Radiation protection 127 Radioactive effluents from nuclear power stations and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants in the European Union,

Transcription

1 European Commission Radiation protection 127 Radioactive effluents from nuclear power stations and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants in the European Union,

2 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server ( Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001 ISBN European Communities, 2001 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

3 (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ 5DGLDWLRQ3URWHFWLRQ 5DGLRDFWLYHHIIOXHQWVIURPQXFOHDUSRZHU VWDWLRQVDQGQXFOHDUIXHOUHSURFHVVLQJ SODQWVLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ S. Van der Stricht A. Janssens 'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDO(QYLURQPHQW Directorate C, Environment and Health Unit C.4, Radiation Protection 2001

4 &217(176 3UHIDFH 1XFOHDU3RZHU6WDWLRQV Table 1. NPS general characteristics p 1 Table 2. Airborne H-3 and total beta-gamma emitters p 5 Table 3. Airborne total noble gas and I-131 p 12 Table 4. Noble gas spectra p 18 Table 5. Airborne C-14 p 24 Table 6. French NPS (airborne) p 29 Table 7. Airborne discharges per unit of electrical energy produced p 32 Table 8. Liquid H-3 and total beta-gamma p 36 Table 9. Liquid discharges per unit of electrical energy produced p 45 Table 10. PWR liquid beta-gamma spectra p 48 Table 11. BWR liquid beta-gamma spectra p 55 Table 12. GCR liquid beta-gamma spectra p 57 Table 13. AGR liquid beta-gamma spectra p 59 Table 14. Liquid alpha emitters p 60 Figure 1. Normalised discharges, airborne tritium p 65 Figure 2. Normalised discharges, airborne beta-gamma p 66 Figure 3. Normalised discharges, airborne noble gases p 67 Figure 4. Normalised discharges, airborne I-131 p 68 Figure 5. Normalised discharges, airborne C-14 p 69 Figure 6. Normalised discharges, liquid tritium p 70 Figure 7. Normalised discharges, liquid beta-gamma p 71 5HSURFHVVLQJ3ODQWV Table 15. Airborne tritium, total beta-gamma emitters, Kr-85, C-14, iodines and total alpha emitters p 72 Table 16. Airborne discharge spectra p 74 Table 17. Liquid H-3, total beta-gamma emitters, C-14 and total alpha emitters p 75 Table 18. Liquid discharge spectra p 77 Table 19. Liquid Cs-137, Pu-241, Ru-106, Sb-125, Sr-90 and Tc-99 (in GBq/a and in % of total) p 80 Figure 8. La Hague site liquid discharges p 81 Figure 9. Marcoule site liquid discharges p 82 Figure 10. Sellafield site liquid discharges p 83 Figure 11. Dounreay site liquid discharges p 84 5HIHUHQFHV p 85

5 35()$&( Reports on releases to the environment of radioactive materials in airborne and liquid effluents from Nuclear Power Stations and Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants in the European Union are published periodically. This report, the tenth in the series, deals with the period and covers discharges from operational Nuclear Power Stations of capacity greater than 50 MWe as well as four Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants (La Hague, Sellafield, Dounreay and Marcoule). Nuclear Power Stations that have stopped operations and/or are being decommissioned have not been taken up in this report. Currently 73 Nuclear Power Stations totalling 148 reactors are operational and are spread over 64 different sites within the territory of the European Union. These figures take into account both the Dodewaard (NL) and Creys Malville (FR) power stations that respectively stopped operations in March 1997 and December Data on radioactive gaseous and liquid effluent discharges from these installations are expressed both in absolute terms (GBq/annum) and normalised to net electricity production from the fuel (GBq/GWh). Some tables contain the measured releases per installation while other tables and figures contain the results of calculations to highlight general tendencies, for example the discharges per type of reactor. Data on individual nuclide contributions have been included. It should be noted that the list of individual nuclides routinely measured may vary from one installation to another. Also, the definition of groups of radionuclides may be different from one installation or Member State to another, as well as the way the corresponding activity is measured or calculated. This report does not attempt to clarify the situation. However, the Group of Experts established under Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty has started a programme of work to define which nuclides and nuclide categories, on the basis of their potential significance, should be included in future reports. The Group will also issue recommendations on how the corresponding activity discharges should be measured and summed to annual discharges. The present report does not include a commentary on the radiological significance of the discharges. An assessment of population doses was carried out for the period (RP77) and a new assessment for the period will be completed and published by the end of the year However it can already be stated that in all cases the most exposed members of the public received only a fraction of the dose limit of 1 millisievert per year introduced in Community legislation in 1996 (1). The data presented are essentially those received by the Commission from Member States in pursuance of Article 8 (a) of the Commission s 1990 Recommendation (2) on the application of Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty. On occasion, however, the opportunity has been taken to complement the data thus received with material from other publicly available sources. Whilst great care has been taken in the compilation of this report, the Commission apologises for any errors or omissions which may have resulted from transcription errors. The authors would like to thank the national authorities for their co-operation in communicating the discharge data to the Commission. 1 2 Council Directive of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation, 96/29/EURATOM (OJ L159 of ). Commission Recommendation of 7 December 1990 on the application of Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty, 91/4/EURATOM (OJ L6 of ).

6 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ %(/*,80 DOEL 1 PWR SCHELDT DOEL 2 PWR SCHELDT DOEL 3 PWR SCHELDT DOEL 4 PWR SCHELDT TIHANGE 1 PWR MEUSE TIHANGE 2 PWR MEUSE TIHANGE 3 PWR MEUSE ),1/$1' LOVIISA 1 PWR GULF OF FINLAND LOVIISA 2 PWR GULF OF FINLAND OLKILUOTO 1 BWR BOTHNIAN SEA OLKILUOTO 2 BWR BOTHNIAN SEA )5$1&( BELLEVILLE 1 PWR LOIRE BELLEVILLE 2 PWR LOIRE BLAYAIS 1 PWR GIRONDE BLAYAIS 2 PWR GIRONDE BLAYAIS 3 PWR GIRONDE BLAYAIS 4 PWR GIRONDE BUGEY 1 GCR RHONE BUGEY 2 PWR RHONE BUGEY 3 PWR RHONE BUGEY 4 PWR RHONE BUGEY 5 PWR RHONE CATTENOM 1 PWR MOSELLE CATTENOM 2 PWR MOSELLE CATTENOM 3 PWR MOSELLE CATTENOM 4 PWR MOSELLE CHINON A3 GCR LOIRE CHINON B1 PWR LOIRE CHINON B2 PWR LOIRE CHINON B3 PWR LOIRE CHINON B4 PWR LOIRE CHOOZ A PWR MEUSE CHOOZ B1 PWR MEUSE CHOOZ B2 PWR MEUSE CIVAUX 1 PWR VIENNE CIVAUX 2 PWR VIENNE CREYS MALVILLE FBR RHONE CRUAS 1 PWR RHONE CRUAS 2 PWR RHONE CRUAS 3 PWR RHONE CRUAS 4 PWR RHONE DAMPIERRE 1 PWR LOIRE DAMPIERRE 2 PWR LOIRE DAMPIERRE 3 PWR LOIRE DAMPIERRE 4 PWR LOIRE FESSENHEIM 1 PWR RHINE NPS - General Characteristics (page 1 of 91)

7 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ FESSENHEIM 2 PWR RHINE NPS - General Characteristics (page 2 of 91)

8 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ FLAMANVILLE 1 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL FLAMANVILLE 2 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL GOLFECH 1 PWR GARONNE GOLFECH 2 PWR GARONNE GRAVELINES 1 PWR NORTH SEA GRAVELINES 2 PWR NORTH SEA GRAVELINES 3 PWR NORTH SEA GRAVELINES 4 PWR NORTH SEA GRAVELINES 5 PWR NORTH SEA GRAVELINES 6 PWR NORTH SEA NOGENT 1 PWR SEINE NOGENT 2 PWR SEINE PALUEL 1 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PALUEL 2 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PALUEL 3 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PALUEL 4 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PENLY 1 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PENLY 2 PWR ENGLISH CHANNEL PHENIX FBR RHONE ST ALBAN 1 PWR RHONE ST ALBAN 2 PWR RHONE ST LAURENT A1 GCR LOIRE ST LAURENT A2 GCR LOIRE ST LAURENT B1 PWR LOIRE ST LAURENT B2 PWR LOIRE TRICASTIN 1 PWR RHONE TRICASTIN 2 PWR RHONE TRICASTIN 3 PWR RHONE TRICASTIN 4 PWR RHONE *(50$1< BIBLIS A (KWB-A) PWR RHINE BIBLIS B (KWB-B) PWR RHINE BROKDORF (KBR) PWR ELBE BRUNSBUETTEL (KKB) BWR ELBE EMSLAND (KKE) PWR EMS GRAFENRHEINFELD (KKG) PWR MAIN GREIFSWALD 1 WER GREIFSWALD BODEN GREIFSWALD 2 WER GREIFSWALD BODEN GREIFSWALD 3 WER GREIFSWALD BODEN GREIFSWALD 4 WER GREIFSWALD BODEN GREIFSWALD 5 WER GREIFSWALD BODEN GROHNDE (KWG) PWR WESER GUNDREMMINGEN B (KRB-2) BWR DANUBE GUNDREMMINGEN C (KRB-2) BWR DANUBE ISAR 1 (KKI-1) BWR ISAR ISAR 2 (KKI-2) PWR ISAR KRUEMMEL (KKK) BWR ELBE MUELHEIM-KAERLICH (KMK) PWR RHINE NECKARWESTHEIM 1 (GKN-1) PWR NECKAR NECKARWESTHEIM 2 (GKN-2) PWR NECKAR OBRIGHEIM (KWO) PWR NECKAR PHILIPPSBURG 1 (KKP) BWR RHINE PHILIPPSBURG 2 (KKP) PWR RHINE NPS - General Characteristics (page 3 of 91)

9 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ RHEINSBERG WER STECHLINSEE NPS - General Characteristics (page 4 of 91)

10 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ STADE (KKS) PWR ELBE THTR 300 TGR LIPPE UNTERWESER (KKU) PWR WESER WUERGASSEN (KWW) BWR WESER,7$/< CAORSO BWR PO LATINA GCR TYRRHENIAN SEA TRINO PWR PO 63$,1 ALMARAZ 1 PWR TAGUS ALMARAZ 2 PWR TAGUS ASCO 1 PWR EBRO ASCO 2 PWR EBRO COFRENTES BWR JUCAR JOSE CABRERA (ZORITA) PWR TAGUS ST MARIA DE GARONA BWR EBRO TRILLO 1 PWR TAGUS VANDELLOS 1 GCR MEDITERRANEAN SEA VANDELLOS 2 PWR MEDITERRANEAN SEA 6:('(1 BARSEBÄCK 1 BWR ÖRESUND BARSEBÄCK 2 BWR ÖRESUND FORSMARK 1 BWR GULF OF BOTHNIA FORSMARK 2 BWR GULF OF BOTHNIA FORSMARK 3 BWR GULF OF BOTHNIA OSKARSHAMN 1 BWR BALTIC SEA OSKARSHAMN 2 BWR BALTIC SEA OSKARSHAMN 3 BWR BALTIC SEA RINGHALS 1 BWR KATTEGAT RINGHALS 2 PWR KATTEGAT RINGHALS 3 PWR KATTEGAT RINGHALS 4 PWR KATTEGAT 7+(Ã1(7+(5/$1'6 BORSSELE PWR SCHELDT ESTUARY DODEWAARD BWR WAAL 81,7('Ã.,1*'20 BERKELEY A GCR SEVERN ESTUARY BERKELEY B GCR SEVERN ESTUARY BRADWELL A GCR BLACKWATER ESTUARY BRADWELL B GCR BLACKWATER ESTUARY CALDERHALL A GCR IRISH SEA CALDERHALL B GCR IRISH SEA CALDERHALL C GCR IRISH SEA CALDERHALL D GCR IRISH SEA NPS - General Characteristics (page 5 of 91)

11 Nuclear Power Stations - General Characteristics 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ 5HDFWRU &DSDFLW\ &RQQHFWHG 2SHUDWLRQV :DWHUÃERG\ÃUHFHLYLQJ W\SH 0ZH WRÃJULGÃLQ VWRSSHGÃLQ OLTXLGÃHIIOXHQWV >@ CHAPELCROSS A GCR SOLWAY FIRTH CHAPELCROSS B GCR SOLWAY FIRTH CHAPELCROSS C GCR SOLWAY FIRTH CHAPELCROSS D GCR SOLWAY FIRTH DOUNREAY (PFR) FBR PENTLAND FIRTH DUNGENESS AA GCR ENGLISH CHANNEL DUNGENESS AB GCR ENGLISH CHANNEL DUNGENESS B1 AGR ENGLISH CHANNEL DUNGENESS B2 AGR ENGLISH CHANNEL HARTLEPOOL A1 AGR NORTH SEA HARTLEPOOL A2 AGR NORTH SEA HEYSHAM 1A AGR IRISH SEA HEYSHAM 1B AGR IRISH SEA HEYSHAM 2A AGR IRISH SEA HEYSHAM 2B AGR IRISH SEA HINKLEY POINT AA GCR SEVERN ESTUARY HINKLEY POINT AB GCR SEVERN ESTUARY HINKLEY POINT BA AGR SEVERN ESTUARY HINKLEY POINT BB AGR SEVERN ESTUARY HUNTERSTON AA GCR FIRTH OF CLYDE HUNTERSTON AB GCR FIRTH OF CLYDE HUNTERSTON B1 AGR FIRTH OF CLYDE HUNTERSTON B2 AGR FIRTH OF CLYDE OLDBURY AA GCR SEVERN ESTUARY OLDBURY AB GCR SEVERN ESTUARY SIZEWELL AA GCR NORTH SEA SIZEWELL AB GCR NORTH SEA SIZEWELL B PWR NORTH SEA TORNESS 1 AGR NORTH SEA TORNESS 2 AGR NORTH SEA TRAWSFYNYDD A GCR LAKE TRAWSFYNYDD TRAWSFYNYDD B GCR LAKE TRAWSFYNYDD WINFRITH HWR ENGLISH CHANNEL WYLFA A GCR IRISH SEA WYLFA B GCR IRISH SEA 1RWHV [1] For Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden the data pertaining to thermal capacity, maximum output capacity and net electrical production have been taken from the Eurostat Report "Operation of nuclear power stations ". NPS - General Characteristics (page 6 of 91)

12 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ %HOJLXP [1] [2] Limit Value Limit Value Doel E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 [3] Tihange E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 )LQODQG [4] Loviisa not defined 1.90E+02 not defined 3.40E E E E E E E E E-02 Olkiluoto not defined 1.30E+02 not defined 3.30E E E E E E E E E-03 )UDQFH [5] *HUPDQ\ [6] [7] [8] [9] Biblis A (KWB-A) 1995 not defined 4.30E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Biblis B (KWB-B) 1995 not defined 9.80E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Brokdorf (KBR) 1995 not defined 3.50E E+01 < DL E+02 < DL E+02 < DL E E E+02 < DL Brunsbuettel (KKB) E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Emsland (KKE) 1995 not defined 1.60E E E E E E E E E E+03 < DL NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 7 of 91)

13 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ Limit Value Limit Value Grafenrheinfeld (KKG) E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Grohnde (KWG) E E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Gundremmingen B+C (KRB) E+04 [10] 1.50E E+01 [10] < DL E E E E E E E+02 < DL Isar 1 (KKI-1) 1995 not defined 4.40E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Isar 2 (KKI-2) 1995 not defined 1.30E E+01 < DL E E E E E+02 < DL E+02 < DL Kruemmel (KKK) 1995 not defined 4.50E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Neckarwestheim 1 (GKN-1) 1995 not defined 2.80E E E E E E E E E E E-04 [11] Neckarwestheim 2 (GKN-2) 1995 not defined 3.20E E E E E E+02 < DL E E E+02 < DL Obrigheim (KWO) 1995 not defined 9.90E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Philippsburg 1 (KKP-1) 1995 not defined 8.10E E E E E E E E E E E-03 NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 8 of 91)

14 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ Limit Value Limit Value Philippsburg 2 (KKP-2) 1995 not defined 9.60E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Stade (KKS) 1995 not defined 7.90E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Unterweser (KKU) E E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 7KHÃ1HWKHUODQGV [12] Borssele E E E+00 < DL E+02 < DL E+02 < DL E+02 < DL E E-05 Dodewaard E E E E E E-03 (stopped 26/03/97) E E-03 6SDLQ [13] Almaraz not defined 5.66E+03 not defined 1.12E E E E E E E E E-03 Asco not defined 2.75E+03 not defined 2.19E E E E E E E E E-02 Cofrentes 1995 not defined 2.90E+02 not defined 4.90E E E E E E E E E-02 Jose Cabrera (Zorita) 1995 not defined 2.53E+01 not defined 4.48E E E E E E E E E-03 Sta Maria de Garona 1995 not defined 5.43E+02 not defined 7.74E E E E E E E E E-02 NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 9 of 91)

15 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ Limit Value Limit Value Trillo 1995 not defined 9.02E+02 not defined 5.94E E E E E E E E E-03 Vandellos not defined 8.42E+01 not defined 3.94E E E E E E E E E-02 6ZHGHQ [14] [15] Barsebäck not defined not measured not defined 1.05E not measured 3.06E not measured 1.60E not measured 4.50E not measured 5.10E+00 Forsmark not defined not measured not defined 8.46E not measured 1.82E not measured 2.80E not measured 2.70E not measured 2.10E-01 Oskarshamn not defined not measured not defined 1.40E not measured 4.07E not measured 3.10E not measured 1.40E not measured 1.80E+00 Ringhals not defined not measured not defined 4.46E not measured 1.06E not measured 1.70E not measured 4.50E not measured 4.00E+02 Ringhals not defined not measured not defined 5.13E not measured 1.50E not measured 5.00E not measured 2.50E not measured 1.90E-01 8QLWHGÃ.LQJGRP Bradwell A+B E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Calder Hall A+B+C+D E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 10 of 91)

16 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ Limit Value Limit Value Chapelcross A+B+C+D E E+06 not defined not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured Dungeness AA+AB E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Dungeness B1+B E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Hartlepool A1+A2 [16] E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Heysham 1A+1B [17] E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Heysham 2A+2B [17] E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Hinkley Point AA+AB E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Hinkley Point BA+BB E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Hunterston B1+B2 [18] E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Oldbury AA+AB E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 11 of 91)

17 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Tritium and Total beta-gamma 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7ULWLXPÃ*%T 7RWDOÃ%HWD*DPPDÃ*%T >([FOXGLQJÃ+@ Limit Value Limit Value Sizewell AA+AB E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Sizewell B [19] E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Torness 1+2 [20] E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Wylfa A+B E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 1RWHVÃVHHÃQH[WÃSDJH NPS - Airborne H-3 and Tot.B+G (page 12 of 91)

18 1RWHV [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] For each nuclear power station design objectives must be met to ensure that the effective dose (from airborne releases) to critical group members does not exceed 50 µsv/year (whole-body dose) and 150 µsv/year (dose equivalent to any organ or to the skin). The dose criteria are translated into annual discharge limits; typically for tritium, beta-gamma emitters (aerosols), I-131 and noble gases. Annual discharge limits are complemented with trimestrial limits amounting to 50% of the yearly limit. Reported as such (zero). Release limits must ensure that that the effective dose (from airborne releases) to critical group members does not exceed 100 µsv/year and that the global collective dose does not exceed 5 mansv/yeargwe. The dose criteria are translated into annual discharge limits; typically for iodines (I- 131 equivalent) and noble gases (Kr-87 equivalent). For France see separate table. For each nuclear power station design objectives must be met to ensure that the effective dose (from airborne releases) to critical group members does not exceed 300 µsv/year. The dose criteria are translated into annual discharge limits, typically for tritium, beta-gamma emitters (aerosols), I-131 and noble gases. Annual discharge limits, complemented with semestrial and daily limits, apply to releases through the vent stack. Additional limits are in force for KWO, GKN-1, KKB, KKU, KKP-2, KKG, KWG, KMK and KBR power stations and apply to authorised releases of gaseous effluents via ancillary buildings. With respect to I-131 releases, more stringent limits may be applicable during grazing times. The discharge limit for airborne beta-gamma emitters (aerosols) applies to nuclides (excluding I-131) with a half-life greater than 8 days. Limits for airborne tritium discharge are in general not defined, except for the KKB, KKG, KKU, KRB and KWG power stations. Airborne discharge limits are applicable to the Gundremmingen site as a whole, including unit A (shutdown since May 1983). Of which 1,7E-05 GBq as Sb-122 (half-life < 8 days). For each nuclear power station design objectives must be met to ensure that the effective dose (from airborne releases) to critical group members does not exceed 100 µsv/year. The dose criteria are translated into annual discharge limits; typically for tritium, beta-gamma emitters (aerosols), noble gases, halogens and C-14. For each nuclear power station design objectives must be met to ensure that the effective dose (from liquid releases) to critical group members does not exceed 50 µsv/year (whole body) and 150 µsv/year (any organ or skin). For each nuclear power station design objectives must be met to ensure that the effective dose (from airborne releases) to critical group members does not exceed 100 µsv/year and that the global collective dose does not exceed 5 mansv/yeargwe. Current regulations do not include compulsory measurement and reporting of atmospheric tritium releases. Revised discharge authorisation with effect on 15/08/1995. Revised discharge authorisation with effect on 10/08/1995. Revised discharge authorisation with effect on 31/03/1996. Discharge limits and values also cover gaseous effluents from approved places. Discharges from approved places only marginally contribute to the total activity released. Revised discharge authorisation with effect on 31/03/1996. Notes Airborne H-3 + BG (page 13 of 91)

19 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value %HOJLXP Doel E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Tihange E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 )LQODQG Loviisa E+07 [1] 2.40E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Olkiluoto E+07 [1] 5.20E E E E E E E E E E E-02 *HUPDQ\ Biblis A (KWB-A) E E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Biblis B (KWB-B) E E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Brokdorf (KBR) E E E E E E E E E E E+02 <DL Brunsbuettel (KKB) E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Emsland (KKE) E E E E E+02 <DL E+02 <DL E E E E-04 NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 14 of 91)

20 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value Grafenrheinfeld (KKG) E+06 <DL 1.63E+01 <DL E E <DL 1.30E E+01 <DL E+02 <DL Grohnde (KWG) E E E E E E E+02 <DL E E E E-05 Gundremmingen B+C (KRB) E E E E <DL 1.40E E E E E E E-03 Isar 1 (KKI-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Isar 2 (KKI-2) E E E+01 <DL E+02 <DL E+02 <DL E+02 <DL E+02 <DL Kruemmel (KKK) E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Neckarwestheim 1 (GKN-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Neckarwestheim 2 (GKN-2) E E E E E E E E E E E+02 <DL Obrigheim (KWO) E+05 [2] 6.20E E E E E E E E E E E-04 Philippsburg 1 (KKP-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 15 of 91)

21 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value Philippsburg 2 (KKP-2) E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Stade (KKS) E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Unterweser (KKU) E E E E E E E E E+03 <DL E E-04 7KHÃ1HWKHUODQGV Borssele E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Dodewaard E E E E E E-03 (stopped 26/03/97) E E-03 6SDLQ Almaraz not defined 2.97E+04 not defined 1.31E E E E E E E E E-02 Asco not defined 1.94E+04 not defined 4.78E E E E E E E E E-03 Cofrentes 1995 not defined 9.32E+03 not defined 1.28E E E E E E E E E-02 Jose Cabrera (Zorita) 1995 not defined 1.31E+04 not defined 2.62E E E E E E E E E-03 Sta Maria de Garona 1995 not defined 7.47E+03 not defined 9.09E E E E E E E E E-03 NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 16 of 91)

22 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value Trillo 1995 not defined 5.06E+03 not defined <DL E+01 <DL E E E E E E-02 Vandellos not defined 1.44E+02 not defined 2.88E E E E E E E E E-01 6ZHGHQ Barsebäck not defined 2.21E+04 not defined 2.08E E E E E E E E E-03 Forsmark not defined 8.15E+04 not defined 5.84E E E E E E E E E-02 Oskarshamn not defined 1.12E+05 not defined 3.39E E E E E E E E E-01 Ringhals not defined 1.57E+07 not defined 1.23E E E E E E E E E-01 Ringhals not defined 1.55E+04 not defined 9.31E E E E E E E E E-02 8QLWHGÃ.LQJGRP Bradwell A+B [3] E E+05 not defined not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured Calder Hall A+B+C+D [3] E E+06 not defined not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 17 of 91)

23 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value Chapelcross A+B+C+D [3] E E+06 not defined not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured Dungeness AA+AB [3] E E+06 not defined not measured E+06 not measured E+05 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured Dungeness B1+B E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Hartlepool A1+A E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Heysham 1A+1B E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Heysham 2A+2B E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Hinkley Point AA+AB [3] E E+06 not defined not measured E+04 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured E+06 not measured Hinkley Point BA+BB E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Hunterston B1+B2 [4] E E+04 no data no data E+04 no data E+04 no data E+04 no data E+04 no data Oldbury AA+AB [3] E E+05 not defined not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured E+05 not measured NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 18 of 91)

24 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Noble Gas and Iodine-131 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU 7RWDOÃ1REOHÃ*DVHVÃ*%T,RGLQHÃ*%T Limit Value Limit Value Sizewell AA+AB [3] E E+06 not defined not measured E+05 not measured E+06 not measured E+05 not measured E+06 not measured Sizewell B E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Torness 1+2 [4] E E+03 no data no data E E+03 no data E+04 no data E+04 no data E+04 no data Wylfa A+B [3] E E+04 not defined not measured E+04 not measured E+04 not measured E+04 not measured E+04 not measured 1RWHV [1] The discharge limit for noble gases is set as Kr-87 equivalent. [2] [3] The authorised release of Ar-41 is restricted to 1% of the overall noble gases discharge limit. Under normal operational conditions GCR power stations do not release I-131, the nuclide is therefore not routinely assessed. [4] I-131 data for both Scottish AGR power stations were not available at the time of compilation of this report. NPS - Airborne NG and I-131 (page 19 of 91)

25 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQVÃÃ$LUERUQHÃ'LVFKDUJHVÃÃ1REOHÃ*DVÃ6SHFWUDÃ*%T 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H %HOJLXP [1] )LQODQG Loviisa E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 Olkiluoto E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 )UDQFH [1] *HUPDQ\ Biblis A (KWB-A) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 Biblis B (KWB-B) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Brokdorf (KBR) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 NPS - NG Spectra (page 20 of 91)

26 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H Brunsbuettel (KKB) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 Emsland (KKE) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Grafenrheinfeld (KKG) 1995 [2] E E [2] E E E E E E-01 Grohnde (KWG) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Gundremmingen B+C (KRB) E [2] E E E E E E E E E-01 Isar 1 (KKI-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-03 NPS - NG Spectra (page 21 of 91)

27 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H Isar 2 (KKI-2) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Kruemmel (KKK) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Neckarwestheim 1 (GKN-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Neckarwestheim 2 (GKN-2) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Obrigheim (KWO) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Philippsburg 1 (KKP-1) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 NPS - NG Spectra (page 22 of 91)

28 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H Philippsburg 2 (KKP-2) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Stade (KKS) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 Unterweser (KKU) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 7KHÃ1HWKHUODQGV [1] 6SDLQ Almaraz E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 Asco E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+03 Cofrentes E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 NPS - NG Spectra (page 23 of 91)

29 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H Jose Cabrera (Zorita) E E E E E E E E E E+03 Sta Maria de Garona E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 Trillo E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Vandellos E E E E E E E+02 6ZHGHQ Barsebäck E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+03 Forsmark E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 NPS - NG Spectra (page 24 of 91)

30 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU $U.U.UP.U.U.U ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;HP ;H ;H Oskarshamn E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+03 Ringhals E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E [3] 1.12E E E E E E E E E E E E+04 Ringhals E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-01 8QLWHGÃ.LQJGRP [4] Sizewell B [5] 1RWHV [1] Member States do not report detailed nuclide data for noble gases. [2] Discharge values for noble gases <DL. [3] Ringhals 1 also reported a discharge of 3,43E-02 Bq of Xe-139 in [4] The UK power stations (GCR and AGR) only report Ar-41 - see previous table for data. [5] Sizewell B (PWR): detailed nuclide data for noble gases are not reported. NPS - NG Spectra (page 25 of 91)

31 Nuclear Power Stations - Airborne Discharges - Carbon-14 0HPEHUÃ6WDWH 1XFOHDUÃ3RZHUÃ6WDWLRQ <HDU &DUERQÃ*%T Limit Value %HOJLXP [1] )LQODQG Loviisa not defined 1.40E E E E E+02 Olkiluoto 1+2 [2] 1995 not defined 6.40E E E E E+02 )UDQFH [1] [3] *HUPDQ\ Biblis A (KWB-A) 1995 not defined 3.00E+02 Of which 1,4 E+01 GBq as CO E+01 Of which 8,0 E+00 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 8,3 E+00 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 7,1 E+00 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 1,4 E+01 GBq as CO2 Biblis B (KWB-B) 1995 not defined 8.00E+01 Of which 1,4 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 2,0 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 2,4 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 3,3 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 2,5 E+01 GBq as CO2 Brokdorf (KBR) 1995 not defined 2.60E E E E E+02 Brunsbuettel (KKB) 1995 not defined 7.50E+01 Of which 1,4 E+02 GBq as CO E+01 Of which 9,0 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 1,0 E+02 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 5,2 E+01 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 5,2 E+01 GBq as CO2 Emsland (KKE) 1995 not defined 1.30E+02 Of which 1,3 E+02 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 1,7 E+02 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 1,8 E+02 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 3,2 E+02 GBq as CO E+02 Of which 3,3 E+02 GBq as CO2 Grafenrheinfeld (KKG) 1995 not defined 1.10E E E E E+01 NPS - Airborne C-14 (page 26 of 91)