives. Energy Users Demand for waste wood for fuel. Environment Canterbury Provide regulatory framework that supports recycled gypsum as a soil conditioner and waste wood as boiler fuel. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 4

11 Participant Role / Responsibility Environmental Provide a framework for developing product specifications such as recycled Choice NZ particle board or plasterboard. Forest Research Research into wood recycling, reuse and boiler fuel applications. Holcim Cement, Westport Industry organisations (IPENZ, ACENZ, NZIA, Contractors Federation) MasterSpec and other standard specification publishers Ministry for the Environment New Zealand Concrete Society Particle board manufacturers Plastics New Zealand and the EPS industry Recovered Materials Foundation Recycling Operators of New Zealand Scrap Metal Recycling Organisation Second hand building material retailers Standards New Zealand Tertiary Institutions and Research Organisations Investigate potential for waste wood incineration, including treated timber, in the high temperature incinerator. Investigate potential for recycled gypsum substitute for raw gypsum, including the provision of a specification. Promote recycling; second hand and recycled materials in design. Provide a framework for developing specifications and contract conditions between building clients, professions and contractors. Funding / resources. Potential product stewardship agreements with industry. Policy development and research. Legislation. Green procurement (Govt 3). Research, development, advocacy of recycled concrete. Trial and adoption of recycled content particle board. Develop and adopt specification for C & D waste wood suitable for particle board manufacture. Identify recycling and reuse opportunities for particle board as an example of product stewardship. Develop and adopt specifications for wood boiler fuel, and consider C & D waste wood as a fuel source. Provide further information, technology etc for polystyrene recycling. Provide business development support. Provide or support infrastructure. RMF Waste Exchange. Provide research and market information. Industry training. Information to members and the market. Data gathering. Supply of quality, contamination-free materials. Provide information of supply and demand to the market. Provide a framework for developing standards. Research agricultural applications and composting of crushed wallboard. Research into treated timber options. Research into waste wood reuse and recycling. Research for deconstruction and waste reduction. Transit New Zealand Implementation of Transits Waste and Energy Management policy through: 1) Publishing specifications that allow the use of recycled materials; 2) considering resource efficiency on procurement, such as selection criteria s, supplier attributes and contract clauses, and 3) setting reuse and recycling targets within contracts and highway corridors. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 5

12 Participant Waste contractors (Waste Management, EnviroWaste etc) Role / Responsibility Provide infrastructure. Provide recycling services. Affect cost structures. Provide facility that enable and aid collection of uncontaminated material streams. Waste MINZ Networking and information sharing between market participants. Waste processors, recycling operators, crushers, sorting and storage facilities, including cleanfills and quarries. Winstones and others in the plasterboard industry. Wood processing industry Providing recycling services. Business development, marketing, research. Providing information to the market. Provide information to the market on waste volumes, characteristics of board product etc. Support plasterboard recycling opportunities. Providing information to the market on waste volumes, treatment products, toxicity issues with treated timber, etc to assist with recycling opportunities. Support wood recycling and reuse opportunities. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 6

13 4. Market-wide Actions and Tools Market strategies for six key waste materials are discussed in the sections below, and specific actions and tools have been recommended to stimulate market activity. This section details seven key actions and tools required to develop the C & D waste recycling and reuse industry as a whole, which are not material-specific: 1) Data gathering. 2) Certification and specifications. 3) Economic incentives to reduce disposal. 4) Planning and regulation. 5) Provision of infrastructure. 6) Green procurement and policies. 7) Provision of information and training. The implementation of any or all of these actions will require investment, resources and coordination between market participants. Recently the Cleanfill Licensing Bylaw passed by Christchurch City Council 4 affected the economics of disposal by imposing levies and the market has responded with new recycling and reuse initiatives. It is recommended that improved market information through data gathering, training, procurement policies and product certification should now be the priority for market development, while the impact of the cleanfill levy is monitored further. 4.1 Data Gathering Objective: Understand waste flows, prioritise actions to improve diversion of waste from landfill and cleanfill and measure progress. Discussion: Detailed information on the volumes and types of waste materials going to landfill, cleanfill and recovered for recycling and reuse is imperative to decision making and investment in the market and to implement sound local council policies and regulations. There is no organisation with overall responsibility for collecting this data, although the NZ Waste Strategy Target 1 gives local authorities this role. Christchurch City Council can contribute by monitoring waste received at the Burwood Landfill, transfer stations and cleanfills, however this does not capture the volumes of waste diverted for recycling or reuse. The Recovered Materials Foundation (RMF) can contribute data from the waste exchange, but this is only a very small percentage of the waste stream. To get an accurate overall picture of waste flows information is required from the construction, demolition, waste and recycling industries. There is an issue with how to collect and record C & D waste records. C & D waste has always been defined as a type of waste (ie concrete and rubble, timber) in MfE s Solid Waste Analysis Protocol 5, rather than a source of waste. This has lead to any concrete, rubble or timber etc. measured in the landfill waste stream being labelled C & D waste, with no analysis on whether it was from infrastructure, buildings, or manufacturing. It has also lead to a lot of waste from C & D 4 5 Christchurch City Council Christchurch City Cleanfill Licensing Bylaw Ministry for the Environment The Solid Waste Analysis Protocol. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 7

14 projects not being analysed as C & D waste, such as metal and hazardous waste. This should be overcome in any monitoring programme. Data gathering / sharing is also required to predict demand for recycled products, in order for recycling operators to respond with adequate supply. Actions: Christchurch City Council and the waste removal companies need to take responsibility for an accurate data collection of C & D waste movements. This may be assisted in future by a licensed waste sorting facilities. Recycling operators diverting and processing significant quantities of C & D waste should also provide records to the council. Christchurch City Council developers and Transit to share information regarding infrastructure and building projects in industry publications and / or the RMF waste exchange. 4.2 Certification and Specifications Objectives: Create demand for recycled and second hand materials through provision of engineering standards and specifications that satisfy clients and designers concerns of quality. Discussion: Designers and clients state that the barrier to greater use of recycled and second hand materials is the lack of confidence in quality, particularly in terms of strength, contamination, durability, and the ability for the substitute product to behave like virgin materials. To overcome this concern, emphasis should be placed on certifying or providing specifications for recycled or second hand materials. Actions: Organisations such as BRANZ, Standards New Zealand, MasterSpec specification guide, Transit and industry organisations can provide research, product appraisals, certification and specifications. As an example, Transit have prepared draft revisions of their M/4 specification for basecourse aggregate and M/10 specification for asphaltic concrete to allow for the use of recycled materials. Transit is also interested in specifying the use of other materials and techniques where trials or tests indicate they meet necessary performance criteria. 4.3 Economic Incentives Objective: Stimulate the market by increasing the cost of disposal relative to alternative uses. Discussion: The market provides price signals that stimulate activity, either in the direction of disposal, or in the direction of diversion. Where the market does not signal in the right direction, market intervention through regulation is required. In general, disposal costs in New Zealand are relatively cheap compared to alternatives, so regulation is required to change price signals and stimulate the market investing in diversion mechanisms. In March 2004 Christchurch City Council increased disposal costs through the Cleanfill Licensing Bylaw. A levy is now charged on C & D waste disposal, designed to reflect the un-captured value of waste. Businesses are now beginning to investigate recycling processes that were not cost effective before the levy was introduced 6. Further price rises with Kate Valley landfill opening may stimulate the market signals further towards diversion. Actions: Christchurch City Council to monitor the market responsiveness to alternatives to landfilling and cleanfilling, and further intervene with planning and regulation to affect price signals. 6 Richard English, Twelfth Knight Consulting. Pers. com. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 8

15 4.4 Planning and Regulation Objective: Providing regulatory and planning framework that stimulates the market to develop competitive alternatives to disposal. Discussion: Plan rules and bylaws can influence the market by altering the price signals for disposal (as discussed above) or by regulating behaviour. The licensing of cleanfills through the LGA 2002 bylaw process influences behaviour such as requiring data gathering or prescribing the types of waste that can be accepted at landfills and cleanfills. RMA 1991 district plan rules can influence the demolition of buildings, the provision of recycling infrastructure and the environmental effects of construction. The waste management plan provisions of the LGA 1974 and 2002 allow councils to prioritise waste management based on the waste hierarchy 7, and state how councils will influence waste minimisation. As an example Christchurch City Council has stated in their draft Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Plan Part 2 8 that they will consider the development of City Plan rules (under the RMA 1991) to address construction and demolition waste sorting at source. However in Sinclair Knight Merz (2004a) 9 it was determined that the RMA 1991 could not allow for such a provision. Actions: Christchurch City Council should consider City Plan policies and rules that reflect and support a culture of recycling and reuse in the building industry by allowing the provision of sorting, storage, retail and processing operations at cost effective locations close to building activity. Planning and regulation should include the prevention of fly tipping. 4.5 Provision of Infrastructure Objective: The provision of infrastructure to support C & D waste recycling and reuse. Discussion: Recycling and reuse requires transportation, sorting, storage and processing facilities, plant and equipment. Transportation is provided for by the private sector in Christchurch. The private sector has also provided sorting and storage facilities at times, in response to market signals. The council funds transportation, sorting and storage for household waste at transfer stations and through kerbside collections but not commercially sourced waste. Infrastructure for C & D sorting and processing operations need to be placed to minimise transport costs in order to remain competitive. The nuisance affects with infrastructure need to be addressed. The recycling industry in Christchurch has not advocated a centralised facility, and would rather see a more supportive planning process for their own private operations. Actions: Both the private sector and council should assess infrastructure requirements, and appropriate investment is needed to improve diversion rates to achieve the strategy targets. Presently the council is reviewing the operations of the council owned transfer stations in anticipation of Kate Valley landfill opening, and this is an opportunity to address infrastructure requirements for key C & D waste materials. The potential for sorting facilities to be licensed under the LGA 2002 is before Council presently. Any analysis of infrastructure requirements should consider the market implications of capacity and location Reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, residual disposal. Christchurch City Council Draft Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Plan Part 2 Action Plan. Sinclair Knight Merz. 2004a. Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction Project SMF Inventory of Regulatory Tools. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 9

16 4.6 Green Procurement and Policies Objective: Using large consumers of construction materials to stimulate the market. Discussion: Roading and infrastructure clients, landscaping suppliers and building contractors can be targeted to develop policies to specify deconstruction, waste sorting and recycled products. Standard policies, specifications and contract templates can be prepared for distribution to relevant stakeholders. Large consumers can influence the market to provide products that previously could not compete with against the cost of disposal or cost of products made from virgin materials. Two examples include the Christchurch City Council corporate environmental policy statement and the Govt 3 procurement programme. The Council policy statement states: The Council will implement, where appropriate, practical and cost effective a Buy Recycled policy as part of an overall purchasing strategy that includes the choice of environmentally sound manufacturers and that utilises to the maximum extent practicable, New Zealand manufactured, reusable products, products made with recycled materials, products designed to be recycled and products with minimal or returnable packaging. 10 Christchurch City Council also have a sustainable supply chain policy where potential suppliers are required to provide evidence of environmental performance. Transit, Department of Conservation and New Zealand Defence Force, along with several government ministries, are part of the Govt 3 green procurement programme 11. Infrastructure and building projects funded by these agencies can create demand for large volumes of waste otherwise destined for landfill. Actions: Transit and Christchurch City Council could stimulate the market for crushed concrete where green procurement policies (ie. Which insist on resource reuse and efficiency) are engaged at the contractual level with service providers. Christchurch City Council to continue to implement the sustainable supply chain policy for building and infrastructure projects. 4.7 Provision of Information and Training Objective: Increase knowledge in the market about the supply and demand of materials. Discussion: Research has indicated that the lack of demand for second hand materials and recycled products is related to a lack of information about product types and their capabilities. Lack of supply is also related to a lack of information about waste sorting, salvage techniques and market value or demand. Christchurch City Council has improved information in the market place regarding waste recycling from construction sites following case study programmes from A directory of recycling and reuse service providers is available on the council web site and in hard copy, and a specific C & D waste minimisation directory is provided directly to construction companies through mail outs and enclosed with building permits. The Recovered Materials Foundation provides a waste exchange, which includes C & D materials I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 10

17 Actions: To increase the demand and supply of second hand materials and stimulate the demand for recycled products, the existing resources should be further developed and marketed. Guidelines, developed as part of the C & D Waste Reduction Project, will assist the flow of information to the industry. In addition, direct communication with professions and trades in the C & D industry in the form of training programmes should be developed for practices such as deconstruction, waste sorting and handling, green procurement, specifying and building with second hand and recycled products. 5. Priorities in the Strategy The actions in the strategies below are prioritised according to the following scale: Relevant importance to improving market activity Essential, or required immediately. Expect a noticeable impact to current market situation. Have future importance (following priority 1 actions) or have minor impact short term. Not critical immediately (or relies on priority 1 or 2 actions). May be required in the long term. Scale Availability of Resources Occurring now or resources easily available. Resources require mobilisation and / or funding. Resources not available and / or difficult or costly to source. A B C I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 11

18 6. Crushed Concrete Aggregate Goal: To reduce concrete to landfill and cleanfill by stimulating a market for crushed concrete aggregate. Construction concrete is the concrete from paving and building structures that is removed during demolition. Barriers and opportunities for concrete recycling form the basis of the strategy as listed in Table 2. Crushing concrete for aggregate is a simple recycling solution. Crushing plant and equipment are not specialised and are available locally. The properties of the product are similar to natural aggregate for many uses and there is potential to create demand for recycled base course material. Recently there has been interest in recycling concrete in Christchurch because of the changing cost structures with disposing concrete to landfill and cleanfill 12. Fulton Hogan, Southern Demolition, and Crusaders Landscaping are crushing concrete for base course uses either in roading projects or on construction sites. Christchurch City Council is going to trial crushed concrete aggregate in a roading project in the near future. The primary issue to overcome is the demand for crushed concrete, which is low currently because of the cost of alternatives and the preference of the industry to specify natural aggregate. The supply of waste concrete is not considered a barrier (although quality and consistency of supply is an issue), and the infrastructure to process and store the product either exists or is easily accessible. Recommended Priority Actions 1) To develop the demand for crushed concrete aggregate by: Publicising the AQA guidelines for crushed concrete aggregate and Transit s draft changes to M/4 specification for crushed concrete aggregate for base course, including industry training sessions and direct marketing; and promoting and adopting resource efficiency requirements in procurement policies by Transit, Christchurch City Council and other roading, paving and infrastructure clients. 2) To increase the quality of concrete available for crushing by developing and promoting separate-at-source guidelines. 12 Due mostly to the Christchurch City Council Cleanfill Licensing Bylaw. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 12

19 Table 2 Market Development Strategy Concrete Stage in Market Current Barriers and Opportunities Actions Responsible Agency Priority Supply of waste concrete. Waste concrete is available and is separated from general waste at construction and demolition sites for disposal. Often it is contaminated with soil, wood and plastic, which increases the cost of sorting and processing. Availability fluctuates depending on demolition and infrastructure projects. An estimate of 50,000 T 100,000 T a year of crushed concrete is available, but no one has monitored supply. This fluctuates depending on demolition projects. All of the concrete available for crushing would not satisfy the demand for aggregate in Christchurch (which is approximately 2,500,000 T/year). Demolition contractors to continue to separate concrete on site, and improve separation of soil, wood and other contaminants from concrete. Separation / sorting guidelines for demolition and construction contractors. Data to be collected and shared on supply of waste concrete, including predictions on future sources of concrete. Information on likely sources of concrete can be estimated from building consent applications for demolition. Demolition contractors C & D Waste Reduction Project Christchurch City Council (building consents, cleanfill monitoring, landfill monitoring) Cleanfill operators and concrete crushing operators CCA Contractors Association Transportation and storage. Most waste concrete is disposed to cleanfill, with some going to landfill. The cost of transportation to Kate Valley Landfill should reduce concrete in the landfill stream. Monitor cleanfill and landfill demand, and review charges / levies as required. Christchurch City Council as regulator and Burwood Landfill operator Canterbury Waste Services Kate Valley landfill operator 2a Separate and stockpile concrete at cleanfill for crushing, rather than disposal. Cleanfill operators Waste contractors and demolition contractors have infrastructure and capacity to transport concrete to recycling operations or stockpiles. Promote and utilise existing infrastructure, including the promotion of separate-at-source services. Use the Christchurch City Council Waste Minimisation Directory and industry publications to advertise services. Waste contractors Demolition contractors Some cleanfills and quarries have capacity to stockpile concrete prior to processing. Promote stockpiling where economies of scale are achieved. Concrete crushing operators 2a City transfer stations have small storage facilities. This may change with the proposed centralised transfer station or with the facility licensing bylaw. Centralised storage areas to be developed if necessary, following transfer facility licensing bylaw process, to improve economies of scale. Christchurch City Council, RMF, Canterbury Waste Services 2b I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 13

20 Stage in Market Processing into aggregate. Demand for crushed concrete aggregate. Current Barriers and Opportunities Actions Responsible Agency Priority On-site crushing does not require transportation, but stockpiling is required. Crusaders Landscaping are crushing concrete at Owaka Road facility. Southern Demolition are crushing concrete at source with mobile plant. Fulton Hogan are crushing concrete (and recycling asphalt). Quarries have the equipment required to crush and would enter the market if the economics were right. Economies of scale are important for crushing concrete, as the plant is expensive. Quarries can absorb this by processing natural aggregate and concrete to keep machinery productive. Resource consent issues are preventing quarries from operating processing facilities, even though the noise and dust effects are similar in nature and scale to processing natural aggregate. Similar issues arise for on-site crushing. Low demand due to competition with natural aggregate. Improve city and regional plan rules to permit stockpiling of concrete, and crushed concrete, where no runoff issues will occur. Business development and investment in plant and facilities. Sharing of market information. Promote services in the yellow pages and the Christchurch City Council Waste Minimisation Directory and through direct marketing. Address City Plan Rules for processing operations and on-site crushing and stockpiling at quarry and business zones. Address City and Regional Plan Rules for aggregate extraction and quarrying to reduce supply. Promote crushed concrete properties as similar / better than natural aggregate through field days, demonstrations and case studies. Field trials to be undertaken and documented. Christchurch City Council Environment Canterbury Concrete crushing operators Christchurch City Council, RMF, Canterbury Waste Services Quarry and cleanfill operators Christchurch City Council Environment Canterbury Christchurch City Council AQA CCA Contractors Association Concrete crushing operators Roading clients 3b 1c PAGE 14 I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc

21 Stage in Market Demand crushed concrete aggregate. for Current Barriers and Opportunities Actions Responsible Agency Priority Transit have included crushed concrete aggregate in a new draft of the base course specification M/4. AQA have developed guidelines for crushed concrete aggregate, but these are not widely known. Lack of awareness of crushed concrete attributes, costs and availability in construction, infrastructure and landscaping industries. There is a general reluctance to use the product including scepticism at the quality and consistency of the product. Limited information on future projects that could use crushed concrete as aggregate. Promote and use M/4 specifications in roading projects. Field trials to be undertaken and documented. Promote and use AQA guidelines for crushed concrete aggregate through demonstrations / field days and case studies. Develop market in smaller operators such as carpark and driveway contractors. Develop field trials and document results. Increase market knowledge by promoting specifications and guidelines, including demonstrations / field days and case studies. Promote crushed concrete in the Zero Waste buy back guide, and other industry publications. Green procurement policies employed at the contractual level to specify crushed concrete aggregate. Develop guidelines and templates to assist project managers to specify requirements in tenders and contracts. Information sharing between roading clients, developers and recycling operators to plan supply to meet demand. Christchurch City Council Transit and roading network consultants AQA CCA Contractors Association Concrete crushing operators Christchurch City Council AQA CCA Contractors Association Concrete crushing operators Christchurch City Council Transit ACENZ / IPENZ / NZIA Concrete crushing facilities Transit Christchurch City Council Developers and Builders C & D Waste Reduction Project Transit Christchurch City Council Developers and builders I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 15

22 7. Wood Goal: To reduce wood disposal at landfill and stockpiling at cleanfills by improving collection and sorting and stimulating demand for wood reuse, recycling and boiler fuel. Waste wood includes native and plantation timber, treated and untreated timber, and wood based products such as particle board, MDF (hardboard, softboard) and joinery. Waste is created during construction, through off cuts, form work and mistakes, and during demolition, from building framing, joinery, cladding and fixtures. At any construction or demolition site wood is a large component of the waste stream in Canterbury (< 35% 13 ). Most timber is disposed to landfill in Christchurch presently or is stockpiled at cleanfills following the implementation of the Cleanfill Licensing Bylaw (which does not allow timber in cleanfills). It is unknown how much timber is being fly tipped, or being disposed at cleanfills beyond Christchurch City Council boundaries. The volume of waste wood available annually from C & D projects is unknown, nor the percentages of treated compared to untreated timber. The current markets for wood in Christchurch, identified through industry discussions, are: Reuse of quality native timber for furniture, construction and renovation through second hand retailers, trade magazines and trading sites on the internet; reuse of untreated and treated lengths of wood and particle board, primarily through second hand retailers but also through trade magazines and trading sites on the internet; untreated wood and particle board boiler fuel at Carter Holt Harvey Ashley has recently ceased due to quality issues. Other boiler fuel opportunities are being investigated by Crusaders Landscaping and other cleanfill operators, and untreated and uncontaminated firewood is in high demand, particularly through the winter. Wood is usually removed for free from demolition and construction sites, at the risk of the user. Based on other uses for wood in New Zealand and overseas, potential markets include: Uncontaminated (ie no treated timber, nails, paint etc) wood to be chipped and recycled into particle board; treated and untreated wood to be processed into wood composite and wood plastic composite products; treated and untreated wood to be processed into wood pellets for burning in pellet fires (currently marketed to the domestic market); export of lengths and panels to Asian and Pacific Island countries for reuse in construction and furniture; and uncontaminated (ie. no treated timber, paint etc) pine off cuts to be chipped or mulched into landscaping or animal bedding material construction waste case studies. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.docPAGE 16

23 Wood is a heterogeneous waste stream. Treated, untreated, particle board, MDF, hardboard and softboard, native and hardwood timbers are all part of the waste wood stream and can all result from a single construction or demolition site, but all have different market values: Native and hardwood timbers are valuable for reuse in original (or near to original) form; most treated timber cannot be burnt in industrial furnaces because of air contamination and ash contamination issues from the metals, organochlorines and other contaminants; particle board and MDF cannot be burnt in most low temperature industrial furnaces because of air contamination issues from the formaldehyde and other chemical additives. The use as energy depends on the furnace temperature, treatment systems and resource consent conditions. Particle board and MDF can be burnt in consented high temperature furnaces; contamination such as nails, melamine, concrete, plastic and paint are difficult to sort from wood, but are unwanted in most recycling or reuse options. It is recommended that markets for reuse be developed as a priority for both treated and untreated wood, as the highest option in the waste hierarchy. This includes better salvage and sorting of timber and board lengths, and improving demand for reuse either for use in construction and renovation or for craft work and furniture. Reuse and recycling treated timber into wood composites and wood / plastic composites are identified as the only potential options currently. The strategy to develop untreated waste wood for boiler fuel is also recommended because there is potential for a larger market with less concern over quality. Developing a boiler fuel demand is likely to have the greatest impact on diversion rates from landfill disposal and cleanfill stockpiles. Recommended priority actions: 1) Improve wood supply by: Promoting separation at source, training and information sharing to improve the quality of waste wood, identification of treated timber, sorting for end use purposes etc. 2) Improve demand for wood reuse and recycling by: Providing guidelines and information to the market regarding use of second hand and recycled materials; and developing feedstock specifications for wood product manufacturing and boilers in order for waste wood recycling operators to meet quality, volumes etc. I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 17

24 Table 3 Market Development Strategy Wood Stage in Market Current Barriers and Opportunities Actions Responsible Organisation Priority Supply of waste wood. Wood is available from both demolition and construction projects but is not separated from other materials in the waste skip. Supply of waste wood is not perceived as a barrier to the market ie there is oversupply currently. Some wood is reused on site and some wood is used for firewood by workers. C & D waste wood is a mixed waste stream, consisting of treated timber, untreated timber, native, hardwood, and particle board. Treated wood contaminates the waste wood stream for most recycling and reuse opportunities. Anecdotally it is suggested that treated timber is approximately 1% of supply currently. Untreated and treated wood is often contaminated by nails, glues, paint, melamine and plasterboard, which affect the value of the timber for reuse. Treated timber identification is difficult and a barrier (particularly from demolition), although identification of treated timber in accordance with NZS 3640:2003 Chemical preservation of round and sawn timber assists with identifying treated timber from construction sites. Waste contractors and demolition contractors have infrastructure and capacity to transport waste wood, either separately or mixed with other waste. Construction and demolition contractors to separate wood at source, including treated timber separate from untreated timber. Training and education to separate at source, including the importance of keeping treated timber separate from other waste wood. Recognition of identification of treated timber in accordance with NZS 3640:2003. Industry guidelines for separating waste wood at source. Data to be collected on the volumes and types of waste wood from building projects including estimates of future supply. Developers and builders Demolition contractors Christchurch City Council and industry associations to educate. BCITO C & D Waste Reduction Project Forest research Local authorities Recycling operators Wood processing industry Developers and builders 2b Transportation, sorting and storage. Promote and utilise existing infrastructure. Provide and promote the use of separate waste services for wood that assist source separation. Market services through the Christchurch City Council Waste Minimisation Directory and industry publications. Promote and utilise existing infrastructure. Waste contractors Recycling operators 2a Reusable timber lengths and boards are often recovered for storage and retail at second hand retailers or delivered directly to furniture makers etc. Second hand retailers. 2a I:\Aenv\Projects\Ae02165\0100 Market assessment and development\0140 Market strategy\market Development Strategy Christchurch.doc PAGE 18