A STUDY TO OPTIMIZE THE OUTPUT OF VANED TYPE NOVEL AIR TURBINE

Transcription

1 (Draft Manuscrit) FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT November 7-9, 2008 State of Kuwait ICERD--353 A STUDY TO OPTIMIZE THE OUTPUT OF VANED TYPE NOVEL AIR TURBINE Bharat Raj Singh and Onkar Singh 2. Dean-Administration, Professor and Head of Deartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sagar Institute of Technology & Management, Barabanki , UP, India. brsinghlko@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Worldwide high rate of emission is creating environmental & ecological imbalances. USA, China, Russia, Jaan & India are major layers because of use of large number of vehicles for transort. This source alone is contributing to about 70% in resect of the total air ollution. In view of the ongoing search for alternate energy sources the comressed air has been considered as a otential working fluid for generating shaft work. In this aer the otimization of the outut of a very small caacity air turbine with vaned tye rotor has been resented. Some studies made and the results of the roosed novel air turbine have been given here. It is observed that this air turbine could be successfully used as a rime mover to run light vehicles / motor bikes having small caacity inbuilt comressed air storage tank. Keywords: emission, ollution, alternate energy, air turbine, shaft work.0 INTRODUCTION The worldwide current burning roblem is larger use of transort. As civilization is growing in develoing and develoed countries, transort has become essential art of life causing release of high rate of tale ie emission. This has entirely affected the environmental and ecological imbalances. The countries like USA, China, Russia, Jaan & also India as rated 5 th, are major layers because of use of large number of vehicles for transort. This source alone is contributing to about 70% in resect of the total air ollution. The reason for this current situation is only the transort technology, which is based on combustion of hydrocarbon. Since about 00 years ago, the major source of energy shifted from recent solar to fossil fuel (hydrocarbons) and thereafter technology has been generally led to a greater use of hydrocarbon fossil fuels, making civilization 2. Professor, Deartment of Mechanical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Nawabganj, Kanur , UP, India onkar@rediffmail.com vulnerable to decreases in suly. The recent study made in the year 200, redicts that if the oil is consumed at the current rates, then by 200 most of country will ass through eak oil day and by 2020, 80% of the entire available resource will be consumed. This necessitates the search for alternative of oil as energy source or reserving it by taing some other alternatives such as Non-conventional energy like battery oerated vehicles, wind mills, hotovoltaic vehicles etc. and to convert their outut into mechanical energy, which may alternatively reserve oil source. Presently because of better develoments & availability of facilities, urban oulation is raising use of vehicles raidly, causing air ollution and greenhouse gases that come from vehicle emissions. This is the rimary motivation behind develoing alternative transortation technologies that do not rely on combustion of fossil fuels. Consumer accetance of a relacement transortation technology, however, is highly deendent on the new vehicle sticker rice, oerating exenses, reliability, and convenience of use. The worldwide researches are also going on for other alternatives such as use of Hydrogen Fuel Cell (Honton-200, Rose & Vincent-200), which is resently very costly, use of Bio-Diesel (Singh & Singh-2006a) or use of comressed air for Vehicle engines (Singh & Singh-2006b). Thus, it is advantageous for the energy storage system of a Zero Pollution Vehicle (ZPV) to have low initial cost, be quickly and economically recharged, and to rovide driving erformance comarable to that of conventional automobiles. In addition, the most desirable technological solutions will eliminate the release of automotive combustion roducts in areas of oor air quality, while also reducing the net amount of ollutants released to the environment as a consequence of their imlementation. Careful consideration of the overall environmental imact of a articular ZPV technology

2 and the corresonding costs of necessary infrastructure develoments are required to evaluate the ability of any new transortation system to meet the goals of society. Currently, the battery-owered electric vehicles and hydrogen cell vehicles (Knowlen et al ) are the only commercially available technology that can meet ZPV standards; however, these vehicles have not catured market & sold well due to their limited range, no roer facilities for recharge, and high initial cost. All of these issues have given birth to the technology of comressed air energy storage and its utilization in transort vehicles and other domestic utilities. The Guy Negre, a French technologist and inventor has develoed - cylinder comressed air engine, which can run the vehicle at miles er hour seed without tail ie emission. So far about 52- atents (Guy & Negre-200) were made during 998 to 2006 and recently MDI and Tata Motors entered into an agreement to develo such vehicles in commercial use. These highly comressed air energy storage systems (Rocha -2005) with 300 si, which can be filled within 5-20 minutes, may remain the dominant technology in the electric and hydrogen cell vehicle market. In view of the ongoing search for alternate energy sources the comressed air has been considered as a otential working fluid for generating shaft work. In this aer the otimization of the outut of a very small caacity air turbine with vaned tye rotor has been resented. Some studies made and the results of the roosed novel air turbine have been given here. It is observed that this air turbine could be successfully used as a rime mover to run light vehicles / motor bikes having small caacity inbuilt comressed air storage tank. 2.0 USES OF COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ALTERNATIVE India is develoing country and er caita income of average erson is very low to meet out the minimum requirement of erson. Maximum oulation of country is still living in villages where transort is still either bi-cycle or motorbike. Current hike of fossil fuel are increasing tremendously u to 30-0 % every year. With this ace by 200 rices may go double than what is today and by , it may touch to Rs.000 er litre. A time will come when common erson would not be able to urchase fuel to run the motorbike. It is not only due to rate of increase of vehicles in India, but it is a worldwide roblem due to the 80 % of fossil fuel being consumed in transort with increasing mobility of ersons and transortation of daily consumable materials through road transort. Thus, it is the need of the day to exlore ossibility of alternatives for fossil fuel to make environment free from emission & make children healthy. Since the last two decades lot of researches are being made to ta down air freely available in 2 atmoshere and comressing it for storage in cylinders for its further use. This comressed air can be used to run combustion engine with mixture of gas and air getting fired at comression stroke at TDC. Comressed air hels for fire stroke when ignition takes lace. Thus efficiency of IC engine gets imroved and without running all four stroke cycle it runs on two stroke cycles. But air engines so far develoed are basically running on hybrid such as comressed air and gases and are not 00% zero ollution. 2. Availability Air is natural source and available freely in atmoshere, which can be stored after comressing it to desired ressure such as si. This is the only source, which can be stored at very high ressure and can be retained without any loss after lase or with assage of time. Comressed air can drive many domestic aliances such as vacuum cleaner, mixers, ums, electric generator when electric ower fails instead of using inverter to have clumsy arrangements of battery etc. 2.2 Influences on Environment and Ecology The light vehicles resently running on fossil fuel releases tail ie emission and creates imbalances to ecology, ultimately hazardous to ublic health. Comressed air as an alternate for running light vehicles using air turbine will have no ill effect on ecology and reduce the health hazards. 2.3 Sustainability, Economics and Advantages Comressed air is most sustainable. It has no volatility or temerature or much weather effect. Once comressed air is stored through comressor, it will be available at any time without any loss of ressure. Thus sustainability of comressed air is much better comared to other available alternate of fossil fuel. Battery needs constant maintenance even for charging & discharging cycle. Hydrogen Cell (Rose et al. -200) is very costly due to its storage roblems. Wind Mills (ABI Research-200), Photo Cells also need some storage devices may be of high bank caacitors or batteries, which will need constant and recurring exenditures on its ukee. 3.0 MODEL OF AIR TURBINE Present objective is to develo an air engine using air turbine with outut of 6.85 HP to 7.50 HP at 5500 to 7500 rm, which will be suitable for a motorbike. Various stes involved in the develoment of engine are as given searately. A cylinder of comressed air is roosed to have minimum caacity of storing air for requirement of 30 min running at initial stage and maximum ressure of si. The Air Turbine with dual inlet and exhaust has been taken into consideration to roduce high rm to match rm. Comressed air storage cylinder is designed so that it roduces constant ressure for

3 minimum variation of torque at low volume of comressed air. A sring loaded baffle is installed into the cylinder to regulate the constant air ressure. The Air Turbine is designed with sring-loaded vanes to maintain regular contact with ellitical bore, to roduce otimum torque (Faglsang-200, Selig-200, Reddy Gorla-2005, Schreck & Robinson-200). Above air turbine is being designed to meet out the all-minimum arameters of motorbike to have efficient and fossil fuel free running. 3. Stes involved in develoments of Novel Air Turbine o Created the 2-d technical drawing and fabricate the 3-d models of arts. o Designed and made the comressed air storage cylinder, srings for the vanes etc. o Udated the test rotocol and test setu as desired and assembled the motor and test setu. o Run the erformance test and recorded data and analyzed the data and rearing the final setu. 3.2 Single Inlet & Exhaust model for Air Turbine 3.3 Design considerations for Air Turbine 3.3. Emirical Requirements Required Air ressure: si (assumed) *Seed: *Torque: 3000 rm Nm P-V Ratio: / 5 Note: - *Data based on Performance of commercially available motorbike (7.2 HP) Princile For novel air turbine the high ressure air is the driving force at ambient temerature. The imulse and dynamic action of high ressure are resonsible for the shaft work from air turbine. It is reverse rocess of vane tye air comressor. Considering the isotroic exansion of air entering the Air Motor having n vanes, theoretical work is given as under: - w = n v n( 5 ) v.() Where W= Theoretical Work done, & v are Pressure & Velocity resectively at which air strike the Turbine, & v are Pressure & Velocity, resectively at which maximum exansion of air takes lace, is the Pressure at which Turbine releases the air to 5 atmoshere. In order to meet the requirements of initial design of cylinder, rotor and vanes considered are given below:- Fig. Comressed Air Turbine Concet & Cycle Fig.2 Isentroic cycle for Air Turbine 3 Fig. 3 Comressed Air Turbine-Working Model

4 or = 5.0Nbar.03Atmosheric Pr essure (5) q = = 0 or Let. v n.. k. n. v = 0 k k, k k k = n.. v. n. v 0 Therefore c. v =, then k k v = c n. c. n. v = 0 k (6) Fig. Comressed Air Turbine Model under Test From the above, it is evident that for otimal shaft work, has direct relation with, v & v Results and Discussions From the theoretical calculations, results obtained at different ressure and rm relations between Air Consumtion & Seed as well as Torque & Seed are drawn. Here it is evident that better seed can be achieved at lower Consumtion of Air, if the negative forces acting due to higher difference in ressure between P to P 5 are almost eliminated. From equation () w = n v n( 5 ) v = k (constant) n.. v ( k k w =. ) n k Let { } ( 5 ) (2) Alying Lagrange s Multilier to find out Otimum value of Shaft-Work, Grah- Air Consumtion versus Seed.. (2) = = 0 v q = = 0 Alying Equation (3), () = = 0 v, n( ) = 5 0 (3) (3) () Grah-2 Torque versus Seed 3.3. Dual Inlet & Exhaust model for Air Turbine / Engine

5 Dual inlet & exhaust Air Turbine is under fabrication and concet is introduced as dual ellitical cylinder having sring loaded vanes as designed above wherein negative effect as indicated in Eq. () is almost reduced which enhances the shaft work and make the Turbine most efficient and novel in its functions. When the exit comressed air ressure of first stage is fed into second stage inlet of Air Turbine, the exansion of residual comressed air is further exanded from V to V and ressure P is substantially reduced to P and closer to the P 5 (see Fig. 6). Looking to the Equation. (), it is evident that if P P 5 the negative effect will almost vanish and shaft outut would become otimum. Fig.5 Dual inlet & exhaust Air Turbine Model Fig.6 Dual inlet & exhaust Politroic Curve.0 CONCLUSION In view of the enormous otential of air as working fluid, an Air Turbine having dual inlet and exhaust is designed to run on comressed air. The comressed air is to be contained in a ortable cylinder at 300-si air ressure. This Air Turbine is under close test run and exected to be most efficient than the currently available one, as negative workforces are eliminated and ultimately it is going to be the best alternate to the fossil fuel driven rimeover / engine REFERENCES [] ABI Research- March 6th Wind Turbines Market Wire, NY [2] Aleklett K. and Cambell C.J. - Feb The Peak and Decline of World Oil and Gas Production Oil Production. [3] Fuglsang P., Bak C., Gunna M. - ASME- Nov Design and verification of the Ris0-B Airfoilfamily for Wind Turbines. Vol [] Gorla Rama Subba Reddy- IJTJE Probabilistic Heat Transfer and Structural Analysis of Turbine Blade - Vol. 22, -. [5] Guy and Negre Cyril - Tuesday 29th June 200- Comressed Air - The Most Sustainable Energy Carrier for Community Vehicles Seech in front of assembly at Kultur gathered for Fuel Cells World [6] Honton E. J. - US based inventor - Aril 200- the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car resented at 5th Annual US Conference & Hydrogen Exo, USA. [7] Knowlen C., Bruckner A. P., Mattick A.T., and Hertzberg A Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. - High Efficiency Energy Conversion Systems for Liquid Nitrogen Automobiles -AIAA [8] Rose Robert, William J. Vincent- February 200- Fuel Cell Vehicle World Survey Break through Technologies Institute, Washington, D.C. [9] Rocha Beau de (Otto) 25 th Set Quasiturbine zero ollution cars using gasoline at Korea. [0] Schreck S. & Robinson M. ASME-Nov Ti Seed Ratio Influences on Rationally Augmented Boundary Layer Toology & Aerodynamic Force Generation - Journal of Solar Energy Engg.- Vol [] Selig Michel S. -ASME-Nov Wind Tunnel Aerodynamics Tests of Six Airfoils for use on Small Wind Turbines. [2] Singh Onkar & Singh B.R. - October 3th - 5th, 2006 Bio-Fuel Vision Proceedings of International Conference at Bikaner, India Necessity & Potential for Bio-Diesel Use in India Page 7. [3] Singh Onkar & Singh B.R. - 0 th - th June, 2006 Comressed air as an alternative to Fossil Fuel for Automobile Engines International Conference at Lucknow, India- Proceedings 79-9.