ERCP 2002 Cork, Ireland

Transcription

1 Inventory of Air Emissions, Liquid and Solid Waste from the Greek Industries Nikolaos Gargoulas, Dr. Alexandros Makarigakis, Andreas Loukatos and Anastasia Sitara EPEM, Environmental Consultants Ltd 1 Introduction A two-year project titled Inventory of air emissions, wastewater and solid waste from the industry and emissions from central heating was elaborated from April 1999 until October 2001, by the Consortium of Greek companies LDK Ltd, EPEM Ltd, ENVECO SA, SYVILLA Ltd and EXERGIA SA, on behalf of the Greek Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. The project was co-financed by the Operational Program Environment of the 2 nd Community Support Framework. Τhe main objective of the project was to develop an inventory regarding emissions from stationary pollution sources and to satisfy the following needs of the Greek Ministry for the Environment, the competent authorities and other interested parties (NGOs, public etc): the need for valid data, in order to facilitate the authorities decision-making process, reporting needs (towards the European Commission etc) due to the arising obligations from the E.U. Directives (96/61, 97/11 etc), the approval and monitoring of the environmental terms, which is part of the licensing process of the industrial installations in Greece, the formulation of a tool that will enhance public awareness on environmental pollution and inform the public on emissions from individual sources. The project consisted of the environmental data collection from 1000 industrial facilities, covering a wide range of industrial activities. A Database and a Geographical Information System were developed. Sampling and laboratory analyses were performed in 160, regarding the quality of their emissions and waste. An extensive waste factors list, adapted in certain cases to the particularities of the Greek industrial sectors, was formulated. Furthermore, the use of special software allowed the detailed evaluation of the pollutants load for specific key-sectors that contribute significantly to the total national pollutant load. The paper herein presents some of the project s results. 2 Background Under the existing Greek legislation, all categories of industrial facilities require authorization. Pollutant emission levels are established by legislation, either at national or at local level. Law 1650/86 and Ministerial Decision 69269/5387/90 have established a procedure, which implicates the Environmental Impact Statements with the permitting procedure. Recently, the Greek Ministry for the Environment formulated Law 3010/2002 that adopts certain provisions of the IPPC Directive (96/61) and the EIA Directive (97/11). The Ministerial Decision 67747/97 initiated the implementation of the IPPC Directive in Greece, via the elaboration of seven studies. The studies theme was the Investigation of technologies for the prevention and reduction of the pollution and suggestions for the implementation of Best Available Techniques and covered all the industrial sectors that are described in Annex I of the IPPC Directive (Greek Ministry for the Environment ). These studies presented relevant information on the particularities of the Greek industry and described the existing technologies and the Best Available Techniques for each industrial sector. According to their preliminary results, approximately 660 industrial facilities in Greece fall into the IPPC Directive (Gargoulas et al. 2000), as shown in table 1. According to Article 15 of the IPPC Directive the main purpose of a European emission inventory will be to collect and store comparable emission data of individual polluting 1 of 9

2 industrial sources and activities into an integrated database or register and to provide public accessibility to the registered data. Only emissions to air and water will be considered. The reporting obligations for the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) have been outlined in the Commission s Decision of July 17 th, 2000 (2000/479/EC). The inventory of the major pollutants to air and water and their corresponding pollution sources will be published every three years by the EC, based on data provided by the EU Member-States. The EPER will be used as a public register to provide environmental information on industrial activities described in the IPPC Directive and it will cover the needs of different users, such as the industry, the competent authorities and the public (European Commission 2000). In order to comply with the provisions of the Decision 2000/479/EC and the principles of the IPPC Directive, the Greek Ministry for the Environment proceeded with the elaboration of several projects. One of these projects, titled Inventory of Air Emissions, Liquid and Solid Waste from the Industry and Emissions from Central Heating, is presented hereafter. 3 Inventory of industrial facilities The project was initiated on April 1999 and consisted of the following 7 subtasks (Greek Ministry for the Environment 2001): Subtask 1: Raising public awareness Subtask 2: Inventory elaboration Subtask 3: Database Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Subtask 4: Waste factors Estimation tools Processing and evaluation of the results Subtask 5: Quality assurance and quality control Subtask 6: Training Subtask 7: Project coordination Design of the continuation of the inventory effort 3.1 Data collection Under the framework of subtask 2, data concerning the operation and the environmental performance of 1000 industrial facilities were collected and classified. The data consisted of the most updated information on Greek industrial facilities (activity, geographic location, production capacity, emissions etc.) and were made available to the Greek Ministry for the Environment, in the form of questionnaires (hard copies) and of editable files (database). Industrial Sector Total IPPC facilities in Greece Registered IPPC facilities Energy industries Production and processing of metals Mineral industries Chemical industries Paper/board industries, tanneries and textile industries Waste management facilities 80 2 Food sector industries ~ TOTAL ~ Table 1: Total and registered IPPC facilities Overall, 1000 industrial facilities from 48 industrial sectors were registered, with the majority in the regions of Attica and Central Macedonia (~50% of the total), as well as in the Sterea 1 there are contradicting data for the facilities of this sector 2 of 9

3 Ellada region, in the industrial areas of Inofita and Shimatari (~16% of the total). The inventory included ~80% of the bigger and most profitable Greek industries 2. Furthermore, 230 industrial facilities that fall into the IPPC Directive were registered, as shown in table 1. The developed questionnaires were specialized for each industrial sector and could serve as a tool in future inventory efforts. Trained inventory teams conducted the samplings and on-site measurements in 162 industrial facilities, while subsequent analysis was carried out by qualified personnel, based on the standard methods of analysis and following good laboratory practices, in order to ensure the quality of the results. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY (STAKOD code 3 ) AIR EMISSIONS WASTEWATER SOLID WASTE # of pollutants 4 # of pollutants # of pollutants Rearing of pigs (014) 2 ph, BOD 5, SS, Total Ν, Total P Slaughterhouses / Treatment and processing of meat (151) 24 ph, BOD 5, SS, O/G (oil and grease), TΝ, TP Fisheries (152) 4 ph, BOD 5, SS, O/G, TΝ, TP Processing of vegetables and fruits (153) 19 ph, BOD 5, SS, O/G, TΝ, TP Production of oil from vegetables, etc (154) 5 TSPs, VOCs Dairy products (155) 15 ph, BOD 5, SS, TΝ, TP Wineries / Breweries / 14 ph, BOD 5, SS Distilleries / Refreshments (159) Pre-treatment and dyeing of fibers or textiles ( ) 23 ph, BOD 5, COD, SS, O/G, phenols, Cr Tanning of hides and skins (183) 13 ph, BOD 5, SS, Cr, SO 3, O/G, TN, phenols Production of pulp and paper (211) Regeneration (reuse) of mineral / motor oil and lubricants (232) Production of soaps and detergents (245) Ceramic products ( ) 5 TSPs, F, combustion emissions Production of lime and asbestos (265, 266, 268) Production and processing of metals ( , 282, 296, 314, 342) 4 TSPs, asbestos fibers (by case) 4 ph, BOD 5, SS 1 ph, BOD, SS, O/G 8 ph, Cr, TOC 4 ph, Cr, TOC 1 ph, Pb, O/G, phenols 7 TSPs 5 ph, metals (by case) 2 economic data of 1999: Industrial News and Research / Economikos Taxydromos (July 2000) 3 STAKOD (Statistical Classification of the Economical Activities Sectors - published by the Greek National Agency of Statistics) 4 the EPER pollutants are marked with bold 3 of 9

4 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY AIR EMISSIONS WASTEWATER SOLID WASTE (STAKOD code 3 ) # of pollutants 4 # of pollutants # of pollutants Surface treatment of metals 11 ph, SS, SO 4, 7 ph, CN, metals (285) NO 3, CN, metals (by case) (by case) Oil and gas storage and distribution (631) 3 VOCs 2 ph, O/G, phenols, Pb TOTAL Table 2: Total and registered IPPC facilities The main problem encountered during the inventory effort was the low interest of the Greek companies and often, the unprofessional way in which they encountered data provision. For this reason, a continuous effort was demanded from the inventory teams, in order to reliably measure the environmental performance of the industrial facilities. However, approximately 40% of the companies responded professionally to the inventory project. Other problems originated from: 1. The lack of data in many companies (even in simple issues, such as their production capacity), or unwillingness to determine these data. 2. The lack of trust on behalf of the industry representatives towards any procedure that is directly or indirectly related to data provision. 3. In certain cases, the lack of support by the local authorities. 4. The lack of qualified personnel, mostly in small businesses. 3.2 Data processing Air emissions The main objective of subtask 4, concerning the air emissions, was the establishment of a set of emission factors adjusted to the Greek particularities, covering all the industrial sectors and activities, based on a systematic inventory procedure. Towards this direction, a detailed literature review was initially conducted, aiming at retrieving bibliographic air emission factors for a number of industrial activities that exist in Greece. In cases of processes, technologies etc., where emission factors were given by more than one bibliographic reference, a comparative evaluation was carried out, in order to select those that were scientifically reliable and at the same time resembled the most the Greek industrial particularities. The facilities' environmental impact assessment studies, the IPPC studies and the completed questionnaires of the inventory procedure were also utilized, providing valuable information on the facilities' operation. Furthermore, air emissions measurements that were made available by the registered facilities, or measurements that were carried during the project were processed, in order to estimate the emitted pollutant load. The factors derived by the use of measurements and computational simulations, were compared to the bibliographic ones. In cases where significant deviations were found and could be adequately interpreted by the particularities of the Greek installations or by the use of raw materials / fuels, a readjustment of the bibliographic factor was suggested that better simulated the Greek conditions. However, in the industrial sectors that the number of measurements was limited, or the measurements were carried out in a limited number of facilities, the significant deviations did not result in a change of the suggested bibliographic factors. Based on the collected data, the environmental performance of the sectors or activities was found satisfactory, according to the specific existing emission limit values imposed by Greek legislation. Air emission results in the 13 Greek Regions, as derived from the data of the 1000 registered units and according to database calculations (using emission factors), are presented in table 3. 4 of 9

5 Region (number of registered industries) EASTERN MACEDONIA THRACE (53) Asbestos CH 4 CO CO 2 F NMVOC 18, , ,105, ,435 41,026 CENT. MACEDONIA (245) 88,000 37,714 5,616,440 1,619,041, , ,100 WEST MACEDONIA (10) 169,149 14,356,667 34,290,164,469 1,002,656 EPIRUS (24) 1,331 88,051 29,535,899 4,075 ATTICA (231) 133,470 9,878,562 5,724,935,428 95, ,729 THESSALIA (77) 21,309 8,371,599 3,199,814,252 63,900 51,609 IONIAN (1) 26,000 WESTERN GREECE (51) 1,705 4,879 2,521,055 1,180,591,323 29,239 16,719 STEREA ELLADA (167) 67,358 7,851,507 5,742,066, , ,822 PELOPONNESE (68) 49,209 4,646,017 6,243,374, , ,336 NORTHERN AEGEAN (9) 10,533 1,335, ,024,346 7, ,072 SOUTHERN AEGEAN (20) 33,462 3,995,713 1,010,962, ,222 CRETE (50) 31,626 2,330,230 1,562,046,223 18, ,895 TOTAL 89, ,271 61,890,602 61,394,664,092 1,610,798 3,431,262 Region (number of registered industries) EASTERN MACEDONIA THRACE (53) Pb NOx SO 2 SOx TSP VOC 838 1,246,263 4,900,963 10,857, ,387 CENT. MACEDONIA (245) 81 4,467,573 14,822, ,304,011 4,108,006 WEST MACEDONIA (10) 30,444, ,408, ,387,375 EPIRUS (24) 52, , , ,185 ATTICA (231) 1,544 16,683,809 49,225, ,253,176 9,624,000 THESSALIA (77) 32 8,616,950 4,107, ,083, ,240 IONIAN (1) ,800 29,875 WESTERN GREECE (51) 7,100 2,709,410 2,158,781 4,935, ,090 STEREA ELLADA (167) 3,337 13,458,943 53,243,697 3,023 47,997,967 2,386,915 PELOPONNESE (68) 7,436, ,348,030 12,820,299 1,389,446 NORTHERN AEGEAN (9) 4,808,138 5,149, , ,728 SOUTHERN AEGEAN (20) 15,856,178 18,819,136 1,122, ,249 CRETE (50) 4 6,121,482 20,648,980 8,324, ,653 TOTAL 12, ,902, ,129,413 3, ,218,600 21,609,775 Table 3: Air emissions by region (kg per year) 3.3 Data processing - Liquid / Solid waste Regarding liquid and solid waste, the World Health Organization s predetermined bibliographic waste factors were used (Economopoulos 1993). The conditions and methodology, based on which the WHO s factors were derived, did not vary significantly from the Greek ones. The wastewater pollutants results concerning the Greek Regions, as derived from the data of the 1000 registered units and according to database calculations (using emission factors), are presented in table 4: 5 of 9

6 Region (number of registered industries) EASTERN MACEDONIA THRACE (53) Hydraulic load BOD TSS Total N Total P Oil / Grease Cr +3 Phenols Sulfides m 3 /year tn/year tn/year tn/year tn/year tn/year tn/year tn/year tn/year 58,784,885 3, , ,739.2 CENT. MACEDONIA (245) 49,914,546 4, , WEST MACEDONIA (10) 174, , EPIRUS (24) 5,304, ATTICA (231) 122,348,747 3, , , THESSALIA (77) 31,823,797 2, , WESTERN GREECE (51) 8,667,754 1, , STEREA ELLADA (167) 14,841,613 3, , PELOPONNESE (68) 16,941, , NORTHERN AEGEAN (9) 37, SOUTHERN AEGEAN (20) CRETE (50) 520, , TOTAL 309,358,824 20, , , , Table 4: Wastewater pollutants by region 3.4 Estimation tools - Simulation software Along with the use of waste factors, specialized estimation tools were widely used, allowing a detailed evaluation of the pollutant load for specific key-sectors, with significant contribution to the total pollutant load. Under the framework of subtask 4, the following were performed: 25 mass-balance calculations (in 4 metallurgical and in all the lignite power ) 4 calculations of dispersed VOCs emissions (in all of the refineries) 4 calculations of hydrocarbon emissions from industrial wastewater treatment, using the simulation software WATER 8 (in all of the refineries) 4 calculations using the simulation software SUPERPRO DESIGNER calculations (127 in facilities' storage tanks and 84 in refinery tanks) of hydrocarbon emissions from storage / distribution of oil products and solvents facilities, using the simulation software TANKS 4.0 (covering most of the storage tanks in Greece) The conclusions derived from the use of these tools, which are particularly suitable for large facilities, are that these large facilities should be individually treated, in the framework of similar inventories, and that their emissions and waste should be calculated based on a detailed computational method, rather than by the use of waste factors. This is mainly due to the fact that the calculated pollutant loads, based on the emission factors cannot accurately describe particularities in the composition and treatment of raw materials, fuel composition, as well as details of the used technologies, both during the production and the pollution abatement. On the contrary, the computational / estimation tools can describe all the above particularities and lead in detailed estimations. 4 Database and Geographical Information System The Database and the Geographical Information System (GIS) were designed and developed in such a way to create a simple, functional and user-friendly interface with multiple selections and numerous data entry displaying and processing possibilities. The database was 6 of 9

7 designed using SQL Server software, whereas the GIS was developed in ArcView 3.2. The database queries were classified into the following categories: Queries regarding industries Queries regarding production processes Queries regarding emissions and waste Queries regarding pollution abatement techniques Queries regarding waste receivers Queries regarding other data The database and the GIS can be utilized in a number of ways: For the processing and development of reports that will be submitted to any concerned part (E.U., other ministries, presentations in conferences etc). For the validation of a facility s reporting data (EIA studies, EPER etc). For the integrated mapping and processing of the information regarding the current use of abatement technologies, the management and the final disposal of the waste and the implementation of alternative scenarios. Finally, the processing of queries results (per geographical area, hydrological basin, receiver etc) can present information for the allocation of the pollutant loads, highly contaminated areas etc. Figure 1: TSP emissions for the region of Central Macedonia (facilities in yellow and quantities in blue bars) 5 Other Tasks Within the project s framework, the following tasks were elaborated: Quality assurance and quality control (according to ISO 9001:1994) Raising public awareness (8 workshops, publications etc). A summary of the project is available at the Ministry s site ( Training Project management, design of a future dynamic inventory (continuation of the project) and development of alternative scenarios for the organizational structure of the project s management 6 Conclusions In conclusion, the project Inventory of air emissions, wastewater and solid waste from the industry and emissions from central heating comprised the most significant Greek inventory effort for emissions and waste originating from stationary sources. It can be viewed as a first 7 of 9

8 and successful attempt that enhanced the cooperation among the authorities, the industry and consulting companies, within the context of the environmental protection and the promotion of a Cleaner Production Mechanism. The implementation of an efficient environmental policy requires a sufficient knowledge about pollutants. Among the types of data needed for a fuller understanding of the impacts of releases and transfers of pollutants are the identities of the pollutants, the amounts released and/or transferred, the potential risks involved and the exact locations of the sources of these substances. The authorities must also consider how these factors can vary over time, making it necessary to obtain this information periodically. In this framework, the added value of the project is especially significant. An important amount of environmental data has been gathered in a systematic way and an integrated tool (Database and GIS) for their registration, processing and mapping was developed. Furthermore, the reliability of using international techniques for the estimation of the pollutant loads (waste factors / rapid assessment, mass balances and simulation software) was confirmed and in certain cases, where it was documented, an adjustment of these techniques was made according to Greek particularities. By making the above-mentioned information available, the inventory can further promote pollution prevention. While the Greek authorities may use it to evaluate progress towards achieving their environmental policy goals, industry may use the data to improve environmental management efforts. Public access to certain of these data may also constitute a basis for dialogue with individual facilities and can help the public better understand local conditions. Finally, it should be noted that the on-going European and Greek legislation developments and the crucial issue of environmental pollution, require the inventory s continuation and the optimum utilization of its results. Primary attention should be given to the reporting requirements of the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER), as suggested by the Community Decision 2000/ References European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment 2000, Guidance Document for EPER implementation, European Commission Economopoulos, A. 1993, Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution: A Guide to Rapid Source Inventory Techniques and their Use in Formulating Environmental Control Strategies, World Health Organization, Geneva Gargoulas N., Makarigakis A., Mavropoulos A. & Hatzielefteriou C. 2000, The Greek industry facing the implementation of the 96/61/EC Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Environmental Pollution, Thessaloniki, 28/8 1/9/2000 Greek Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works , Investigation of technologies for the prevention and reduction of the pollution from Greek industries ( 1-6, Annex I of the IPPC Directive) and suggestions for the implementation of BATs Greek Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works 2001, Inventory of air emissions, wastewater and solid waste from the industry and emissions from central heating Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of all the project team of the Consortium "LDK Ltd, EPEM Ltd, ENVECO SA, SYVILLA Ltd and EXERGIA SA". Very useful discussions have been carried out with the members of the supervising committee (Directorate 8 of 9

9 of Air Pollution and Noise Control, Department of Industry) of the Greek Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. Contact Nikolaos Gargoulas EPEM, Environmental Consultants Ltd 141B Acharnon Str., Athens 10446, Greece tel: , fax: homepage: 9 of 9