Energy End Use and Load Profile Study

Transcription

1 REPORT Energy End Use and Load Profile Study Submitted to NorthWestern Energy August 18, 2016 Principal Authors Nexant, Inc. Wyley Hodgson, Managing Consultant Patrick Burns, Vice President

2 Contents 1 Executive Summary Overview Method Sample Energy Usage Introduction Study Goals Secondary Data Study Methodology Study Parameters Segments End Uses Customer Data Analysis Residential Non-Residential Primary Data Collection On-Site Survey Sampling Secondary Data Collection Audit Data Other Sources Data Analysis Residential Annual Energy Consumption Calculations Commercial Annual Energy Consumption Calculations Premise Counts Residential Premises Commercial Premises Load Shape Building Residential Commercial Residential Findings Survey Results Residential Sector Overview NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 2

3 4.2.1 Building and End Use Characteristics Load Shapes Residential Segment Findings Energy Usage Building Characteristics End Use Saturations Fuel Shares Heating Fuel Shares Cooking Fuel Shares Dryer Fuel Shares Water Heating Fuel Shares Unit Energy Consumption Load Shapes Single Family Single Family Multifamily Multifamily Manufactured Housing Manufactured Housing Low Income Single Family Low Income Single Family Low Income Multifamily Low Income Multifamily Low Income Manufactured Housing Low Income Manufactured Housing Commercial Findings Survey Results Commercial Sector Overview Building and End Use Characteristics Load Shape Commercial Segment Findings Energy Usage End Use Saturations Fuel Shares Space Heating Fuel Shares Water Heating Fuel Shares Cooking Fuel Shares Energy Use Intensity Load Shape Education Education NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 3

4 Grocery Grocery Small Health Small Health Large Health Large Office Small Office Small Office Lodging Lodging Retail Retail Restaurant Restaurant Warehouse Warehouse Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Industrial Findings Willingness to Pay Analysis Interpreting the Findings Residential Study Key Conclusions Non-Residential Key Conclusions Residential Willingness to Pay Method Data Analysis Findings Average Purchase Likelihood Percent of Customers Extremely Likely to Purchase EE Option Purchase Actions for Compact Fluorescent Lamps Nonresidential Willingness to Pay Method Data Analysis Findings Average Purchase Likelihood Percent of Customers Extremely Likely to Purchase EE Option Prevalence and Storage Practices NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 4

5 Appendix A Residential End-Use Descriptions... A-1 Appendix B Commercial End-Use Descriptions... B-1 Appendix C Residential End-Use Monthly Consumption... C-1 C.1 Overall... C-1 C.2 Single Family... C-2 C.3 Multifamily... C-3 C.4 Manufactured Housing... C-4 C.5 Low Income Single Family... C-5 C.6 Low Income Multifamily... C-6 C.7 Low Income Manufactured Housing... C-7 Appendix D Site Survey Instruments... D-1 D.1 Residential Site Survey... D-1 D.2 Commercial Phone Survey... D-53 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 5

6 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Overall Residential and Commercial Electricity Consumption by End Use...13 Figure 1-2: Overall Residential and Commercial Natural Gas Consumption by End Use...14 Figure 1-3: Overall Electric Load Shape by Sector...14 Figure 1-4: Overall Natural Gas Load Shape by Sector...15 Figure 4-1: Residential Electricity Usage by Segment...31 Figure 4-2: Residential Natural Usage by Segment...32 Figure 4-3: Residential Electricity Usage by End Use...33 Figure 4-4: Residential Natural Gas Usage by End Use...34 Figure 4-5: Overall Residential Electric Load Shape by End Use...36 Figure 4-6: Overall Residential Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...37 Figure 4-7: Single Family Electric Load Shape by End Use...47 Figure 4-8: Single Family Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...48 Figure 4-9: Multifamily Electric Load Shape by End Use...49 Figure 4-10: Multifamily Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...50 Figure 4-11: Manufactured Housing Electric Load Shape by End Use...51 Figure 4-12: Manufactured Housing Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...52 Figure 4-13: Low Income Single Family Electric Load Shape by End Use...53 Figure 4-14: Low Income Single Family Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...54 Figure 4-15: Low Income Multifamily Electric Load Shape by End Use...55 Figure 4-16: Low Income Multifamily Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...56 Figure 4-17: Low Income Manufactured Housing Electric Load Shape by End Use...57 Figure 4-18: Low Income Manufactured Housing Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...58 Figure 5-1: Commercial Electricity Usage by Segment...61 Figure 5-2: Commercial Natural Gas Usage by Segment...61 Figure 5-3: Commercial Electricity Usage by End Use...63 Figure 5-4: Commercial Natural Gas Usage by End Use...64 Figure 5-5: Overall Commercial Electric Load Shape by End Use...65 Figure 5-6: Overall Commercial Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use...66 Figure 5-7: Education Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...80 Figure 5-8: Education Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...81 Figure 5-9: Grocery Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...82 Figure 5-10: Grocery Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...84 Figure 5-11: Small Health Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...85 Figure 5-12: Small Health Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...86 Figure 5-13: Large Health Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...88 Figure 5-14: Large Office Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...89 Figure 5-15: Small Office Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...90 Figure 5-16: Small Office Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...92 Figure 5-17: Lodging Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...93 Figure 5-18: Lodging Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...95 Figure 5-19: Retail Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...96 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 6

7 Figure 5-20: Retail Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...98 Figure 5-21: Restaurant Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.)...99 Figure 5-22: Restaurant Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Figure 5-23: Warehouse Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Figure 5-24: Warehouse Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Figure 5-25: Miscellaneous Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Figure 5-26: Miscellaneous Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Figure 6-1: Overall Industrial Electric Load Shape Figure 6-2: Overall Industrial Gas Load Shape Figure 7-1: Average Purchase Likelihood Ratings by Incentive Level Figure 7-2: Refrigerator Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-3: LEDs Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-4: CFL s Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-5: Furnace Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-6: Central Air Conditioner Extremely Likely Purchase Response Cost Figure 7-7: Building Insulation Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-8: Reasons residential customers are not installing more CFL s in their homes Figure 7-9: Reasons customer would never install CFL s in some sockets in their homes Figure 7-10: Average Purchase Likelihood Ratings by Incentive Level Figure 7-11: Commercial Lighting Extremely Likely Purchase Response Figure 7-12: Commercial Lighting Largest Share of Interior Lighting List of Tables Table 1-1: Overall Survey Results...12 Table 1-2: Overall Electricity and Natural Gas Breakdown...13 Table 3-1: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Segments...18 Table 3-2: Residential and Commercial End Uses...20 Table 3-3: Number of Residential Accounts...21 Table 3-4: Grocery, Health, and Office Segregation...23 Table 3-5: Commercial Site Visit Segment Allocation...24 Table 3-6: Number of Residential Audit Customers by Segment and Year...25 Table 3-7: Number of Commercial Audit Customers by Segment...26 Table 4-1: Summary of Completed Residential Site Visits...30 Table 4-2: NorthWestern Residential Electrical System Overview...30 Table 4-3: NorthWestern Residential Natural Gas System Overview...31 Table 4-4: Residential Sector Building Characteristics...32 Table 4-5: Residential Energy Usage by End Use...33 Table 4-6: Residential End Use Saturations and Fuel Shares...34 Table 4-7: Residential Electric Unit Energy Consumption Per Home...36 Table 4-8: Overall Residential Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption...37 Table 4-9: End Use Electricity Share by Residential Segment...38 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 7

8 Table 4-10: End Use Natural Gas Share by Residential Segment...39 Table 4-11: Residential Building Characteristics...39 Table 4-12: Residential End Use Saturation...40 Table 4-13: Central Heating Fuel Share...41 Table 4-14: Room Heating Fuel Share...41 Table 4-15: Primary Cooking Fuel Share...42 Table 4-16: Dryer Fuel Share...42 Table 4-17: Water Heating Fuel Share...43 Table 4-18: Residential Electric UECs (kwh/yr)...43 Table 4-19: Residential Central Cooling Parameters...44 Table 4-20: Residential Natural Gas Central Heating Parameters...44 Table 4-21: Residential Interior Lighting Types...44 Table 4-22: Residential Plug Load Appliances per Home...45 Table 4-23: Residential Other Loads Saturation...45 Table 4-24: Residential Natural Gas UECs...46 Table 4-25: Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...47 Table 4-26: Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...48 Table 4-27: Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...49 Table 4-28: Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...50 Table 4-29: Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...51 Table 4-30: Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...52 Table 4-31: Low Income Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...53 Table 4-32: Low Income Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...54 Table 4-33: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...55 Table 4-34: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...56 Table 4-35: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption...57 Table 4-36: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption...58 Table 5-1: Summary of Completed Commercial Site Visits...59 Table 5-2: NorthWestern Electric Commercial System Overview...60 Table 5-3: NorthWestern Natural Gas Commercial System Overview...60 Table 5-4: NorthWestern Electric and Natural Gas Commercial System Overview...62 Table 5-5: Commercial Sector Building Characteristics...62 Table 5-6: Commercial System Energy Usage by End Use...63 Table 5-7: Commercial End Use Saturations and Fuel Shares...65 Table 5-8: Overall Commercial Electric Unit Energy Consumption...66 Table 5-9: Overall Commercial Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption...66 Table 5-10: End Use Electricity Share by Commercial Segment...67 Table 5-11: End Use Natural Gas Share by Commercial Segment...67 Table 5-12: Commercial End Use Saturations by Segment...69 Table 5-13: Space Heating Fuel Share...70 Table 5-14: Water Heating Fuel Share...71 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 8

9 Table 5-15: Cooking Fuel Share...72 Table 5-16: Commercial Electric EUIs (kwh/ft 2 /yr)...73 Table 5-17: Commercial Natural Gas EUIs (Th/ft 2 /yr)...73 Table 5-18: Commercial Building Framing Type...74 Table 5-19: Commercial Building Wall Surface Type...74 Table 5-20: Commercial Building Wall Insulation...74 Table 5-21: Commercial Building Windows...74 Table 5-22: Commercial Lighting Type...75 Table 5-23: Commercial Fluorescent Lamp Type...75 Table 5-24: Commercial Fluorescent Ballast Type...75 Table 5-25: Street Lighting Technology Type...76 Table 5-26: Street Lighting Type...76 Table 5-27: Commercial DX Cooling Types...77 Table 5-28: Packaged DX Cooling Parameters...77 Table 5-29: Commercial Heating Types...77 Table 5-30: Boiler Heating Parameters...78 Table 5-31: Packaged Heating Parameters...78 Table 5-32: Plug Load Appliances per Buildings...79 Table 5-33: Monthly Education Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/sq.ft.)...80 Table 5-34: Monthly Education Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...81 Table 5-35: Monthly Grocery Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...83 Table 5-36: Monthly Grocery Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...84 Table 5-37: Monthly Small Health Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...86 Table 5-38: Monthly Small Health Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...87 Table 5-39: Monthly Large Health Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...88 Table 5-40: Monthly Large Office Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...89 Table 5-41: Monthly Small Office Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...91 Table 5-42: Monthly Small Office Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...92 Table 5-43: Monthly Lodging Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...94 Table 5-44: Monthly Lodging Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.)...95 Table 5-45: Monthly Retail Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...97 Table 5-46: Monthly Retail Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.)...98 Table 5-47: Monthly Restaurant Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.)...99 Table 5-48: Monthly Restaurant Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.) Table 5-49: Monthly Warehouse Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Table 5-50: Monthly Warehouse Natural Gas Energy Usage (dkt/sq.ft.) Table 5-51: Monthly Miscellaneous Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Table 5-52: Monthly Miscellaneous Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.) Table 6-1: Industrial Electricity and Natural Gas Sales by Segment Table 7-1: Overall Residential Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-1 Table 7-2: Overall Residential Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption (Th)... C-1 Table 7-3: Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-2 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 9

10 Table 7-4: Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-2 Table 7-5: Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-3 Table 7-6: Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-3 Table 7-7: Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-4 Table 7-8: Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-4 Table 7-9: Low Income Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-5 Table 7-10: Low Income Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-5 Table 7-11: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-6 Table 7-12: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-6 Table 7-13: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home)... C-7 Table 7-14: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home)... C-7 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 10

11 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Overview NorthWestern Energy (NorthWestern) retained Nexant, Inc. (Nexant) to perform an end use and load profile study and energy efficiency potential assessment for its Montana service territory. This report documents the findings of the end use and load profile study and serves to provide baseline energy using characteristics for the subsequent demand side management (DSM) potential assessment. Nexant previously completed an end use and load profile study for NorthWestern in This study evaluates the characteristics of the energy using equipment and building stock present in NorthWestern s service territory and its patterns of energy usage. Nexant used its experience working with utility companies and performing DSM potential studies to identify output parameters that are integral to future resource planning and DSM activities. While we focused on understanding NorthWestern s electricity supply sales, this study looks at equipment of all fuel types to help place NorthWestern s customers within the context of the overall regional composition. This study covers NorthWestern s residential and non-residential customers with emphasis on the residential and commercial sectors. The results of this study rely mainly upon primary research conducted in the form of on-site surveys at customer premises. Nexant s team of engineers performed site visits for 224 residential and commercial customers with survey instruments formulated specifically for this study. We placed high importance on these data to ensure that the findings are specific to NorthWestern s service territory as opposed to the entire Pacific Northwest region. 1.2 Method This study evaluated the characteristics of NorthWestern s building stock by performing on-site surveys at customer premises. Nexant designed these on-site surveys to inventory the current energy using equipment with regards to type, fuel, efficiency, and operating conditions, as well as to document the characteristics of the buildings themselves. This study also drew from historical audit data performed on NorthWestern s customers who participated in the NorthWestern Efficiency Plus (E+) programs; however, we considered the audit data only if we found it was representative of NorthWestern s general customer base and could be integrated with our own primary data without biasing the study results. Serving as a primary data source for the electric energy efficiency potential assessment, Nexant conducted this study with a focus on producing relevant DSM related outputs. Nexant designed study parameters and survey instruments around the anticipated structure and content of the DSM potential assessment. We targeted the on-site surveys at the customer segments typically included in DSM electric assessments. Likewise, we selected the energy end uses included in this study to encompass NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 11

12 the energy usage of the expected energy efficiency measures. In addition to gathering highlevel end use data, Nexant also used the customer on-site surveys to discover technology and measure specific data-points Sample To provide statistically relevant results that can be reasonably applied to the population of NorthWestern s customers, Nexant designed the sample of on-site surveys to produce findings with a 90% confidence level and at 10% precision. In an attempt to exceed this level of confidence, Nexant set its sample size to 225 total customers and adhered to rigorous sampling and survey protocols. In order to recruit residential customers, Nexant preceded its phone recruitment efforts by mailing a study information letter to randomly selected customers. The letter briefly explained the study and provided an opt-in option to participate by contacting Nexant via a toll free phone number to schedule a site visit. The letter also noted that customers who participated in the study would receive a $50 gift card for their time and cooperation. Nexant found this recruitment tactic to be very successful as our total residential customer sample originated from customers who called to participate. In a similar approach, Nexant mailed letters, which also included the opt-in option, to the commercial customer base prior to phone recruiting. However, Nexant did not offer a monetary incentive for participation. Despite not offering an incentive, we recruited nearly two thirds of the commercial sample via opt-in customers. Nexant completed its commercial customer recruitment via cold-calls, and in the case of large customers, Nexant received customer contact information provided by NorthWestern account managers. Finally, a small number of site visits were cancelled due to last minute schedule changes or unavoidable circumstances. Despite these difficulties, the sample of customers visited is sufficiently large and believed to be representative of the customer population as a whole. Through the extent of this study, Nexant contacted a total of 3,845 customers and was able to perform site visits on 224 distinct buildings. This total completed sample size meets our statistical targets for confidence level and precision. Table 1-1 below shows the number of customers involved in this survey. Table 1-1: Overall Survey Results Survey Performance Residential Commercial Total Customers Contacted 108 3,737 3,845 Site Visits Scheduled Site Visits Performed In addition to these site visits, we also collected information on street lighting, specifically residential street lighting and commercial parking lots. Our goal in this effort was to collect data on technology saturation. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 12

13 1.2.2 Energy Usage This study evaluated NorthWestern s residential, commercial, and industrial customers with electric and natural gas supply loads totaling 5,840 GWh and 19,540,136 dkt, respectively, and did not consider choice customer (i.e., customers who are permitted to procure energy from alternative sources or providers) loads. Energy figures indicated in this report does not include lighting rate classes. Table 1-2 shows the overview of the electric and natural gas sales for NorthWestern s Montana service territory in Table 1-2: Overall Electricity and Natural Gas Breakdown Sector Premises Electricity Sales (GWh) Natural Gas Share (%) Premises Sales(dKt) Share (%) Residential 274,407 2, % 163,832 12,759, % Commercial 28,798 2, % 21,313 6,643, % Industrial 8, % , % Total 311,692 5, % 185,406 19,540, % Through analysis of on-site survey results as well as the audit data provided by NorthWestern, Nexant distinguished residential and commercial energy usage by end use. Nexant did not include industrial end uses in the scope of this study. Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 show the breakdown of electricity and natural gas usage respectively. Figure 1-1: Overall Residential and Commercial Electricity Consumption by End Use Refrigeration 14.4% Space Heat 5.1% Water Heat 4.1% Cooking 4.4% Cooling 7.4% HVAC Aux 7.7% Heat Pump 0.9% Plug Load 19.7% Lighting 26.2% Other 10.1% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 13

14 Figure 1-2: Overall Residential and Commercial Natural Gas Consumption by End Use Other 8.9% Water Heating 20.3% Heating 70.7% As shown above, lighting, refrigeration, and plug loads provide the largest portions of electricity usage with a combined share of 60.3%. Nexant further segregated the total load by dividing each end use into load shapes for each sector. These load shapes are applied across the total load and shown in Figure 1-3 and Figure 1-4 for electricity and natural gas, respectively. Figure 1-3: Overall Electric Load Shape by Sector Consumption (GWh) Commercial Residential Industrial NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 14

15 Figure 1-4: Overall Natural Gas Load Shape by Sector Consumption (dkt) Commercial Residential Industrial NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 15

16 2 Introduction NorthWestern Energy (NorthWestern) retained Nexant, Inc. (Nexant) to conduct a demand side management (DSM) potential study to characterize the remaining achievable electric energy efficiency potential in NorthWestern s Montana service territory. Nexant previously completed an end use and load profile study for NorthWestern in Phase I of this analysis is an end use and load profile study which characterizes the energy usage of NorthWestern s Montana customer base and informs the calculation of energy efficiency potential. The method and results of this study are presented in this report. The second phase of the achievable electric energy efficiency potential assessment will be in a separate report volume. 2.1 Study Goals While this study aims primarily to provide inputs to the energy efficiency potential calculation, it is also designed to serve as a stand-alone end use study that supplies information useful for load forecasting, system planning, and obtaining a general understanding of the energy-using equipment present in Montana. With consideration for these uses of the study, Nexant identified the following goals for this study: Report building characteristics including number of buildings, total floor stock, building size, energy usage and energy utilization intensity (EUI), schedules, thermal shell characteristics, and other pertinent traits Inventory end use equipment and determine equipment saturations, fuels shares, efficiency shares, and market shares of key energy efficient technologies and practices Evaluate end use energy usage and create end use load profiles for the residential and commercial sectors by calibrating energy usage to historical consumption data Using these three objectives as a framework, Nexant designed this study to provide accurate and defensible results to inform the subsequent potential study and facilitate improved system planning. 2.2 Secondary Data Nexant compiled data from audits conducted in the E+ Energy Audit for the Home, E+ Free Weatherization, and E+ Energy Appraisal for Businesses Programs from Nexant leveraged the audit data to provide useful information on several end-uses in the residential and small commercial sectors, such as information on HVAC equipment, water heating equipment, and insulation levels. Nexant also investigated additional studies to inform and supplement the study. Specifically, we reviewed the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance s (NEEA) Residential Baseline Stock Assessment (RBSA) and Commercial Baseline Stock Assessment (CBSA) studies. These studies are used widely among utilities and their governing bodies for system planning, goal setting, and DSM benchmarking. Like the current study, the NEEA studies primary objectives NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 16

17 were to depict the building characteristics for use in energy efficiency potential studies. The studies relied mainly on audit data and existing surveys to develop building characterization data. While the NEEA studies do segregate by state, these studies tend to underrepresent NorthWestern s service territory due to the small Montana sample size. Therefore, we took careful consideration when benchmarking to the NEEA studies to ensure that their regional characterization was representative of NorthWestern Energy s distinct service territory Study The 2015 study aims to accurately describe the building characteristics in NorthWestern s Montana service territory. By providing up-to-date building characterization data focused specifically on NorthWestern s service territory, this study will allow NorthWestern to more accurately plan DSM programs and forecast system behavior. The 2015 study ensures that the data collected is representative of NorthWestern s Montana customer base and upholds statistically rigorous methods. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 17

18 3 Methodology To accurately meet the objectives of this study, Nexant designed an approach which successfully melded the results of both primary and secondary data sources. The method began with the raw customer data provided by NorthWestern which Nexant analyzed at a high level and used to provide a framework in which to gather primary and secondary data. Nexant conducted on-site surveys to gather primary data while leveraging NorthWestern s existing audit data as a supplemental source. Nexant constructed load shapes for the Montana service territory which we used to calibrate the primary and secondary data with respect to NorthWestern s system sales. 3.1 Study Parameters The results of this end-use study, as well as the results of the DSM electric potential study which it ultimately informed, depend on the effectiveness with which the characteristics of NorthWestern s service territory can be captured Segments In order to achieve maximum resolution in this study, Nexant worked with NorthWestern to define appropriate segment divisions for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. These segments are shown in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Segments Residential Commercial Industrial Single Family Education Agriculture Multi-Family Large Grocery Chemical Mfg Manufactured Small Grocery Construction Low Income Single Family Large Health Electrical Equipment Mfg Low Income Multi-Family Small Health Fabricated Metal Products Low Income Manufactured Lodging Food Mfg Miscellaneous 1 Large Office Small Office Restaurant Furniture Manufacturing Industrial Machinery Irrigation Mining Retail Miscellaneous 1 Warehouse Street Lighting Nonmetallic Mineral Products Petroleum Coal Products Plastic and Rubber Mfg Primary Metal Mfg NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 18

19 Residential Commercial Industrial Transmission, Communication, and Utilities TCU Textile Manufacturing Transportation Equipment Mfg Warehouse Water Wood Product Mfg 1 Commercial and Industrial Miscellaneous includes building types that heterogeneous and do not match the characteristics of the other defined segments. For example, a church or mixed-use facility is classified as Miscellaneous due to its multiuse characteristics. The expectation is that the characteristics of these segments will differ not only with respect to each other but also with respect to like segments in other service territories. For example, an office building in Montana is different than an educational building in Montana but also different from an office building in Washington. Based on this assumption, Nexant divided the customer usage data into segments to better identify potential trends and biases within the data. Through conversations with NorthWestern staff during the previous end use study conducted in 2009, Nexant understood that the grocery, health, and office segments have significant variation within each building type. NorthWestern expected that the prevalence of small facilities was much higher in its Montana service territory than in the combined NorthWestern United States. Additionally, from an equipment and energy usage perspective, we found in the previous study that the difference between a large facility and a small facility was significant. For example, the energy using equipment found in a health clinic varied significantly from the equipment found in a hospital. To account for variations of this sort, Nexant divided the health, grocery, and office segments into large and small segments. When addressing end use consumption in the industrial sector, Nexant employed a different approach. Nexant and NorthWestern agreed that while the prevalence of certain industries may differ from neighboring territories, the energy usage and end use saturations within each industry will remain fairly constant amongst regions. Due to this consistency in the industrial sector, this study does not examine end uses in industrial facilities and instead examines the distribution of industries present in NorthWestern s territory End Uses Nexant categorized the expected energy-using equipment in NorthWestern s service territory into appropriate end uses, which are consistent with end uses typically studied in national or regional surveys. Table 3-2 displays the end uses included in this study. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 19

20 Table 3-2: Residential and Commercial End Uses Residential Central AC Central Heat Cooking Oven Cooking Range Dryer Freezer HVAC Aux Heat Pump Lighting Other Commercial Lighting Ext. Lighting Heating Cooling Water Heating Cooking Plug Load Ventilation Refrigeration Other Plug Load Refrigerator Room AC Room Heat Water Heat In addition to gathering basic information such as the presence of a particular end use technology, its fuel type, and operating hours, Nexant also designed this study to examine parameters specific to each end use. Such parameters include variables like capacity or size, age, efficiency, maintenance schedule, presence of insulation, and other variables that pertain to each technology type. Gathering this information provides valuable insight into the characteristics of NorthWestern s service territory and allows Nexant to effectively build load shapes and describe regional energy usage. Our analysis and research on end uses focuses primarily on the development of saturations and fuel shares, as these are significant inputs to the calculation of electric energy efficiency potential. In this report, except where noted, saturation is defined as the percent of customers with a given end use. Except where noted, a fuel share is defined as the percentage of customers with a particular end use that use the given fuel to run it. 3.2 Customer Data Analysis NorthWestern provided Nexant with comprehensive databases of its residential and nonresidential accounts. The databases contain records of all NorthWestern s residential and nonresidential accounts, with information including rate codes, contact information, annual sales, and SIC codes for non-residential customers. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 20

21 3.2.1 Residential Our first step to analyze the residential customer dataset was to remove the accounts deemed by NorthWestern to be inapplicable to this study. In the residential sector, this included primarily the limited number of choice accounts and the significant number of lighting accounts (e.g., accounts linked to residential street lighting). Next, we examined the database to determine if any fields could be used to do a preliminary sorting of segments. Nexant was able to use the rate code and description to break out lowincome customers from the database; however, we were not able to segregate single-family, multi-family, or manufactured homes. Table 3-3 shows the number of accounts found at each step in this process. Table 3-3: Number of Residential Accounts Filter Number of Total Accounts 357,972 Accounts Included in Study 306,027 Low-Income Accounts 27,646 Non Low-Income Accounts 330, Non-Residential Nexant also received NorthWestern s 2014 non-residential accounts. Similar to the residential sector, our first step to analyze this dataset was to remove any accounts deemed inapplicable by NorthWestern. For the non-residential sector this primarily included choice accounts, transport gas accounts, and lighting accounts. Once again, Nexant examined the customer database to determine if any preliminary sector or segment information could be gleaned. The non-residential database contained a field with SIC codes for each customer account (SIC codes are used to define a company s business type). Similar to the scenario faced during the prior study, NorthWestern indicated to Nexant that the SIC data were incomplete and only marginally accurate. Nexant relied on its SIC mapping tool it developed during the 2009 study which relied on assimilation of SIC information purchased from a third party organization. Upon completion of re-mapping the SIC codes, Nexant was able to use the SIC data to assign electric accounts to the commercial or industrial sectors. We further used the SIC codes to assign electric accounts to segments. For the industrial sector this was a straightforward process since industrial segments are defined as business types. However, segments for the electric commercial sector are defined by building type rather than the business types classified by SIC code. To bridge this gap, Nexant assigned each SIC code to a building type by adopting the SIC-building type mapping used in the previous study. We adjusted this mapping key to ensure that building types are consistent with the definitions used in this study. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 21

22 To assign natural gas non-residential accounts to the commercial or industrial sector, Nexant relied on its method used for the 2013 Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Market Potential Study prepared for NorthWestern and which assigned accounts based on rate class. Nexant used rate classes in the 2013 Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Market Potential Study to properly account for the sales forecast and felt it was prudent to follow the same approach for the current end use study. We received feedback from NorthWestern staff to identify specific rate classes to be assigned to each sector. 3.3 Primary Data Collection Despite numerous end use studies available in the public domain, there is a notable absence of data specific to Montana. To overcome this hurdle, Nexant conducted a survey of NorthWestern s customers to gather accurate data that is specific to the NorthWestern Montana service territory. In order to maximize the reliability of the survey, Nexant gathered information through customer site visits On-Site Survey On-site surveys provide highly accurate data because information is collected by engineers with experience identifying and describing building systems. The on-site survey gathers data on the presence of each end use studied as well as its fuel type and efficiency level. In order to aid in the calculation of unit energy consumptions (UECs) for each end use, the survey also gathered information on equipment condition, age, and operating parameters. The survey also included a battery of willingness-to-pay questions designed to inform customer energy efficient technology adoption. One objective for the on-site surveys was ensuring that building systems are accurately and consistently categorized in line with the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance s (NEEA) regional end-use studies (specifically the Residential and Commercial Building Stock Assessments) as well as the previous end-use study conducted for NorthWestern. To ensure consistent results, Nexant compared its on-site survey instrument with NEEA s instrument to ensure our data collection would be comparable to the NEEA studies. The complete on-site surveys are included in Appendix D. A commercial on-site survey took between 30 minutes to two hours depending primarily on the amount and complexity of building systems. A residential on-site survey took 30 minutes to one hour to complete. Nexant offered customers a $50 dollar gift card to those customers whom permitted a site visit to encourage participation among residential customers. On-site data was gathered by hand and subsequently cataloged into a database Sampling To produce a defensible end use survey, Nexant aimed to gather data at a 90% confidence level with a precision of 10% at the sector level. Nexant aimed to surpass this confidence level and margin of precision for both the commercial and residential sector with an anticipated NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 22

23 sample size of 225 customers (106 residential visits and 119 commercial visits). This larger sample size bolsters data analysis at the segment level. For the residential sector, Nexant had limited data available to stratify the sector and therefore drew a random sample from the population as a whole. This approach allowed Nexant to determine the distribution of segments within the population. For the commercial sector, Nexant already had a preliminary segment distribution from the analysis of the customer database. Therefore, we could ensure that each segment was represented in the sample by using a proportional allocation based on electricity consumption. We further refined the sector segmentation by defining a stratification of large and small for the grocery, health, and office segments, as these segments typically vary in building and equipment type depending on size. These segments are typically divided by total sales, number of beds, and square footage for the grocery, health, and office segments, respectively. The customer database provided no indication of any of these variables, and SIC codes are not specific enough to allow for division. To divide these customers in a clear manner, Nexant elected to use a consumption driven cut-off point. We defined the cut-off point as the usage level at which the total consumption below the cut-off is equal to the total consumption above the cut-off. Table 3-4 shows the cut-off level for each segment. Table 3-4: Grocery, Health, and Office Segregation Sector Cut-off Level (kwh) Grocery 1,460,000 Health 1,800,000 Office 298,000 With these segments clearly defined, Nexant was able to allocate the number of site visits within its sample. Table 3-5 shows the sector consumption shares used to design the segment samples within the commercial sector. Due to inaccuracies in the assigned SIC codes in the customer account database, the final achieved sampling distribution amongst each strata did vary slightly from the initial sample plan. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 23

24 Table 3-5: Commercial Site Visit Segment Allocation Sector Consumption Share Number of Site Visits Education 8.4% 10 Large Grocery 3.7% 4 Small Grocery 3.6% 4 Large Health 5.8% 7 Small Health 5.8% 7 Lodging 7.4% 9 Miscellaneous 12.6% 15 Large Office 9.1% 11 Small Office 9.2% 11 Restaurant 5.3% 6 Retail 20.0% 24 Warehouse 9.2% 11 Total 100% 119 When choosing random samples, Nexant first selected distinct premise numbers to eliminate the possibility that a customer with multiple meters would be selected twice, or that customers with gas and electric accounts would have a higher probability of selection than a customer with a single type of account. Nexant also filtered the customer database to ensure any non-building accounts were excluded by removing residential accounts and commercial accounts with annual electricity usage of less than 1,000 kwh and 5,000 kwh, respectively, and natural gas usage of less than 5 dkt and 10 dkt, respectively. Nexant generally recruited site visits around primary population centers. Site locations typically were located within a 60 mile radius of each population center. This approach helped control travel logistics while also ensuring our sample captured both urban and rural customer sites. The cities around which we scheduled site visits included: Billings Missoula Bozeman Butte Great Falls Havre Helena Kalispell NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 24

25 In addition to these site visits, we also collected information on street lighting, specifically residential street lighting and commercial parking lots. Our goal in this effort was to collect data on technology saturation. 3.4 Secondary Data Collection In addition to the primary data collection performed by Nexant, this study also draws on secondary data sources where appropriate. The use of secondary data allows Nexant to fill gaps in the primary data and bolster the confidence of the overall study. As mentioned earlier, this study incorporated data gathered through NorthWestern s residential and commercial audit programs. Additionally, Nexant examined a number of existing end use and DSM studies to provided benchmarking and validation of the survey and audit data Audit Data Through NorthWestern s E+ Energy Audit for the Home, including both the on-site and selfreported mail-in components, and E+ Energy Appraisal for Businesses programs, a large amount of data from residential and commercial customers was available for analysis by Nexant. The residential audit data was extensive spanning five years and encompassing 17,604 residential customers (low income customers were not included with the audit data). The residential audit data was very useful for this study, as it contained valuable information on home characteristics and all of the end uses in this study. The number of residential customers who underwent an audit is shown in Table 3-6 by segment and year. Table 3-6: Number of Residential Audit Customers by Segment and Year Type of Home Total Multi Family ,002 Manufactured ,739 Single Family 2,574 4,609 5,395 3,366 1,660 17,604 Total 3,294 6,222 7,115 4,589 2,125 23,345 The commercial audit program surveyed a smaller number of customers; however, many of the segments still had large enough samples to help inform the study. The commercial audit data spanned from 2010 to The total count of commercial audit customers is shown in Table 3-7. The E+ Energy Appraisal for Businesses targets commercial customers with an average monthly electric demand load of 300 kw or smaller. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 25

26 Table 3-7: Number of Commercial Audit Customers by Segment Sector Total Buildings Education 31 Large Grocery 0 Small Grocery 8 Large Health 3 Small Health 19 Lodging 28 Miscellaneous 412 Large Office 260 Small Office 81 Restaurant 67 Retail 220 Warehouse 25 Total 1,154 Nexant expected the audit data to contain a bias given the program s self-selecting design as customers with higher energy bills may be more likely to sign up for an energy audit in order to reduce energy costs. This bias could result in the data reflecting inefficient equipment or more energy-costly equipment types such as electric space heating. To check for biases in the audit data, Nexant benchmarked the audit data against the results of the on-site surveys to determine if the audit data fell within a 10% margin of error. Our benchmarking results found that most saturations calculated by the audit data were within a 10% margin of error to the saturations calculated from the on-site survey data. For an end use in which the audit data was outside a 10% margin of error, we defaulted to our on-site survey data. Where enough data was present, Nexant also compared fuel shares which also found the audit data to be within acceptable margins of error. Based on this validation, Nexant deemed the potential bias within the audit data to be negligible Other Sources In addition to NorthWestern s audit data, Nexant also referenced existing data sources and reports to provide additional validation to the calculated survey results. Most of these sources were based on studies done on a national or regional level and were likely not representative of NorthWestern s Montana service territory. Where possible, Nexant calibrated the secondary data to adjust for known regional differences that may impact energy usage or equipment type. Nexant examined a number of existing end use and energy consumption studies including: NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 26

27 NorthWestern Energy End Use and Load Profile Study (2010) Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance s 2014 Commercial Building Stock Assessment Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance s 2011 Residential Building Stock Assessment California Commercial End-Use Study Pennsylvania Statewide Act Non-Residential End Use & Saturation Study U.S. Energy Information Administration s 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) U.S. Energy Information Administration s 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) Each secondary data source provided valuable information with which to compare Nexant s findings. Nexant relied on the perspective of NorthWestern s staff, as well as its own professional judgment to make appropriate evaluations for each data source. 3.5 Data Analysis Following the collection of primary data, Nexant calculated the output values involved in this end use study and evaluated them within the context of NorthWestern s service territory and the available secondary data. These values included building characteristics, end use saturations, fuel shares, and efficiency shares. Despite the enlarged sample size, some segments did not have sufficient data points to provide statistically significant results. To bolster confidence in the results in the residential sector, Nexant leveraged the audit data by combining the on-site and audit survey results via a weighted average according to each source s sample size. Nexant only pursued this approach if a significantly larger sample was available from the audit data and was deemed representative of the general residential customer population Residential Annual Energy Consumption Calculations Nexant used a bottom-up approach to calibrate anticipated end use unit energy electric and gas consumption (UEC) values. We calculated weather dependent end use UEC values, such as heating and cooling, using a DOE2 computer simulation model utilizing average envelope and equipment characteristics, which was developed for the previous end use study. We identified non-weather dependent end use UEC values for market survey characteristics specific for NorthWestern Energy s service territory Nexant calculated each unique end use consumption value utilizing a market share, comprised of saturation and fuel share, UEC, and number of premises within each sub sector. We summed these consumptions across all end-uses and segments and compared each to the total known sales for each fuel type. In order to consider an annual end use UEC valid for load shape calibration, the total product of all end-use consumption value must fall within 0.1% of total known energy sales. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 27

28 3.5.2 Commercial Annual Energy Consumption Calculations For the commercial sector, Nexant calculated overall and end use consumption values as an Energy Use Intensity (EUI) by dividing energy consumption by square footage. This allows energy consumption to be proportioned across varying premise square footages, which are prevalent in the commercial sector. By using the survey and audit customer populations for each segment, we calculated representative overall premise EUIs and compared those EUIs to available regional data sources, including the prior 2009 end-use study. We then confirmed EUIs by comparing the known segment sales against the calculated consumption found by multiplying EUI against average segment square footage and premise count. Similar to the residential sector approach, Nexant further developed commercial segment enduse EUIs by utilizing known EUIs for non-weather dependent end-uses from available regional sources. Nexant used DOE2 (equest) computer simulation to establish weather dependent EUIs based on surveyed building characteristics and equipment efficiencies. 3.6 Premise Counts Upon review of the residential and non-residential billing system customer databases, Nexant identified multiple null and very low consumption accounts (1,000 kwh and 5,000 kwh and 5 dkt and 10 dkt for residential and commercial, respectively). Premise counts were determined by removing these non-representative premises. Consumption values for these removed accounts were no more than several percent of the segment average consumption. Overall segment consumption remained unchanged with the reduced premise count Residential Premises Nexant determined the total number of low-income premises via rate class identifiers in the customer billing database. We established segment premise counts by utilizing available census and audit participation data to separate single family, multi-family and manufactured home types Commercial Premises In many segments, especially lodging and health, multiple electrical meters were present for the same business location; however, the audit/survey data (and external sources) report data on a per building basis. 3.7 Load Shape Building Residential Similar to the development of the annual unit energy consumption values, Nexant defined monthly load shapes by utilizing a combination of DOE2 computer simulation modeling for weather dependent end uses and historical load shape libraries for non-weather dependent end-uses. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 28

29 In order to calibrate calculated consumption sums to the known monthly sales and normalize weather anomalies for a specific year, Nexant developed an average overall residential load shape. We applied this load shape to the 2014 sales to calibrate against calculated monthly consumption values Commercial Unique to the commercial sector, Nexant developed all of the monthly and hourly end-use load shapes using DOE2 computer simulation modeling during the previous end use study. Unlike the residential monthly sales, there is not a unique rate class to segregate commercial monthly sales from industrial monthly sales, since customers of both sectors can receive a General Service (GS-1) Secondary or Primary service type. Consequently, the commercial sales are calibrated by triangulating a bottom-up assembly of end use load shapes with a topdown disaggregation of industrial sales through known industry types. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 29

30 4 Residential Findings This section presents the results of the on-site survey and the findings of the subsequent data analysis for the residential sector. 4.1 Survey Results Nexant performed residential on-site surveys according to the procedures described in Section 3.3. The following describes the results of those surveys and the subsequent data analysis. Nexant received inquiries and scheduled 108 residential customers. Due to customer cancellations, Nexant ultimately completed a total of 106 site visits which fulfilled the expected sample quota. Table 4-1 shows a summary of the site visits conducted by segment. Table 4-1: Summary of Completed Residential Site Visits Type of Home Total Site Visits Multi Family 8 Manufactured 2 Single Family 96 Total Residential Sector Overview Based on the findings of Nexant s primary and secondary research, we disaggregated electricity and natural gas usage of NorthWestern s residential sector by segment (type of home) and end use. Table 4-2, Table 4-3, Figure 4-1, and Figure 4-2 show the residential electric and natural gas energy usage by segment. Table 4-2: NorthWestern Residential Electrical System Overview Type of Home Number of Homes Total Energy Usage (kwh) Energy Share Single Family 197,768 1,785,297, % Multi-Family 33, ,788, % Manufactured 30, ,796, % LI Single Family 9,156 70,528, % LI Multi-Family 1,561 12,447, % LI Manufactured 1,425 9,183, % Total 274,407 2,356,041, % NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 30

31 Table 4-3: NorthWestern Residential Natural Gas System Overview Type of Home Number of Homes Total Energy Usage (dkt) Energy Share Single Family 118,076 10,229, % Multi-Family 20, , % Manufactured 18,371 1,318, % LI Single Family 5, , % LI Multi-Family , % LI Manufactured , % Total 163,832 12,759, % Nexant calibrated the data presented in this section to 2014 electric and gas consumption data. Figure 4-1: Residential Electricity Usage by Segment Multi-Family, 11.4% Manufactured, 8.9% LI Single Family, 3.0% Single Family, 75.8% LI Multi-Family, 0.5% LI Manufactured, 0.4% Single family homes contribute the vast majority of electricity consumption in the residential sector with multi-family and manufactured homes combining for over 20 percent the total load. Low-income residences comprise 3.9% of the electricity usage with segmentation roughly similar to the non-low-income customers. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 31

32 Figure 4-2: Residential Natural Usage by Segment Multi-Family, 5.5% Manufactured, 10.3% LI Single Family, 3.3% Single Family, 80.2% LI Multi-Family, 0.2% LI Manufactured, 0.4% Overall, natural gas energy usage by segment tracks closely to electricity consumption, with single family homes consuming more than three quarters of the total sales. The share of natural gas usage by low-income homes is the same as the electric share with a total of 3.9%. Again, single family homes have the largest energy consumption per home, with annual consumption of 86.6 dkt per home. Multi-family homes and low-income multi-family homes have the lowest energy usage per home Building and End Use Characteristics Table 4-4 shows the basic building characteristics of the residential sector. NEEA s 2011 Residential Building Stock Assessment (RBSA) study reports a higher average home conditioned square footage at 2,158 square feet in Montana; however, NEEA s sample was concentrated on western Montana and did not include urban areas such as Billings. Table 4-4: Residential Sector Building Characteristics Parameter Unit Value Size ft 2 1,936 Age years 49 Floors Nexant analyzed the end use energy consumption for each segment and compiled this data across the residential sector as a whole. The residential energy consumption by end use is shown in Table 4-5, Figure 4-3, and Figure 4-4. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 32

33 Table 4-5: Residential Energy Usage by End Use End Use Electricity Natural Gas Central AC 3.4% - Central Heat 1.3% 63.4% Cooking Oven 2.5% 2.9% Cooking Range 3.1% 2.9% Dryer 8.6% 0.2% Freezer 4.9% - HVAC Aux 4.0% - Heat Pump 0.9% - Lighting 15.7% - Other 5.8% 2.9% Plug Load 22.4% - Refrigerator 11.8% - Room AC 0.8% - Room Heat 7.1% 10.7% Water Heat 7.8% 17.1% Total 100.0% 100.0% Figure 4-3: Residential Electricity Usage by End Use Plug Load 22.4% Other 5.8% Refrigerator 11.8% Lighting 15.7% Room Heat 7.1% Water Heat 7.8% Dryer 8.6% Freezer 4.9% Central AC 3.4% Central Heat 1.3% Cooking Oven 2.5% Cooking Range 3.1% HVAC Aux 4.0% Heat Pump 0.9% Room AC 0.8% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 33

34 Figure 4-4: Residential Natural Gas Usage by End Use Room Heat 10.7% Water Heat 17.1% Cooking Oven 2.9% Central Heat 63.4% Cooking Range 2.9% Dryer 0.2% Other 2.9% Contributing almost one quarter of the total electricity consumption, plug loads use the largest portion of electricity in the residential sector. This is attributable to the fact that the plug load category contains a large number of appliances, many with frequent usage (TVs, PCs, microwaves) or high energy intensity (dishwashers, clothes washers). Lighting and refrigeration are the next largest end use categories. These three largest end uses comprise over half of the total residential energy usage. This energy usage breakdown is based upon the end use saturations and fuel shares found from Nexant s research. Table 4-6 shows the saturations and fuel shares of the residential end uses studied in this report. End Use Table 4-6: Residential End Use Saturations and Fuel Shares Saturation Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Shares Propane Oil Other Central AC 39.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Central Heat 80.0% 1.2% 92.3% 1.2% 4.8% 0.0% Cooking Oven 100.0% 44.6% 52.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Cooking Range 100.0% 44.6% 52.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Dryer 91.5% 94.7% 5.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Freezer 57.5% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% HVAC Aux % 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 34

35 End Use Saturation Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Shares Propane Oil Other Heat Pump 1.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Other 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Plug Load 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Refrigerator 98.1% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Room AC 19.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Room Heat 15.2% 37.5% 50.0% 6.3% 0.0% 6.3% Port. Space Heat 8.7% 100% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Water Heat 97.1% 28.1% 69.9% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% Overall these results align with Nexant s professional judgment and expectations. Additionally, Nexant s review of secondary data sources including the audit program data as well as NEEA s RBSA study closely aligns with our findings Load Shapes Nexant developed electric and gas load shapes to show how energy is being consumed in a typical Montana residence over the course of the year. The overall electric and gas load shapes are shown in Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6, respectively. The total monthly electric and gas consumptions for a typical Montana residence are tabulated in Table 4-7 and Table 4-8 below, respectively. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 35

36 Figure 4-5: Overall Residential Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-7: Residential Electric Unit Energy Consumption Per Home Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,583 As shown above, the residential sector experienced a winter peak, as well as a small summer peak. The winter peak is driven primarily by heating related loads, as well as slight increases in plug loads, lighting, and cooking. As expected, summer peaking is related to cooling, and a slight increase in refrigeration. It is notable that the average consumption per home has remained similar since the 2009 NorthWestern Energy end-use study, where the average home was determined to have an annual electric consumption of 8,550 kwh. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 36

37 Figure 4-6: Overall Residential Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-8: Overall Residential Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/ home NorthWestern s natural gas usage is dominated by heating related loads in the winter characterized primarily as central heating systems. Water heating, cooking, and dryer usage remains fairly constant throughout the year. 4.3 Residential Segment Findings We evaluated the characteristics of each residential segment using the findings from the on-site surveys and secondary research. The following sections report these findings within the context of each segment and highlight the differences between the different types of homes Energy Usage For each residential segment Nexant combined the end use saturations, fuel shares, and UECs to calculate the average per-home energy usage. The total electricity consumption share for each segment shown in Table 4-9 is stratified by end use and shown in Table 4-9. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 37

38 End Use Table 4-9: End Use Electricity Share by Residential Segment Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home LI Single Family LI Multi- Family LI Mfd Home Central AC 3.6% 1.3% 4.5% 3.4% 1.1% 4.7% Central Heat 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 0.0% Cooking Oven 2.0% 4.9% 3.9% 2.3% 4.8% 3.9% Cooking Range 2.5% 5.9% 4.7% 2.8% 5.8% 4.8% Dryer 9.3% 4.4% 8.7% 9.9% 4.4% 9.2% Freezer 5.8% 0.0% 3.5% 6.8% 0.0% 3.8% HVAC Aux 4.2% 1.7% 4.4% 4.7% 1.6% 5.6% Heat Pump 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0% Lighting 17.2% 9.4% 11.7% 14.5% 9.5% 10.4% Other 6.5% 2.1% 5.4% 4.8% 1.2% 4.1% Plug Load 22.6% 20.8% 23.3% 20.9% 17.3% 23.4% Refrigerator 12.0% 10.1% 11.7% 14.0% 10.0% 13.1% Room AC 0.6% 1.1% 1.8% 0.6% 1.4% 2.3% Room Heat 4.3% 29.5% 2.2% 4.9% 34.5% 0.0% Water Heat 6.8% 9.1% 14.3% 7.7% 8.5% 14.6% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% There are many similarities between the segments, with plug loads, lighting, and refrigeration consistently consuming large percentages of the total energy. Multi-family and low-income multifamily homes both have higher than average shares of room heat, due to the high prevalence of electric baseboards in this type of home. A high prevalence of electric water heating was found among manufactured homes, resulting in a similarly elevated share of electricity consumption. Nexant also evaluated the end use energy shares of NorthWestern s total natural gas residential sales. These findings are presented in Table 4-10, below. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 38

39 Table 4-10: End Use Natural Gas Share by Residential Segment End Use Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home LI Single Family LI Multi- Family LI Mfd Home Central Heat 66.9% 54.3% 40.7% 66.8% 54.2% 40.2% Cooking Oven 3.1% 1.1% 2.3% 3.1% 1.1% 2.3% Cooking Range 3.1% 1.1% 2.3% 3.1% 1.1% 2.3% Dryer 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% Other 3.1% 2.6% 1.9% 2.9% 2.3% 2.8% Room Heat 6.5% 17.4% 39.1% 6.5% 17.5% 38.8% Water Heat 17.1% 23.5% 13.7% 17.2% 23.7% 13.7% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Building Characteristics In an effort to better understand home energy usage and characteristics, as well as provide basic context for end use findings, Nexant evaluated the basic building characteristics of each segment. Table 4-11 presents these findings. Table 4-11: Residential Building Characteristics Parameter Unit Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Size ft 2 1, Age years Floors NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 39

40 4.3.3 End Use Saturations Nexant used the on-site survey and historical audit data to calculate the saturation of the end uses studied in this report. Data on low income segments were not available to inform saturation values. However, Nexant does not expect a significant difference between low income and nonlow income segments. Saturations are shown in Table Table 4-12: Residential End Use Saturation End Use Single Family Multi-Family Mfd Home Central AC 40.6% 14.3% 50.0% Central Heat 83.3% 42.9% 50.0% Cooking Oven 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Cooking Range 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Dryer 95.8% 42.9% 66.7% Freezer HVAC Aux 75.3% 58.8% 67.4% Heat Pump 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Other 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Plug Load 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Refrigerator Room AC 16.7% 42.9% 50.0% Room Heat 12.5% 42.9% 10.6% Water Heat 99.6% 83.3% 100.0% 1 Average number of units per home The saturations of plug loads and other are both 100% by definition. Therefore, the contribution of these end uses to the overall energy usage is driven by the UEC, as determined by the prevalence of certain appliances within the end use category. Not unexpectedly, Nexant found that lighting, ovens, and ranges also have saturations of 100% across all types of homes. Our analysis found water heating equipment to be present in nearly all homes. It is likely that the remainder of homes have hot water furnished to them, as suggested by the lower saturation in multi-family homes. Central cooling is most prevalent in single family homes with roughly 41% of customers having some form of central cooling. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 40

41 4.3.4 Fuel Shares Where multiple fuels can be used for a single end use, Nexant calculated the percentage of customers with each type of fuel. Data on low income segments were not available to inform fuel share values. However, Nexant does not expect a significant difference between low income and non-low income segments Heating Fuel Shares Table 4-13 and Table 4-14 show the fuel shares for central heating and room heating respectively. Table 4-13: Central Heating Fuel Share Fuel Type Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Electric 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% Natural Gas 92.5% 100.0% 100.0% Propane 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% Oil 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Table 4-14: Room Heating Fuel Share Fuel Type Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Electric 33.3% 66.7% 18.0% Natural Gas 66.7% 33.3% 11.4% Propane 0.0% 0.0% 67.5% Oil 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Other 0.0% 0.0% 4.1% Central heating is provided almost entirely by natural gas systems for all segments. This suggests that central systems are typically large enough to make the improved economics of natural gas an important factor in fuel choice. Conversely, room heating has a much higher share of electric systems Cooking Fuel Shares The fuel shares for ovens and ranges are presented in Table Cooking fuel is primarily electric, with natural gas providing the next largest share. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 41

42 Table 4-15: Primary Cooking Fuel Share Fuel Type Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Electric 41.9% 91.8% 60.5% Natural Gas 58.1% 8.2% 39.5% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Dryer Fuel Shares Table 4-16 shows the fuel shares of clothes dryers for each residential segment. As shown, dryers were found to be primarily heated with electricity. Table 4-16: Dryer Fuel Share Fuel Type Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Electric 94.2% 96.2% 100.0% Natural Gas 5.8% 3.8% 0.0% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Water Heating Fuel Shares Fuel shares of water heaters are shown in Table Natural gas dominates the end use fuel type. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 42

43 Table 4-17: Water Heating Fuel Share Fuel Type Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Electric 26.3% 50.0% 50.0% Natural Gas 71.6% 50.0% 50.0% Other 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% Unit Energy Consumption Nexant calculated the unit energy consumption (UEC) for each end use studied. We modeled these UECs based on the findings of the on-site survey and audit data. These UECs are reported irrespective of the end use saturation or fuel share, meaning that the UEC represents the total consumption of an end use in a home where it is present. We used the modeling program DOE 2 simulation modeling to determine UECs for weather dependent end uses including central ACs, central heating, HVAC auxiliary, heat pumps, room ACs, and room heating. Table 4-18 presents the electric UECs for each end use. Table 4-18: Residential Electric UECs (kwh/yr) End Use Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home LI Single Family LI Multi- Family LI Mfd Home Central AC Central Heat 13,850 8,412 12,150 13,005 9,462 10,789 Cooking Oven Cooking Range Dryer Freezer HVAC Aux Heat Pump 9,355-7,783 8,307 3,465 7,084 Lighting 1, , Other Plug Load 2,038 1,654 1,596 1,607 1,376 1,510 Refrigerator Room AC Room Heat 9,349 8,184 7,940 9,059 9,618 6,881 Water Heat 2,342 1,729 1,956 2,248 1,630 1,887 It is notable that the unit energy consumption for lighting end uses has declined by approximately 24% and central cooling end consumption has declined by 10% since the 2009 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 43

44 NorthWestern Energy end-use study. Table 4-19 and Table 4-20 summarize the basic parameters for central cooling and central heating systems respectively. Table 4-19: Residential Central Cooling Parameters Parameter Unit Value Age Yr 8.5 Capacity Btu/hr 30,615 Efficiency SEER 11.2 Pct Programmable % 71.9% Table 4-20: Residential Natural Gas Central Heating Parameters Parameter Unit Value Age Yr 14.6 Capacity Btu/hr 88,934 Efficiency AFUE 85.2 Pct Programmable % 53.8% Pct ECM Fan % 5.6% For several end uses, Nexant confirmed UECs reported in secondary sources, as the primary and secondary research provided no indication that energy usage characteristics in Montana would differ from this data. End uses with deemed UECs include cooking ovens, cooking ranges, dryers, freezers, refrigerators and water heating. The UEC for lighting was evaluated based on share of lamp types present. Table 4-21 shows the types of lighting found in the onsite survey. Table 4-21: Residential Interior Lighting Types Type of Bulb Pct Sockets Incandescent 50.0% CFL 33.0% Halogen 1.7% LED 8.4% Linear Fluorescent 6.4% Other 0.5% It is notable that the shares of compact fluorescent lamps has increased by 10% and the shares of LED lamps has increased by 8% from the 2009 NorthWestern Energy end-use study with the NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 44

45 reduction occurring from incandescent lamps which are no longer available due to federal code requirements. The UECs for plug loads and other electric loads are based on the average number of appliances per home calculated from the on-site and audit data. The average number of appliances of plug loads and other loads are shown in Table 4-22 and Table 4-23, respectively. Table 4-22: Residential Plug Load Appliances per Home Appliance Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Dishwasher Microwave Oven Electric Toaster Oven TV VCR/DVD Cable Boxes Desk Top Computer Lap Top Computer Printer Stereo System Ceiling Fan Clothes Washer Table 4-23: Residential Other Loads Saturation Load Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home Well Pump 35.4% 0.0% 0.0% Pool Pump 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% Spa 10.4% 0.0% 0.0% Table 4-24 shows the UECs for end uses with natural gas fuel shares. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 45

46 Table 4-24: Residential Natural Gas UECs End Use Single Family Multi- Family Mfd Home LI Single Family LI Multi- Family LI Mfd Home Central Heat Cooking Oven Cooking Range Dryer Room Heat Water Heat It is notable that the unit energy consumption for central space heating end uses has declined by approximately 10% and water heating end consumption has declined by 16% since the 2009 NorthWestern Energy end-use study, likely due to manufacturing and building energy codes Load Shapes Load profiles were developed for electric and gas usage for each residential segment. These profiles are displayed below, further data is provided in Appendix C. The figures and tables below show the monthly electricity and natural gas consumption for each residential segment over the course of a year. It was found that the overall load shapes for each segment are very similar. The main differences between each segment are due to variations in equipment saturation and fuel share. In other words, the load shape of each end use is fairly consistent for all segments. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 46

47 Single Family Figure 4-7 below shows the typical electrical usage for a single family residence over the course of a year. Figure 4-7: Single Family Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-25 below provides total monthly electric consumption for a typical single family residence. Table 4-25: Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,027 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 47

48 Single Family Figure 4-8 below shows the natural gas consumption for a typical single family residence over the course of a year Figure 4-8: Single Family Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-26 below provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical single family residence. Table 4-26: Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Ju Au Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 48

49 Multifamily Figure 4-9 below shows the electrical consumption of a typical multifamily residence over the course of year, by end use. Figure 4-9: Multifamily Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-27 below provides monthly electrical energy usage for a typical multifamily residence. Table 4-27: Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,064 7,940 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 49

50 Multifamily Figure 4-10 below shows the typical natural gas consumption of a multifamily residence over the course of a year, by end use. 60 Figure 4-10: Multifamily Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use 50 therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-28 provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical multifamily residence. Table 4-28: Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 50

51 Manufactured Housing Figure 4-11 below shows the electrical consumption of a typical manufactured home over the course of year, by end use. Figure 4-11: Manufactured Housing Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-29 provides monthly electrical energy usage for a typical manufactured home. Table 4-29: Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,850 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 51

52 Manufactured Housing Figure 4-12 below shows the typical natural gas consumption of a manufactured home over the course of a year, by end use Figure 4-12: Manufactured Housing Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-30 provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical manufactured home. Table 4-30: Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 52

53 Low Income Single Family Figure 4-13 below shows the electrical consumption of a typical low income single family residence over the course of year, by end use. Figure 4-13: Low Income Single Family Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-31 provides monthly electrical energy usage for a typical low income single family residence. Table 4-31: Low Income Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,617 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 53

54 Low Income Single Family Figure 4-14 below shows the typical natural gas consumption of a low income single family residence over the course of a year, by end use. Figure 4-14: Low Income Single Family Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-33 provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical low income single family residence. Table 4-32: Low Income Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 54

55 Low Income Multifamily Figure 4-15 below shows the electrical consumption of a typical low income multifamily residence over the course of year, by end use. Figure 4-15: Low Income Multifamily Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-34 provides monthly electrical energy usage for a typical low income multifamily residence. Table 4-33: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home 1, ,106 7,974 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 55

56 Low Income Multifamily Figure 4-16 below shows the typical natural gas consumption of a low income multifamily residence over the course of a year, by end use. Figure 4-16: Low Income Multifamily Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-34 provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical low income multifamily residence. Table 4-34: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 56

57 Low Income Manufactured Housing Figure 4-17 below shows the electrical consumption of a typical low income manufactured home over the course of year, by end use. Figure 4-17: Low Income Manufactured Housing Electric Load Shape by End Use Unit Energy Consumption (kwh) Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Table 4-35 provides monthly electrical energy usage for a typical low income manufactured home. Table 4-35: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/home ,444 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 57

58 Low Income Manufactured Housing Figure 4-18 below shows the typical natural gas consumption of a low income manufactured home over the course of a year, by end use. Figure 4-18: Low Income Manufactured Housing Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use therms Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat 0 Table 4-36 provides monthly natural gas consumption for a typical low income manufactured home. Table 4-36: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Therm/home NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 58

59 5 Commercial Findings This section presents the results of the on-site survey and the findings of the subsequent data analysis for the commercial sector. 5.1 Survey Results Nexant performed commercial on-site surveys according to the procedures described in Section 3. The following describes the results of those surveys, and the subsequent analysis of data. Table 5-1 shows a summary of the site visits conducted by segment. Table 5-1: Summary of Completed Commercial Site Visits Segment Total Site Visits Education 9 Grocery 7 Large Health 7 Small Health 8 Lodging 10 Miscellaneous 24 Large Office 5 Small Office 15 Restaurant 4 Retail 24 Warehouse 5 Total 118 In addition to these site visits, we also collected information on street lighting, totaling an inventory of 131 lights across NorthWestern s territory. 5.2 Commercial Sector Overview Nexant stratified the electricity and natural gas usage of NorthWestern s commercial sector by segment and end use based on the findings of Nexant s primary and secondary research, Table 5-2 and Table 5-3 show the breakdown of total commercial electric and natural gas consumption respectively. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 59

60 Table 5-2: NorthWestern Electric Commercial System Overview Segment Building Stock (ft 2 ) Total Energy Usage (kwh) Energy Share Education 24,048, ,472, % Grocery 3,264, ,681, % Large Health 5,405, ,930, % Large Office 13,238, ,476, % Lodging 15,121, ,226, % Miscellaneous 66,791, ,115, % Restaurant 3,378, ,622, % Retail 47,549, ,670, % Small Health 10,384, ,922, % Small Office 42,446, ,819, % Warehouse 36,465, ,587, % Total 268,094,951 2,692,525, % Table 5-3: NorthWestern Natural Gas Commercial System Overview Segment Building Stock (ft 2 ) Total Energy Usage (dkt) Energy Share Education 10,447, , % Grocery 4,351, , % Large Health % Large Office % Lodging 7,420, , % Miscellaneous 42,232,354 1,522, % Restaurant 3,215, , % Retail 31,081, , % Small Health 7,811, , % Small Office 49,680,811 2,373, % Warehouse 20,128, , % Total 176,371,269 6,643, % NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 60

61 Figure 5-1: Commercial Electricity Usage by Segment Small Office 16.3% Small Health 4.7% Warehouse 7.4% Education 6.9% Grocery 5.9% Large Health 4.7% Large Office 7.3% Lodging 6.1% Retail 16.9% Restaurant 4.3% Miscellaneous 19.4% Figure 5-2: Commercial Natural Gas Usage by Segment Warehouse 4.8% Education 6.0% Grocery 3.2% Lodging 4.4% Small Office 35.7% Miscellaneous 22.9% Small Health 3.5% Retail 14.0% Restaurant 5.5% The largest identifiable segment contributor to electric and natural gas sales is retail and small office, respectively. The miscellaneous segment contributes the greatest fraction of the electric usage, as this segment contains a large number of diverse building types. A more in-depth look at segment energy usage is shown in Table 5-4, which shows the average facility size and energy usage per square foot. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 61

62 Table 5-4: NorthWestern Electric and Natural Gas Commercial System Overview Segment Avg Square Footage (Electric) Avg Electric EUI (kwh/sf) Avg Square Footage (Gas) Avg Natural Gas EUI (T/sf) Education 29, , Grocery 8, , Large Health 235, n/a n/a Small Health 10, , Lodging 28, , Miscellaneous 8, , Small Office 4, , Large Office 57, n/a n/a Restaurant 3, , Retail 9, , Warehouse 15, , Electric EUI is highest in grocery and restaurant facilities due to a high prevalence of cooking and refrigeration equipment. For most commercial sectors, the average square footage for both electric and gas customers was found to be very similar with the notable exceptions of large grocery and lodging Building and End Use Characteristics The general building characteristics for the commercial sector are presented in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Commercial Sector Building Characteristics Parameter Unit Value Age years 43.3 Occupants Floors Buildings Owned % 80.9% Nexant analyzed the end use energy consumption for each segment and compiled this data across the commercial sector as a whole. The commercial energy consumption by end use is shown in Table 5-6, Figure 5-3, and Figure 5-4. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 62

63 Table 5-6: Commercial System Energy Usage by End Use End Use Electricity Natural Gas Lighting 30.7% - Ext. Lighting 4.6% - Heating 2.8% 77.4% Cooling 10.7% - Water Heating 0.9% 8.6% Cooking 3.2% - Plug Load 9.8% - Ventilation 10.9% - Refrigeration 12.3% - Other 14.0% 14.0% Figure 5-3: Commercial Electricity Usage by End Use Other, 14.0% Lighting, 30.7% Refrigeration, 12.3% Ventilation, 10.9% Plug Load, 9.8% Cooking, 3.2% Water Heating, 0.9% Ext. Lighting, 4.6% Heating, 2.8% Cooling, 10.7% As shown above, lighting is responsible for roughly one third of the total electricity consumption as expected in a service territory with low cooling demand. Refrigeration is the next largest identifiable electricity consumer accounting for 14% of total electricity consumption; however HVAC loads (heating, cooling and ventilation) account for 23% of the total commercial consumption. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 63

64 Figure 5-4: Commercial Natural Gas Usage by End Use Other, 14.0% Water Heating, 8.6% Heating, 77.4% Natural gas usage is dominated by space heating, though water heating is also responsible for a non-trivial portion of the usage. This energy usage breakdown is based upon the end use saturations and fuel shares found from Nexant s research. Table 5-7 shows the saturations and fuel shares of the commercial end uses studied in this report. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 64

65 Table 5-7: Commercial End Use Saturations and Fuel Shares Fuel Shares End Use Saturation Electricity Natural Propane Gas Cooking 65.8% 64.9% 28.5% 6.6% Exterior Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Other 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Plug Loads 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Refrigeration 48.6% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Space Cooling 79.6% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Space Heating 95.2% 7.4% 88.3% 4.3% Ventilation 100.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Water Heating 81.0% 50.4% 45.3% 4.3% Load Shape Nexant developed electric and gas load shapes to show how energy is being consumed in a typical Montana building over the course of the year Figure 5-5: Overall Commercial Electric Load Shape by End Use Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Other Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 65

66 Table 5-8: Overall Commercial Electric Unit Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year kwh/sf With the exception of heating and cooling, the majority of commercial end uses have fairly flat annual load shapes. The small saturation of electric space heating results in a cooling driven system peak occurring in the summer Figure 5-6: Overall Commercial Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use Gas EUI (therms/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-9: Overall Commercial Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year thm/sf The consistent annual natural gas usage of water heating and miscellaneous equipment results in a substantial winter space heating load. 5.3 Commercial Segment Findings Nexant evaluated the characteristics of each commercial segment using the findings from the on-site surveys and secondary research. The following sections report these findings within the context of each segment and highlight the differences between the different types of building Energy Usage For each commercial segment the end use saturations, fuel shares, and EUIs, we combined to calculate the average per-building energy usage. The total electricity consumption for each NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 66

67 segment shown in Table 5-2 is broken down by end use and shown in Table 5-10, and the natural gas usage is shown in Table Table 5-10: End Use Electricity Share by Commercial Segment End Use Educa -tion Large Health Small Health Misc. Small Office Large Office Retail Grocery Lodging Restaurant Warehouse Cooking 2.9% 5.2% 2.9% 0.7% 3.7% 3.5% 0.5% 0.7% 27.0% 2.0% 0.0% Exterior Lighting 3.8% 2.3% 1.7% 3.4% 4.2% 7.8% 5.6% 1.7% 3.4% 4.6% 2.6% Lighting 39.1% 19.4% 40.6% 24.2% 26.6% 27.8% 29.0% 23.2% 16.4% 45.1% 27.6% Other 10.0% 17.1% 14.8% 39.0% 16.7% 19.1% 6.9% 15.9% 7.5% 11.7% 5.8% Plug Loads Refriger ation Space Cooling Space Heating 11.4% 0.8% 3.7% 7.2% 8.1% 5.6% 21.7% 27.9% 1.7% 6.2% 3.0% 5.5% 46.2% 3.2% 2.5% 4.1% 10.2% 4.5% 2.0% 30.2% 7.2% 44.8% 9.1% 4.0% 10.6% 10.7% 12.2% 12.1% 14.1% 11.3% 7.0% 12.3% 3.0% 3.0% 0.6% 1.6% 5.8% 5.6% 1.1% 6.0% 5.0% 0.7% 1.3% 0.5% 13.7% 3.9% 19.7% 6.1% 18.3% 11.6% 10.7% 11.5% 5.1% 8.7% 12.2% 1.4% 0.3% 1.2% 0.5% 0.5% 1.2% 1.0% 0.7% 1.0% 1.0% 0.5% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% End Use Space Heating Water Heating Educa tion Table 5-11: End Use Natural Gas Share by Commercial Segment Large Health Small Health Misc. Small Office Large Office Retail Ventilation Water Heating Grocery Lodging Restaurant Warehouse 81.8% 51.3% 39.3% 88.3% 34.6% 75.3% 81.9% 92.2% 20.3% 94.9% 88.0% 13.1% 17.2% 42.0% 11.6% 54.4% 7.9% 3.7% 5.7% 18.6% 1.4% 2.9% Other 5.2% 31.8% 18.7% 0.0% 10.9% 17.0% 11.4% 2.1% 61.3% 3.8% 6.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 67

68 The study found the lighting end use to be the largest energy user for the most segments with the exception of grocery, small health, large office, and restaurant facilities. These building types have electric consumption driven by end uses contributing to the building function. Grocery store energy usage is dominated by refrigeration, while large office is dominated by plug loads. Small health facilities are dominated by electronic medical equipment that was classified as Other. Restaurants have the majority of their electricity consumption going towards refrigeration and cooking. Overall, electric energy shares for each building type are fairly consistent with regionally adjusted data. Space heating is the largest contributor to natural gas usage in all segments with the exception of lodging and large health. Lodging has a very high usage of natural gas for water heating due to high demand by customers. The large health segment comprised primarily of hospitals also has large water heating demand due to patient and equipment needs. With regard to building characteristics, Nexant was only able to derive reliable building characteristics on the overall commercial level, since 90/10 sampling was not included for each commercial segment. Specific end-use characteristics are shown in along with the discussion of calculating EUIs End Use Saturations The on-site survey was analyzed to calculate the saturation of the end uses studied in this report. Saturations are shown in Table NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study

69 Table 5-12: Commercial End Use Saturations by Segment End Use Grocery Large Health Small Health Lodging Misc. Small Office Large Office Retail Education Restaurant Warehouse Cooking 71.4% 100.0% 85.7% 28.6% 60.0% 18.2% 13.3% 60.0% 100.0% 12.0% 0.0% Exterior Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Lighting 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Other 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Plug Loads 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Refrigeration 57.1% 100.0% 85.7% 40.0% 40.0% 8.3% 6.7% 12.5% 75.0% 16.0% 33.3% Space Cooling Space Heating 57.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 80.0% 81.8% 93.3% 100.0% 50.0% 88.0% 44.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 88.9% 95.0% 86.7% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Ventilation 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Water Heating 85.7% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 77.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 50.7% 70.8% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 69

70 We note that the saturations listed in the above Table 5-12 are the occurrence of that end-use for a premise. In several cases, the end-use may not be prevalent uniformly throughout a premise. A notable example of this is the high saturation of space cooling in the education sector, as most schools and universities within NorthWestern service territory do not have space cooling throughout the premise but will frequently have spot cooling for administration or dense technology areas. This non-uniform space cooling load is accounted for in a reduced end-use EUI. Overall, end use saturation data does not present any major surprises. Refrigeration equipment is present in a fair portion of buildings not typically assumed to have refrigeration loads, such as office buildings and retail spaces. Much of this is likely attributable to facilities with mixed usage, for example a small café in a large office building Fuel Shares Where multiple fuels can be used for a single end use, Nexant calculated the fuel share for each segment. The data in this section shows the type of fuel used within a particular segment with a given end use which means that in many cases sample sizes have been significantly reduced. For this reason uncertainty of these values is higher than those for the commercial sector as a whole Space Heating Fuel Shares Table 5-13 shows the fuel shares for commercial space heating within each segment. Table 5-13: Space Heating Fuel Share Segment Electric Natural Gas Propane Education 7.2% 78.5% 14.3% Grocery 0.5% 66.3% 33.2% Large Health 6.2% 93.8% 0.0% Small Health 16.7% 83.3% 0.0% Lodging 7.2% 92.8% 0.0% Misc 1.8% 98.2% 0.0% Small Office 6.3% 93.8% 0.0% Large Office 8.9% 91.1% 0.0% Restaurant 0.4% 99.6% 0.0% Retail 3.1% 96.9% 0.0% Warehouse 12.5% 87.5% 0.0% Overall, these fuel shares reflect Nexant s expectation for the distribution of heating fuels throughout NorthWestern s Montana service territory. The predominance of natural gas usage in every segment is indicative of the improved cost structure for natural gas heating over electric NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 70

71 heating. As mentioned above, sample sizes for fuel shares within a segment are significantly smaller than for the commercial sector as a whole, and this is reflected in the lack of propane heating in many segments. In areas where natural gas was unavailable, Nexant frequently saw customers choosing to heat with propane rather than electricity. For this reason it is expected that the lack of propane heating is due to the small sample size, rather than actual market conditions Water Heating Fuel Shares Table 5-14 shows the fuel shares for commercial water heating within each segment. Table 5-14: Water Heating Fuel Share Sector Electric Natural Gas Propane Education 19.7% 61.2% 19.1% Grocery 54.6% 45.5% 0.0% Large Health 15.0% 85.0% 0.0% Small Health 33.3% 66.7% 0.0% Lodging 30.8% 69.2% 0.0% Misc 62.5% 37.5% 0.0% Small Office 52.6% 47.4% 0.0% Large Office 50.3% 49.7% 0.0% Restaurant 33.3% 66.7% 0.0% Retail 72.7% 27.3% 0.0% Warehouse 52.3% 47.7% 0.0% Upon calculating water heating fuel shares by number of customers, Nexant found the electric fuel share to be much higher than expected. Based on Nexant s experience performing the onsite surveys, it was suspected that electric water heaters are typically smaller than natural gas systems and therefore would have a reduced share of actual energy usage. When Nexant compared the average size of electric water heaters with that of natural gas water heaters, it was found that natural gas water heaters were larger in every segment. With this data, the fuel share of water heaters is based on total storage capacity to better reflect the actual energy usage. Although this metric enables Nexant to get closer to the actual share of water heating energy usage, it does not account for tankless water heaters, and as such, the fuel share of electric water heaters is still larger than Nexant s expectations. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 71

72 Cooking Fuel Shares Table 5-15 shows the fuel shares for commercial cooking within each segment. Table 5-15: Cooking Fuel Share Sector Electric Natural Gas Propane Education 85.0% 0.0% 15.0% Grocery 79.7% 20.3% 0.0% Large Health 32.1% 67.9% 0.0% Small Health 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Lodging 65.5% 31.0% 3.4% Misc 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Small Office 66.7% 33.3% 0.0% Large Office 60.0% 40.0% 0.0% Restaurant 35.7% 28.6% 35.7% Retail 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% Warehouse 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Based on Nexant s observations, we found that many commercial kitchens use multiple fuel types with all kitchens using some electric cooking equipment. Because of this, fuel shares may sum to greater than 100% for some segments, and energy usage is driven primarily by EUIs Energy Use Intensity Nexant calculated the energy use intensity (EUI) for each end use studied. We calculated these EUIs based on the findings of the on-site survey and secondary data. These EUIs are reported irrespective of the end use saturation or fuel share meaning that the EUI represents the total consumption of an end use in a building where it is present. Table 5-16 and Table 5-17 present the electric and natural gas EUIs for each end use respectively. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 72

73 End Use Grocery Small Health Table 5-16: Commercial Electric EUIs (kwh/ft 2 /yr) Large Health Lodging Misc Small Office Large Office Cooking Exterior Lighting Lighting Other Ventilation Water Heating Retail End Use Space Heat Water Heat Grocery Small Health Table 5-17: Commercial Natural Gas EUIs (Th/ft 2 /yr) Large Health Lodging Misc. Small Office Large Office Other Retail Education Restaurant Warehouse Plug Loads Refrigeration Space Cooling Space Heating Education Restaurant Warehouse NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 73

74 It is notable that the unit energy consumption for lighting end uses has declined by approximately 19% while plug load consumption has increased by 12% since the 2009 NorthWestern Energy end-use study. Nexant used the simulation modeling and results of the prior study to determine EUIs for the end uses studied using the building parameters and end use characteristics found in the on-site survey. Along with the square footages calculated for each building type, we present basic building parameters in Table 5-18, Table 5-19, Table 5-20, and Table Table 5-18: Commercial Building Framing Type Material Pct of Stock Wood 44.2% Metal 55.8% Table 5-19: Commercial Building Wall Surface Type Material Pct of Stock Wood 15.8% Brick 21.8% Wood & Brick 9.9% Metal 21.8% Concrete Block 12.9% Concrete 17.8% Table 5-20: Commercial Building Wall Insulation Parameter Unit Value Buildings w/ Insulation % 65.0% Avg Insulation R-value 17.1 Table 5-21: Commercial Building Windows Parameter Unit Value Glazing Pct of Walls % 22.5% Pct Double Paned % 61.5% Pct Metal Frame % 62.6% To model lighting energy usage, Nexant looked at the type of lighting systems prevalent in NorthWestern s territory. As shown in Table 5-22, linear fluorescent lamps provide the majority of light in NorthWestern s commercial building stock. To provide further resolution to the NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 74

75 commercial lighting data, Nexant also looked at the type of fluorescent lamps and ballasts present. These findings are reported in Table 5-23 and Table 5-24, respectively. Table 5-22: Commercial Lighting Type Lighting Type Share of Floor Linear Fluorescent 84.4% Compact Fluorescent 8.5% Incandescent 3.0% Metal Halide 0.2% High Pressure Sodium 0.2% Mercury Vapor 0.1% LED 3.1% NEON 0.0% Other 0.5% Table 5-23: Commercial Fluorescent Lamp Type Lamp Type Share of T12 6.2% T8 86.4% T10 0.0% T8 Plus 0.0% T5 7.4% T5HO 0.0% Table 5-24: Commercial Fluorescent Ballast Type Lamp Type Share of Fluorescent Fixtures Magnetic Standard 24.6% Magnetic Energy Saver 5.0% Electronic 69.6% Electronic Dimming 0.8% As shown above, T8s dominate the lamp market share within NorthWestern s territory, with a net increase in market share of 39% from the 2009 end-use study. Similarly, electronic ballasts are most prevalent, but standard magnetic ballasts make nearly one third of the total fixtures. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 75

76 Table 5-25: Street Lighting Technology Type Lamp Technology Share of Technology High Pressure Sodium 55.8% Metal Halide 28.3% LED 4.2% Fluorescent 3.3% Halogen/Incandescent 3.3% Low Pressure Sodium 3.3% Mercury Vapor 1.7% Table 5-26: Street Lighting Type Type Share of Type Cobra Head 46.8% Hockey Puck 15.6% Wall Mount 9.2% Spot 9.2% Shoebox 7.3% Other 7.3% Decorative 4.6% As presented in Table 5-25 and Table 5-26, Nexant found the majority of street lighting technologies to be high pressure sodium with lamps most often encased within a cobra head. LEDs comprised a small percentage of the technology saturation at just over four percent. To model DX cooling energy usage, Nexant looked at the types of systems present, as well as the overall system characteristics. These findings are shown in Table 5-27 and Table 5-28, respectively. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 76

77 Table 5-27: Commercial DX Cooling Types System Type Pct of Buildings 1 Split System 44.5% Packaged System, Cooling Only 15.3% Packaged System, Heating and Cooling 45.1% Packaged System, Multi Zone 2.5% Packaged System VAV 0.5% 1 Note percentages sum to greater than 100 because buildings often have more than one system type. Table 5-28: Packaged DX Cooling Parameters Parameter Unit Value Age Yr 15.4 Cooling Capacity Btu/hr 128,647 Cooling Efficiency SEER/EER 11.2 / 9.7 Pct Programmable % 55.9% Pct EMS % 8.8% The average DX cooling system is approximately 11 tons. The majority of DX cooling systems are controlled with programmable thermostats. To model space heating energy usage, Nexant looked at the types of heating equipment present and the characteristics of boilers and packaged heating systems. Table 5-29, Table 5-30, and Table 5-31 show these findings, respectively. Table 5-29: Commercial Heating Types System Type Pct of Buildings 1 Furnace 21.1% Unit Heater 27.2% Packaged VAV w/ Heat 0.5% Packaged Single Zone w/ Cooling and Heating 25.9% Packaged Multi Zone 5.1% Central Boiler 2.0% 1 Note percentages sum to greater than 100 because buildings often have more than one system type. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 77

78 Table 5-30: Boiler Heating Parameters Parameter Unit Value Age Yr 15.7 Heating Capacity Btu/hr 1,395,830 Heating Efficiency AFUE 81.3 Pct Programmable % 22.6% Pct EMS % 45.2% Table 5-31: Packaged Heating Parameters Parameter Unit Value Age Yr 14.9 Heating Capacity Btu/hr 169,182 Heating Efficiency AFUE 80.3 Pct Programmable % 58.6% Pct EMS % 10.3% Boiler systems generally have much larger capacities than packaged systems, and as such, are more likely to be controlled by an energy management system. Both boilers and packaged systems have efficiencies slightly greater than 80%; however this value is based on rated capacity, as actual operating conditions could not be measured. Plug load energy usage was modeled based on the average number of appliances per building with a considerable increase in plug load equipment from the prior 2009 end-use study. This data is shown in Table NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 78

79 Table 5-32: Plug Load Appliances per Buildings Appliance No. Per Building Desktop Computers 54.0 Laptop Computers 33.2 Servers 3.2 Printers 4.4 Scanners 5.4 Copiers 4.4 Snack Machines 2.5 Beverage Machines 2.1 Space Heaters 4.1 Refrigerators Load Shape Load profiles were developed for electric and gas usage for each commercial segment. These profiles are displayed below. The figures and tables below show the monthly electricity and natural gas consumption for each commercial segment over the course of a year. The consumption values are reflective of the load shapes for each end use which assumes 100% saturation. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 79

80 Education Figure 5-7 and Table 5-33 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the education segment. Figure 5-7: Education Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting Month Table 5-33: Monthly Education Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/sq.ft.) Space Heating Other Water Heating Exterior Lighting Lighting Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 80

81 Education Figure 5-8 and Table 5-34 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the education segment. Figure 5-8: Education Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-34: Monthly Education Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 81

82 Grocery Figure 5-9 and Table 5-35 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the grocery segment. Figure 5-9: Grocery Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 82

83 Table 5-35: Monthly Grocery Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Space Heating Other Water Heating Exterior Lighting Lighting Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 83

84 Grocery Figure 5-10 and Table 5-36 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the grocery segment. Figure 5-10: Grocery Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-36: Monthly Grocery Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 84

85 Small Health Figure 5-11 and below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the health segment. Figure 5-11: Small Health Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 85

86 Table 5-37: Monthly Small Health Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Cooling Other Ventilatioeration Refrig- Water Exterior Cooking Plug Heating Heating Lighting Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) Small Health Figure 5-12 and Table 5-38 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the health segment. Figure 5-12: Small Health Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 86

87 Table 5-38: Monthly Small Health Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 87

88 Large Health Figure 5-13 and Table 5-39 below show the load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the hospital segment. Figure 5-13: Large Health Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Table 5-39: Monthly Large Health Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 88

89 Large Office Figure 5-14 and Table 5-40 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the large office segment. Figure 5-14: Large Office Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting Table 5-40: Monthly Large Office Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 89

90 Small Office Figure 5-15 and Table 5-41 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the small office segment. Figure 5-15: Small Office Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 90

91 Table 5-41: Monthly Small Office Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 91

92 Small Office Figure 5-16 and Table 5-42 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the small office segment. Figure 5-16: Small Office Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-42: Monthly Small Office Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 92

93 Lodging Figure 5-17 and Table 5-43 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the lodging segment. Figure 5-17: Lodging Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 93

94 Table 5-43: Monthly Lodging Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 94

95 Lodging Figure 5-18 and Table 5-44 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the lodging segment. Figure 5-18: Lodging Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-44: Monthly Lodging Natural Gas Usage by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 95

96 Retail Figure 5-19 and Table 5-45 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the retail segment Figure 5-19: Retail Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 96

97 Month Lighting Space Heating Table 5-45: Monthly Retail Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 97

98 Retail Figure 5-20 and Table 5-46 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the retail segment. Figure 5-20: Retail Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-46: Monthly Retail Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 98

99 Restaurant Figure 5-21 and Table 5-47 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the restaurant segment Figure 5-21: Restaurant Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting Table 5-47: Monthly Restaurant Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 99

100 Restaurant Figure 5-22 and Table 5-48 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the restaurant segment. Figure 5-22: Restaurant Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-48: Monthly Restaurant Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 100

101 Warehouse Figure 5-23 and Table 5-49 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the warehouse segment. Figure 5-23: Warehouse Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Lighting NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 101

102 Table 5-49: Monthly Warehouse Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 102

103 Warehouse Figure 5-24 and Table 5-48 below show the natural gas load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the restaurant segment. Figure 5-24: Warehouse Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-50: Monthly Warehouse Natural Gas Energy Usage (dkt/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 103

104 Miscellaneous Figure 5-25 and Table 5-51 below show the electric load shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the miscellaneous segment. Figure 5-25: Miscellaneous Electric Load Shape by End Use (kwh/sq.ft.) Electric EUI (kwh/sq.ft.) Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads Other Cooking Exterior Lighting Water Heating Refrigeration Ventilation Table 5-51: Monthly Miscellaneous Electric Energy Usage (kwh/sq.ft.) Month Lighting Space Heating Cooling Other Ventilation Refrigeration Water Heating Exterior Lighting Cooking Plug Loads January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 104

105 Miscellaneous Figure 5-26 and Table 5-52 below show the natural gas shape and monthly energy usage by end use for the miscellaneous segment. Figure 5-26: Miscellaneous Natural Gas Load Shape by End Use (thm/sq.ft.) Gas EUI (thm/sq.ft.) Space Heat Misc. Equip Hot Water Table 5-52: Monthly Miscellaneous Natural Gas Energy Usage (thm/sq.ft.) Month Space Heat Hot Water Misc. Equip January February March April May June July August September October November December Sum (annual) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 105

106 6 Industrial Findings As discussed in section the end use characteristics of an industrial segment in Montana are not expected to differ significantly from the characteristics of that industry in another location. For this reason, the industrial sector was not included in the on-site survey. Industrial findings are limited in this study to a high level examination of the distribution of industries present in NorthWestern s Montana service territory, which is expected to vary significantly from surrounding locations. Only NorthWestern non-choice customer loads were used. Table 6-1: Industrial Electricity and Natural Gas Sales by Segment Industrial Segment Industrial Electric Sales (kwh) Pct of Industrial Electric Sales Industrial Gas Sales (dkt) Pct of Industrial Gas Sales Agriculture 43,474, % % Chemical Mfg 1,313, % 0 0.0% Construction 94,758, % 7, % Electrical Equipment Mfg 19,967, % 0 0.0% Fabricated Metal Products 8,119, % % Food Mfg 93,490, % 8, % Furniture Manufacturing 7,845, % % Industrial Machinery 47,548, % % Irrigation 84,778, % 0 0.0% Mining 203,987, % 18, % Miscellaneous 14,058, % 35, % Nonmetallic Mineral Products 3,921, % % Petroleum Coal Products 33,067, % 4 0.0% Plastic and Rubber Mfg 3,203, % 0 0.0% Primary Metal Mfg 18,112, % 2, % TCU 0 0.0% 29, % Textile Manufacturing 16,554, % 0 0.0% Transportation Equipment Mfg 3,574, % % Warehouse 0 0.0% 15, % Water 59,607, % 12, % Wood Product Mfg 33,839, % 4, % Total 791,222, % 137, % Figure 6-1 and Figure 6-2 show the industrial load shapes for electricity and natural gas respectively. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 106

107 Figure 6-1: Overall Industrial Electric Load Shape Figure 6-2: Overall Industrial Gas Load Shape Consumption (dkt) Consumption (GWh) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 107

108 7 Willingness to Pay Analysis As part of its end use study, Nexant conducted a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey during the on-site surveys with decision makers. This section of the report describes the details of this exercise and its associated findings. These findings will be used as inputs in the market potential study of residential and nonresidential customers. Willingness-to-pay survey exercises are examples of a social science methodology commonly referred to as contingent valuation and are intended to measure a survey respondent s stated intention to purchase a product when presented with a series of alternative scenarios usually involving the discount of the cost of the energy efficient option. The results of these studies, when aggregated, are frequently used to gauge the purchase likelihood for a product. It is important to note that these exercises ask respondents direct questions that require them to estimate their purchase likelihood when presented with a hypothetical future purchase scenario. The objective of the residential end use study s willingness-to-pay exercise was to gauge the relative purchase likelihood among residential customers for seven common residential energy efficiency measures under a series of pricing scenarios designed to mimic the incentives of a hypothetical consumer-focused energy efficiency program. The non-residential study focused on various energy efficiency lighting technologies. 7.1 Interpreting the Findings In combination with other market data, the results of this willingness-to-pay research can inform several aspects of program planning: Program measure selection: Results can facilitate comparing the effects of incentive dollars on estimated purchase likelihoods across products. External barriers to product installation: The proportion of respondents reporting lower purchase likelihoods with incentives covering 100% of the incremental cost can indicate that non-financial barriers to efficient product installation must be addressed. Incentive levels: By examining purchase likelihood at several levels of incentives, WTP results can provide inputs for setting incentive levels to maximize the impact of the incentive on customer purchase decisions. Free-ridership: WTP results can help the utility understand free-ridership risk through providing an estimate of the likelihood of efficient product purchase without incentives. It should be noted, however, that the willingness-to-pay study does not constitute a full net-to-gross analysis as it does not consider other program influences that could drive customer behavior and participation Residential Study Key Conclusions Consistent with their lower incremental cost and relatively mature technology status, respondents reported the highest likelihood to purchase efficient refrigerators and CFLs without incentives. Increasing incentives had the most effect on purchase likelihood for LEDs and NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 108

109 central air conditioning. LEDs and insulation had the lowest purchase likelihood without incentives. Incentives that covered more than 50% of the incremental measure cost were associated with the highest increases in reported purchase likelihood; incentives below 50% had a relatively lower effect on willingness-to-pay for the efficient measures. The survey results did find that there are non-financial barriers to CFL installation that need to be addressed for some respondents. A notable proportion of respondents (20%) reported that they would be less than extremely likely to purchase the efficient product when 100% of the incremental cost was incented. This could indicate a need for education to address ongoing concerns about light quality and compatibility with specialized lighting fixtures such as dimmable and special shapes Non-Residential Key Conclusions There are two key take-aways from the willingness to pay analysis: In general, respondents were moderately price sensitive for each lighting replacement measure and reported relatively low purchase likelihoods without being offered a discount (0% purchase discount). This suggests that non residential customers will likely consider early replacement of lighting fixtures in their buildings/facilities if an appropriate incentive is offered. Even at a 100% purchase discount (full incremental cost is covered by the utility), average purchase likelihoods were less than extremely likely (rating of 10 ) for almost all of the measures. Exit sign replacements and the purchase of CFL bulbs reported the highest scores in this 100% discount scenario. This suggests there are other nonfinancial barriers that need to be considered in the design of future incentive programs, especially for HP T8 s and occupancy sensors. The following sections outline the methods, data analysis and findings for the residential and non-residential willingness-to-pay studies. 7.2 Residential Willingness to Pay Method The willingness-to-pay survey was included as part of the overall in-home end use survey of residential customers. The study focused on seven common energy efficiency measures covering appliances, lighting, HVAC systems, and the building insulation. The specific measures included in the survey were: Refrigerators LEDs CFLs Air source heat pump system Central air conditioning system NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 109

110 Furnaces Home insulation (noted as attic and other areas ) For each measure, a series of questions were asked to elicit the stated purchase likelihood of the measure under five alternative scenarios. The first scenario was purchasing the product without any financial discount. Scenarios two through five involved offering the respondent a 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% discount off the incremental purchase price. The willingness-to-pay questions used an 11-point scale, where 0 meant not at all likely and 10 meant extremely likely, and respondents were asked to indicate their likelihood of purchasing the product given each of the five scenarios. If a respondent indicated a likelihood of 10 in any of the first four price discount scenarios, they were skipped to the next set of questions for a different measure. For all measures except insulation, respondents were presented with a purchase scenario that assumed purchasing the new product after their existing product (e.g., refrigerator, incandescent bulb, heat pump, etc.) had failed or stopped working. Respondents were informed of the high-efficiency product s energy saving characteristics, longevity, and likely annual electricity bill savings. Under each scenario, respondents were presented with the selling price difference between the standard model and the high efficiency model of the product. That is, respondents were presented with the additional cost in dollars needed to purchase the highefficiency model (the incremental cost) Data Analysis Following data collection, the survey responses were compiled by respondent and analyzed. Two main metrics were computed: 1) average purchase likelihood across the discounted incremental cost scenarios and 2) percent of customers who are extremely likely to purchase the EE option at each of the incremental cost scenarios. Both metrics were computed based on the responses to the 0-10 purchase likelihood options. If a respondent indicated a likelihood of 10 in any of the first four price discount scenarios, a score of 10 was assumed for the remaining price discount scenarios for that measure. Onsite surveys were asked for all customers who agreed to an onsite visit, however, not all customers provided responses to the questions and not all of the questions were applicable to all customers. For example, customers were asked the HVAC question applicable to the type of existing HVAC system in the home. Therefore, the count (n) for each measure analysis is dependent upon the number of complete surveys for each measure. Due to the low response rate for Heat Pump technology (n=3), this measure has been excluded from the findings section Findings Findings are presented for the two main metrics estimated. Results are presented together for the average purchase likelihood and individually, by measure, for the percent of customers extremely likely to purchase the energy efficient option. A third subsection outlines the findings NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 110

111 from an additional set of questions asked to respondents who currently had CFL s installed in their home Average Purchase Likelihood Figure 7-1 displays respondents average reported purchase likelihood at each offered incentive level (0%, 25%, 50%, 75, and 100% of the incremental measure cost) for each measure. Highefficiency refrigerators, CFL s and furnaces had the highest average reported purchase likelihood without incentives, followed by central air conditioners, insulation and LEDs. As noted earlier, the purchase likelihood of LEDs and central air conditioners was most influenced by the increase in the incentive level, with the purchase likelihood of refrigerators and CFL s being the least influenced. Figure 7-1: Average Purchase Likelihood Ratings by Incentive Level Average Likelyhood to Purchase % 25% 50% 75% 100% Percent of Incremental Cost Incented Refrigerator (n=84) LED (n=79) CFL (n=69) Furnace (n=67) Central Air (n=26) Insulation (n=73) Percent of Customers Extremely Likely to Purchase EE Option Figure 7-2 through Figure 7-7present the findings when computing the percent of customers who stated they are extremely likely to pay for the energy efficient option at each of the given incremental cost scenario. The highest cost in the incremental cost scenario represents the full incremental cost from the efficient option to the standard option. A zero incremental cost implies that the energy efficient option is the same price to the customer as the standard efficient option. Findings are presented separately for each measure type. As already noted, responses show that customers are most likely to purchase CFL s and energy efficient refrigerators at the full incremental cost of the measure. The results also show that even when offered the efficient option at the same cost as the standard option, customers are not always extremely likely to choose the efficient option. The highest purchase likelihood was for refrigerators, with 95% of customers stating that they would chose the energy efficient NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 111

112 refrigerator over the standard refrigerator if the cost was the same for both options. For no measures did 100% of respondents state that they would chose the energy efficient option over the standard efficiency option if the efficient option cost the same as the standard option. This indicates that for the measures included in the survey, the incremental cost is not the only factor in the customer decision making process. Figure 7-2: Refrigerator Extremely Likely Purchase Response Refrigerators (n=84) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Purcahse EE Option 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 Incremental Cost Figure 7-3: LEDs Extremely Likely Purchase Response (n=79) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Purchase EE Option 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% $19 $14 $10 $5 $0 Incremental Cost NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 112

113 Figure 7-4: CFL s Extremely Likely Purchase Response (n=69) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Pruchase EE Option 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% $1.50 $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.00 Incremental Cost Figure 7-5: Furnace Extremely Likely Purchase Response (n=67) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Purchase EE Option 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% $750 $560 $375 $190 $0 Incremental Cost NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 113

114 Figure 7-6: Central Air Conditioner Extremely Likely Purchase Response Cost (n=26) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Purchase EE Option 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% $475 $350 $240 $120 $0 Incremental Cost Figure 7-7: Building Insulation Extremely Likely Purchase Response (n=73) % of Customers 'Extremely LIkely' to Purchase EE Option 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% $1,000 $750 $500 $250 $0 Incremental Cost Purchase Actions for Compact Fluorescent Lamps Nexant sought to further understand the purchase actions of compact fluorescent lamps in residential sector. As part of the onsite surveys, we identified homes where there were sockets that had both CFL s installed and non-cfl s installed. Customers were asked what was preventing them from installing CFL s in all of their homes sockets. Figure 7-8 below summarizes the open-ended responses, showing that the aesthetics of CFL s is one of the most common things preventing homeowners from installing CFL s. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 114

115 Figure 7-8: Reasons residential customers are not installing more CFL s in their homes "What is preventing you from installing more CFL's?" (n=24) Old Bulbs haven't burned out Asthetics Performance All are efficient Other Health Cost 4% 4% 12% 16% 16% 20% 28% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% % of responses Customers were also asked the following question: Are there some light sockets in your home that you would never install CFL bulbs?. 43% (30 of 70 total responses) responded yes. Of these 30 respondents, 15 answered the question How many sockets would you never install CFL bulbs?, with 4.4 being the average number of sockets where customers stated they would never install CFL bulbs. A follow up question was asked to these 15 respondents inquiring as to why they would never install CFL bulbs in these sockets. Responses were opened ended and the most common responses were regarding the appearance and lighting quality of CFL s. Figure 7-9 summarizes the open-ended responses. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 115

116 Figure 7-9: Reasons customer would never install CFL s in some sockets in their homes (n=26) Other Need heat output Health concerns Prefer LED Prefer Incandescent Don't Like CFL Performance Aesthetics 4% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 27% 31% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% % of Responses Lastly, respondents who currently had CFL s installed in their home were asked the likelihood of replacing a burned out CFL with another CFL in the future. 59% of respondents (n=59) stated that they would be extremely likely to purchase another CFL. Of those respondents who did not respond with extremely likely, we further asked what types of bulbs they would consider purchasing to replace the burned out CFL. The majority of respondents (62%) stated they would purchase an LED (8 of 13 respondents). 7.3 Nonresidential Willingness to Pay Method The willingness to pay survey was included as part of the onsite survey of non residential customers. The study focused on lighting replacement and occupancy sensor scenarios for nonresidential lighting applications. The specific replacement scenarios included in the exercise were: Upgrading T12 fluorescent lighting fixtures to T8 Upgrading T8 fluorescent lighting fixtures to high performance T8 Upgrading high pressure sodium (HPS)/metal halide (MH) to T5 fluorescent lighting fixtures Upgrading incandescent/cfl lamps to CFL s Upgrading incandescent/cfl exit signs to LED exit signs Installing room occupancy sensors The selection scenarios presented to respondents was based on the prevalence of lighting fixtures installed in the building. That is, if a building had predominantly T8 lights, then NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 116

117 interviewers asked non residential respondents about only those lighting replacement scenarios associated with converting T8 lamps to high performance T8 s. Therefore, respondents were asked questions for only one replacement measures. A series of questions were asked to elicit the stated purchase likelihood (willingness to pay) of the measure under five alternative incentive levels. The first level was purchasing the product without any financial discount. Levels two through five involved offering the respondent a 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% discount, respectively, off the initial purchase price. The willingness to pay questions used an 11 point scale, where 0 meant not at all likely and 10 meant extremely likely, and respondents were asked to indicate their likelihood of purchasing the product given each of the five scenarios. The framing of the questions was an important part of the exercise. The interviewers informed respondents about the energy efficiency potential of the replacement measure and then presented the cost of replacing a single fixture or lamp and asked the respondent to indicate their relative purchase likelihood on the 11 point scale described above during the next two years Data Analysis Following data collection, the survey responses were compiled by respondent and analyzed. Two main metrics were computed: 1) average purchase likelihood across the discounted incremental cost scenarios and 2) percent of customers who are extremely likely to purchase the EE lighting technology at each of the incremental cost scenarios. Both metrics were computed based on the responses to the 0-10 purchase likelihood options. If a respondent indicated a likelihood of 10 in any of the first four price discount scenarios, a score of 10 was assumed for the remaining price discount scenarios for that measure Findings Findings are presented for the two main metrics computed. Results are presented together for both metrics. A third subsection outlines the findings from an additional set of questions asked to respondents regarding the prevalence and storage of lighting in their business Average Purchase Likelihood Figure 7-10 displays respondents average reported purchase likelihood at each offered incentive level (0%, 25%, 50%, 75, and 100% of the incremental measure cost) for each lighting technology upgrade. Customers were most likely to upgrade from HPS/MH to T5 s, purchase LED exit signs and high performancet8 s without an incentive on the incremental cost. The purchase likelihood of CFL s was most influenced by the increase in the incentive level, with the purchase likelihood of T5 s from HPS/MH s being the least influenced. The overall patterns of increasing purchase likelihood among all lighting measures were similar. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 117

118 Figure 7-10: Average Purchase Likelihood Ratings by Incentive Level Average Likelihood of Purchase % 25% 50% 75% 100% Percent of Incremental Cost Incented T12 -> T8 (n=6) T8 -> HP T8 (n=60) HPS/MH -> T5 (n=12) CFL/Incandescent -> CFL (n=12) Occupancy Sensor (n=71) Incandescent/CFL -> LED exit sign (n=9) Percent of Customers Extremely Likely to Purchase EE Option Figure 7-11 presents the findings when computing the percent of customers who stated they are extremely likely to pay for the energy efficient option based on the percent of incremental cost that is incented. The most common measures for which customers are extremely likely to purchase the EE option in all scenarios include HPS/MH s to T5 s and HP T8 s, with T12 to T8 conversions coming in at a high likelihood as well. The findings show that even when offered the efficient option at the same cost as the standard option, customers are not always extremely likely to choose the efficient option. The highest purchase likelihood was for HPS/MH lamps, with 92% of customers stating that they would choose the energy efficient technology (T5 s in this case) over HPS/MH s if the cost was the same for both options. For no measures did 100% of respondents state that they would chose the energy efficient option over the standard efficiency option even if the efficient option cost the same as the standard option. This indicates that for the measures included in the survey, the incremental cost is not the only factor in the customer decision making process. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 118

119 Figure 7-11: Commercial Lighting Extremely Likely Purchase Response % of customers 'extremely likely' to purchase EE Option 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Commercial Lighting 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Percent of Incremental Cost Incented T12 -> T8 (n=6) T8 -> HP T8 (n=60) HPS/MH -> T5 (n=12) CFL/Incandescent -> CFL (n=12) Incandescent/CFL -> LED exit sign (n=9) Occupancy Sensor (n=71) Prevalence and Storage Practices Nexant sought to understand the prevalence of lighting technology and the storage practices of lighting in the nonresidential sector. The surveys indicated that T8 lighting was the most prevalent lighting technology amongst the respondents, with 59% stating that T8 lighting is the largest share of their interior lighting. Figure 7-12: Commercial Lighting Largest Share of Interior Lighting Don't Know 9% T12 7% Inc/CFL 11% HPS or MH 14% T8 59% Lastly, respondents were asked how many bulbs and ballasts they keep in storage. Excluding one large outlier, the average number of bulbs/ballasts customers stated they kept in storage was 22 bulbs and 4 ballasts, with T8 s being the most prevalent technology being stored. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 119

120 Appendix A Residential End-Use Descriptions Central Air Conditioning Definition: Centralized cooling technologies, serving more than one room, including refrigerant-based and evaporative cooling systems. Reversible refrigerant technologies (i.e. heat pumps) are not included. Saturations: Percentage of households with centralized air conditioning systems. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household utilizing technology. Values do not include air distribution fan and are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Central Heat Definition: Centralized space heating technologies, serving more than one room, including electric and gas furnaces, gas and electric-fired boiler systems, and electric strip heating associated with central heat pump systems. Saturations: Percentage of households with centralized electric heating systems. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household utilizing centralized electric space heating technologies, including electric furnaces and electric strip heating associated with central heat pump systems; fan and pump energies from gas-fired systems are included in HVAC Auxiliary. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Cooking Oven Definition: Cooking ovens Saturations: Percentage of households with cooking ovens. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per household). Cooking Range Definition: Cooking range/cooktops NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study A-1

121 Saturations: Percentage of households with cooking ovens (no information is specifically available for cooktops). Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per household utilizing technology. Clothes Dryer Definition: Residential clothes dryer with gas or electric heating fuel source. Saturations: Percentage of households with one or more clothes dryer. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household with clothes dryer. Freezer Definition: Stand-alone dedicated food and beverage freezer. Saturations: Average number of freezers per home. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per freezer. Values are adjusted from national energy-use consumption study reflect Montana use. HVAC Auxiliary Definition: Non-heating and cooling energy use from centralized HVAC system. HVAC air distribution fan motor energy for centralized air conditioning, heat pump, and electric and gas space heating systems and electric pumping for gas-fired heating water systems. Saturations: Summation of households with centralized air conditioning, heat pump, and electric and gas space heating systems. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household utilizing HVAC auxiliary loads. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Heat Pump Definition: Centralized heating and cooling system, serving more than one room, utilizing reversible refrigerant technologies. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study A-2

122 Saturations: Percentage of households with centralized heat pump systems. Unit Energy: Total annual heating and cooling kilo-watt hours per household utilizing heat pump technology. Values do not include supplemental space heating (most likely electric) necessary to provide 100% of design heating load in Montana. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Lighting Definition: Electric lighting for space and task uses. Saturation: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Other Definition: Electric and natural gas consumption segment not specifically identified in this study. Loads could include well pumps, waterbed heaters, spa water heating, livestock feeders, gas grills. Saturation: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per household. Plug Loads Definition: Small electric cooking and hygiene appliances, home electronics and computer equipment within the household. Items such as clothes washer, dishwasher, televisions, stereos, and computers are included within this energy end use. Saturation: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household. Refrigerator NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study A-3

123 Definition: dispenser. Food and beverage refrigerator, which can include partial freezer and/or water Saturations: Average number of refrigerators per home. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per freezer. Room Air Conditioning Definition: Non-centralized cooling technologies, serving only one room, including refrigerant-based and evaporative cooling systems. Reversible refrigerant technologies (i.e. heat pumps) are not included. Saturations: Number of room air conditioning systems per household.. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per household utilizing technology. Value is calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model for a single 150 square foot room. Room Heat Definition: Non-centralized electric/gas space heating technologies, serving only one room, including electric baseboard, fixed and portable electric space heaters and/or electric furnaces serving only one room. Saturations: Percentage of households utilizing room electric heating systems. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per household utilizing technology. Value is calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model for a single 150 square foot room. Variances in equipment efficiencies per segmentation were not accounted for. Water Heating Definition: Centralized or dedicated electric/gas water heating technologies including instantaneous and storage types. Saturations: Percentage of households with electric water heating systems. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per household utilizing technology. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study A-4

124 Appendix B Commercial End-Use Descriptions Space Cooling Definition: Cooling DX: A form of cooling where the supply air is cooled directly by an expanding refrigerant, and there is no intermediary; Cooling Chiller: A unit that removes heat from a buildings chilled water loop via a self-contained refrigeration cycle. Saturations: Percentage of buildings with DX cooling or chilled water cooling systems taken from survey data. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values do not air distribution fan or pumps, and are calculated utilizing DOE 2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Space Heating Definition: Energy used to provide heat to the building shell. Saturations: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours/therms per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. HVAC Auxiliary Definition: Non-heating and cooling energy use from HVAC system. HVAC air distribution fan motor energy for DX air conditioning/heat pump systems, heating systems. Also included are electrical pumping loads in chilled and hot water systems. Saturations: 100% NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study B-1

125 Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Interior Lighting Definition: All lighting that is contained within the building shell. Saturations: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Exterior Lighting Definition: All lighting which is outside the shell of the building Saturations: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Plug Loads Definition: Any electrical equipment that is plugged into a wall outlet or electrical plug, and isn t contained within another category. Office equipment such as fax machines, computers, printers, and copiers are included within this energy end use. Saturations: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Refrigeration NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study B-2

126 Definition: Energy that is consumed by refrigerators (both self-contained and those with remote mounted compressors). Saturations: Percentage of buildings with refrigeration loads taken from survey data. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Other Definition: Electric and natural gas consumption segment not specifically identified in this study. A heterogeneous category composed largely of process loads such as large industrial ovens or dryers. Saturations: 100% Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt/therm hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Cooking Definition: All energy consumed by cooking equipment. Saturations: Percentage of buildings with cooking loads taken from survey data. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. Water Heating Definition: All energy that is used for domestic water heating (potable water) Saturations: Percentage of buildings with water heating loads taken from survey data. Unit Energy: Total annual kilo-watt hours per square foot per year. Values are calculated utilizing DOE 2.2 software simulation model. Separate models were made for each building type. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study B-3

127 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study B-4

128 Appendix C Residential End-Use Monthly Consumption C.1 Overall Table 7-1: Overall Residential Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-2: Overall Residential Natural Gas Unit Energy Consumption (Th) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-1

129 C.2 Single Family Table 7-3: Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Rang e Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-4: Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-2

130 C.3 Multifamily Table 7-5: Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-6: Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-3

131 C.4 Manufactured Housing Table 7-7: Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refrigerator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-8: Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-4

132 C.5 Low Income Single Family Table 7-9: Low Income Single Family Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refriger-ator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-10: Low Income Single Family Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-5

133 C.6 Low Income Multifamily Table 7-11: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refriger-ator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-12: Low Income Multifamily Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-6

134 C.7 Low Income Manufactured Housing Table 7-13: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Electric Energy Consumption (kwh/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central_AC Central_Heat Cooking_Oven Cooking_Range Dryer Freezer HVAC_Aux Heat_Pump Lighting Other Plug_Load Refriger-ator Room_AC Room_Heat Water_Heat Monthly Sum Table 7-14: Low Income Manufactured Housing Monthly Natural Gas Energy Consumption (Th/home) End Use Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Central Heat Range/Oven Dryer Other Room Heat Water Heat Monthly Sum NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study C-7

135 Appendix D Site Survey Instruments D.1 Residential Site Survey Residential On-Site Survey Nexant/NorthWestern Energy Nexant/NorthWestern Energy General Info (Complete before Interview): Contact Name: Account #: Contact Address: No. Electric Meters: City: No. Gas Meters: State: Annual kwh: Zip: Annual dkt: Engineer: Survey Key Site Visit Date: N/A = Not Applicable Site Visit Time: NX = Not Available Notes: General Information NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-1

136 1. Our records indicate that you have an account with NorthWestern Energy with (# electric meters) electric meters and (# gas meters) gas meters. Is this correct? Y / N 2. If no, please indicate the actual number of meters: Electric Gas 3. Do you have any other energy services provided at this location by other companies? Y / N 4. If yes, please check which services apply to your home: Electric Gas Propane 5. If you do not have natural gas service, is natural gas available in your neighborhood? Y / N 6. When is this home occupied [Read options and check appropriate space] All Year Summer Only Winter Only Other Seasonal Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Building Information 7. How old is this home? Years 8. How large is this home in square feet, not including garages, unfinished basements, or unfinished attics? 9. If this house has a garage, basement, or attic, please indicate the size of each space in the table below: Garage ft 2 Basement ft 2 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-2

137 Attic ft How many floors is this home? 11. How many bedrooms does this home have? 12. How many full bathrooms does this home have? (A full bathroom has a sink, a toilet, and a shower or bathtub] 13. How many half bathrooms does this home have? (A half bathroom has either a toilet or a shower/bathtub) 14. Have there been any renovations/additions since date of original construction? Y/N a. What year did renovations/additions occur? b. What is the approximate affected square footage? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-3

138 Space Heating 15. What percentage of the home is heated? % 16. What type of heating systems does this home use? [Check appropriate types] Fuel Type System 1 System 2 System 3 Resistance/baseboard Duct Less Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump Air Source Heat Pump Hot air furnace Electric Wall/floor heaters Hot water radiant floor heat Portable Heaters Electric fireplace (note plug in or hard wired) Other Electric systems Hot air furnace Hot water radiator/baseboard Natural Gas Hot water radiant floor heat Stove/stove insert Space heaters NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-4

139 Fireplace Steam Other Natural Gas System Hot air furnace Hot water radiator/baseboard Oil Hot water radiant floor heat Space heaters Steam Other oil system Hot air furnace Hot water radiator/baseboard Hot water radiant floor heat Propane Space heaters Fireplace Steam Other propane system Furnace Wood/Coal Hot water radiator/baseboard Hot water radiant floor heat NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-5

140 Space Heaters Fireplace Stove/Stove Insert Other Wood/Coal system None None System 1 System 2 System 3 What percent of the total heat does each system provide? (%) Heating system age (years) Does the system get regular maintenance? Y / N Y / N Y / N Manufacturer Model Number Input capacity (Btu/h) Output capacity (Btu/h) Heater Efficiency (%) If ducted: Type of motor (1=Standard, 2=ECM) If ducted: Fan speed NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-6

141 (1=Constant, 2=Variable) Thermostat (1=Manual, 2=Programmable) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-7

142 17. Heating set-points and schedule: System 1 System 2 System 3 Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Day Evening Night 18. Heating Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 19. Are radiant ceiling panels applicable to this home? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-8

143 Space Cooling 20. What percentage of the home has central cooling? % 21. Central cooling type [Check one for each cooling system] System 1 System 2 System 3 Electric Central System Ground Source Heat Pump Air Source Heat Pump Ductless Heat Pump Evaporative Cooler Natural Gas System System 1 System 2 System 3 What percentage of the total cooling does each system provide? (%) How old is the central cooling system (years) Does air conditioner get regular maintenance Y / N Y / N Y / N Manufacturer Model Number Cooling capacity (Btu/h) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-9

144 Cooler efficiency Cooler Efficiency Unit (1=EER, 2=SEER) Thermostat type (1=Manual, 2=programmable) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-10

145 22. Cooling Set-points System 1 System 2 System 3 Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Day Evening Night 23. Cooling Months: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 24. Are any air-to-air heat exchangers installed? Y / N 25. How many window/wall air conditioners are used? Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 How old is the unit? (years) Manufacturer Model Number Cooling capacity (Btu/h) AC efficiency AC efficiency units (1=EER, 2=SEER) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-11

146 Energy Star? Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Frequency of use during cooling season (hrs per week) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-12

147 Renewable Energy 1. Does this home have any renewable energy systems? Y / N 2. If so what type? 3. What is the capacity of the system? Water Heating 26. How many water heaters are used? 27. Type of water heater [Check appropriate box for each system]: System 1 System 2 System 3 Electric Standard Electric Tankless Electric Heat Pump Electric Solar Electric Other Natural Gas Standard Natural Gas Tankless Natural Gas Solar Natural Gas Other Natural Gas Integrated w/ Heat NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-13

148 Oil Wood Propane Solar w/o Backup NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-14

149 Water Heater (continued) System 1 System 2 System 3 Age (years) Space Conditioned? (1=Conditioned, 2=Unconditioned) Tank wrap Y / N Y / N Y / N Pipe wrap Y / N Y / N Y / N Set-point ( F) Manufacturer Model Number Size (gal) Input Capacity (Btu/h) Recovery (gal/hr) 28. Is a drain water heat recovery system in place? Y / N 29. Number of faucets with given flow rate: Number <0.5 GPM 0.5 to 1.5 GPM 1.5 to 3.0 GPM NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-15

150 >3.0 GPM 30. Number of showerheads with given flow rate: Number <1.5 GPM 1.5 to 3.0 GPM 3.0 to 4.0 GPM >4.0 GPM 31. Number of baths/showers in a typical day NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-16

151 Kitchen Equipment 32. What types of ovens are present? [Check boxes for appropriate types and fuels] Natural Gas Electric Gas/Electric Propane Other Standard Convection Combination 33. What types of ranges are present? [Note the number of ranges for each fuel type] Electric Natural Gas Electric/Gas Propane Other Number 34. Please complete the following table about other kitchen appliances: Number Age (years) Frequency of Use (uses/day) Microwave Toaster Oven Toaster Water Dispenser 35. Does this home have an automatic dishwasher? Y / N 36. How many times is the dishwasher run per week? 37. Dishwasher Details: Age (years) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-17

152 Manufacturer Model Number Efficiency (EF) EnergyStar? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-18

153 Refrigeration 38. Number of Refrigerators Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Is this fridge a primary fridge? Y / N Y / N Y / N Is this fridge in a conditioned space? Y / N Y / N Y / N Type (1=single door, 2=top mount freezer,3=bottom mount freezer, 4=side by side) Water/Ice through door? Y / N Y / N Y / N Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Size (ft 3 ) EnergyStar? Y / N Y / N Y / N Refrigerator Temp ( F) Freezer Temp ( F) ecube used? Y / N Y / N Y / N 39. Number of stand alone freezers: Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Space Conditioned? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-19

154 (1=Conditioned, 2=Unconditioned) Type (1=chest, 2=upright) Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Size (ft 3 ) EnergyStar? Y / N Y / N Y / N Freezer Temp ( F) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-20

155 Plug Load 40. Does this home have a clothes washer? 41. Does this home have a clothes dryer? 42. How many loads of laundry are done per week? 43. Does the dryer have a moisture sensor? 44. Washer/Dryer details: Washer Dryer Type (1=front load, 2=top load) Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Loads per week EnergyStar? Y / N Y / N Dryer fuel type (1=electric, 2=natural gas, 3=propane) Efficiency (MEF) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-21

156 45. Appliances: Brand Number Age (years) Frequency of Use (hrs/wk) ENERGY STAR? HDTV Y / N Color TV Y / N B & W TV Y / N DVD/VCR Y / N Digital Set Top Receiver Y / N Gaming System Y / N Humidifier Y / N Dehumidifier Y / N Stereo/tape/CD player Y / N Heated Aquarium Y / N Heated Waterbed Y / N Electric Space heaters Y / N Battery Chargers Y / N External Power Adapter Y / N Power Strip w/o Occupancy Sensor Y / N Power Strip w/ Occupancy Sensor Y / N Personal Computers Y / N Monitors Y / N Laptops Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-22

157 Tablets Office Copier Printer Well Pump Engine Heaters Attic Fans Ceiling Fans Portable Fans Whole House Fans Portable Air Filters Wine Coolers Keggerators Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-23

158 46. Other Appliances: Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Type Age (years) Wattage Usage (Hrs/wk) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-24

159 Lighting 47. How many lights of each type are on for each time period? Quantity Average Wattage <1 hr/day >1 and <3 hrs/day >3 hrs per day Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Halogen LED Linear Fluorescent Sodium/Mercury 48. Are any 180 Watt halogen torchieres used? [Note number] 49. How many lights of each type are in storage for later use? Quantity Average Wattage Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Halogen LED Linear Fluorescent Sodium/Mercury 50. Which types of controls are used on interior lights? [Check all that apply] Check % of lights Manual Switches NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-25

160 Dimmer Timers Occupancy Sensors Daylighting controls NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-26

161 51. Which most accurately describes the lighting use when someone is home? [Check one] Most lights are turned on Some lights are turned on Only lights in occupied rooms are on 52. Would day lighting controls be applicable in any part of this home? Y / N 53. Would wall-switch occupancy sensors be applicable in any part of this home? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-27

162 54. Are any exterior lights present at this home? Y / N 55. What is the number, by type, of exterior lights used? Number Average Wattage Incandescent Compact Fluorescent Halogen LED Linear Fluorescent Sodium/Mercury 56. What types of controls are used on the exterior lights?[check all that apply] Manual Switches Timers Motion Sensors 57. If holiday lights are used, what type are they?[check all that apply] Number of Strings Average Length Average Wattage Incandescent LED Inflatables NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-28

163 Envelope 58. What type of foundation does the home have? [Check one] Slab Basement Crawl Other See r-value table below for guidance on the following questions 59. Average basement wall R-Value 60. Are rim/band joists insulated 61. Average slab R-value 62. Average floor R-Value: 63. Average duct R-value 64. Average wall R-Value: 65. Average attic R-Value: NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-29

164 66. Number of exterior doors: Number Hollow Core Solid Core Insulated Metal Patio Panel with Glass 67. Number of windows: Number Frame Type 1=Metal 2=Wood Average Window Size (sf) 3=Vinyl Single Pane Single Pane w/ Storm Double Pane Triple Pane 68. Are any interior shading devices used? Y / N 69. Type of roof Standard Roof / Green Roof 70. Roof shingle color: 71. How air-tight is the house? Very Leaky Moderately Leaky Fairly Tight Very Tight NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-30

165 Owner s opinion Engineer s opinion 72. Are outlet gaskets used? Y / N 73. Are door sweeps in place? Y / N 74. Is a radiant barrier used? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-31

166 Water 75. Does this home have any irrigation systems connected to the electric meter? Y / N 76. If irrigation system present: Irrigation Pump Details: Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Size of land being irrigated (ft 2 ) Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Size (hp) RPM Enclosure Type (1=ODP, 2=TEFC) Efficiency (%) 77. How is the irrigation system controlled? Manually Timer Smart Controller Other 78. Does this home have a pool or hot tub? (circle) 79. Is the pool / hot tub heated? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-32

167 80. What type of fuel is used to heat the pool / hot tub? [Check one] Electricity Natural Gas Propane Other NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-33

168 81. Pump details: Pool Hot Tub Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Size (hp) RPM Enclosure Type (1=ODP, 2=TEFC) Efficiency (%) 82. How is the pump controlled? Pool Hot Tub Runs continuously Timer VSD Other 83. What when is the pool/hot tub used? Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Pool NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-34

169 Hot Tub NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-35

170 Willingness to pay survey [ASK IF RESPONDENT RENTER] SECTION 1: REFRIGERATOR SECTION 2: LIGHTING SECTION 3: HEATING/COOLING SECTION 4: BUILDING INSULATION I would like to ask you a few questions about purchasing energy efficient products at different prices. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-36

171 SECTION 1: REFRIGERATOR First, let s talk about refrigerators. For the next set of questions, suppose that your current refrigerator stopped working, and you needed to buy a new one. Further, suppose you had to choose between a standard model and a high-efficiency model with the same features. A high-efficiency refrigerator would use up to 20% less energy than a standard model; meaning, you could save approximately $13 per year on your electric bill for the life of the refrigerator, which is about 12 years. All together, that s about $155 in total savings over the lifetime of the refrigerator. R1) If a high-efficiency refrigerator costs $40 more than a standard model but saved you $13 each year on your electric bill for up to 12 years, on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely, how likely would you be to purchase the high-efficiency model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R1 = 10, SKIP TO R6] R2) What if the high-efficiency model cost $30 more than the standard model [IF NEEDED: and saved you $13 per year for 12 years on your bill]? How likely would you be to purchase the high-efficiency model [IF NEEDED: on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely ]? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R2 = 10, SKIP TO R6] NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-37

172 R3) What if the high-efficiency model $20 more [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings]? How likely would you be to purchase it over the standard model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R3 = 10, SKIP TO R6] R4) What if the high-efficiency model cost $10 more [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings]? How likely would you be to purchase it? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R4 = 10, SKIP TO R6] NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-38

173 R5) And finally, what if the high-efficiency model cost the same as the standard efficiency model [IF NEEDED: that is, there is no difference in cost between high efficiency and standard models], [IF NEEDED: and the high-efficiency model still saved you $13 per year for up to 12 years on your electric bill]? How likely would you be to purchase the high-efficiency model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-39

174 Section 2: Lighting [IF ALL OR SOME BULBS ARE INCANDESCENT, ASK R6 TO R20] [IF ALL BULBS ARE CFL/LED, ASK R20] Next, let s discuss light bulbs. Suppose one of your light bulbs burns out or stops working, and you needed to replace it with a new one. An LED bulb would use up to 80% less energy, which could save you approximately $3.5 a year on your electric bill, and the LED bulb would last up to 19 years longer than a standard replacement bulb. [INTRODUCE LED INFO SHEET] [IF NEEDED: That s total of about $70 in savings over the life of the LED bulb.] [IF RESPONDENT ASKS EXPLAIN THAT WE ARE COMPARING TO NEW, EISA-COMPLIANT HALOGEN BULBS THAT USE APPROXIMATELY 30% LESS ENERGY THAN THE OLDER INCANDESCENT BULBS THEY ARE USED TO] R6) If an LED light bulb costs $19 more than a standard replacement but saved you $3.50 per year on your electric bill and lasted up to 19 years longer, on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely, how likely would you be to purchase the LED bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R6 = 10, SKIP TO R11] R7) What if the LED bulb cost $14 more than a standard replacement [IF NEEDED: and still saved you $3.50 a year and lasted up to 19 years longer]? How likely would you be to purchase the LED bulb [IF NEEDED: on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely ]? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-40

175 [IF R7 = 10, SKIP TO R11] R8) What if the LED bulb cost $10 more than a standard replacement [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings and lifetime]? How likely would you be to purchase it over the standard replacement bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R8 = 10, SKIP TO R11] R9) What if the LED bulb costs $5 more [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings and lifetime]? How likely would you be to purchase it? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R9 = 10, SKIP TO R11] R10) What if the LED bulb cost the same as a standard replacement bulb [IF NEEDED: that is, there would be no difference in the cost between the LED and standard bulb], [IF NEEDED: and the LED bulb saved you $3.50 a year and lasted up to 19 years longer]? How likely would you be to purchase the LED bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely Next, I have some similar questions for a different type of light bulb. As before, suppose that one of your light bulbs burns out or stops working, and you needed to replace it with a new one. A CFL bulb would NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-41

176 use up to 65% less energy, saving you approximately $3.00 a year on your electric bill, and would last up to 6 years longer than a standard replacement bulb. [INTRODUCE CFL INFO SHEET] [IF NEEDED: That s total of $21.00 in savings over the life of the CFL bulb.] R11) If a CFL costs $1.50 more than a standard replacement but saved you $3.00 each year on your electric bill and lasted up to 6 years longer, on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely, how likely would you be to purchase the LED bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R11 = 10, SKIP TO R16] R12) What if the CFL bulb cost $1 more than a standard replacement [IF NEEDED: and still saved you $3.00 a year and lasted up to 6 years longer]? How likely would you be to purchase the CFL bulb [IF NEEDED: on a scale of 0-10, where 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely ]? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R12 = 10, SKIP TO R16] R13) What if the CFL bulb cost $0.75 more than a standard replacement [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings and lifetime]? How likely would you be to purchase it over the standard replacement bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-42

177 [IF R13 = 10, SKIP TO R16] R14) What if the CFL bulb costs $0.50 more [IF NEEDED: with the same annual savings and lifetime]? How likely would you be to purchase it? Not at all likely Extremely Likely [IF R14 = 10, SKIP TO R16] R15) What if the CFL bulb cost the same as a standard replacement bulb [IF NEEDED: that is, there would be no difference in the cost between the CFL and standard bulb], [IF NEEDED: and the CFL bulb saved you $3.00 a year and lasted up to 6 years longer]? How likely would you be to purchase the CFL bulb? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R16) [IF CFLs INSTALLED IN RESIDENCE] When I did a walk-through of your home, I noticed that [X] of your light bulbs are CFLs. Why have you not installed CFLs in the other sockets? R17) Are there some light sockets in your home that you would never install CFL bulbs? Yes No [SKIP to R20] NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-43

178 R18) [If R17 = Yes] How many sockets would you never install CFL bulbs? sockets R19) [If R17 = Yes] Why would you never install CFLs in these sockets? R20) [IF CFLs INSTALLED IN RESIDENCE] The next time a CFL burns out or stops working, how likely are you to replace it with another CFL? Please indicate your likelihood on a scale of 0-10, in which 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely. Not at all likely Extremely Likely R21) [IF R20 < 10] What other bulb type would you consider? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-44

179 Section 3: Heating / Cooling [If house has geothermal heat pump system OR ductless heat pump(s), SKIP to Section 4] [If house has gas/propane furnace, ask R22 to R26] [If house has air source heat pump, ask R27 to R31] [If house has a central AC unit, ask R32 to R36] Natural Gas/Propane Furnace sub-section: I would like to ask you a few questions about your interest in purchasing an energy efficient furnace. Suppose your current furnace stopped working in the next 2 years. A high efficient replacement furnace would consume 15% less energy and save approximately $110 per year compared to a standard model. For each question, please indicate your likelihood to purchase a high efficient furnace on a scale of 0-10, in which 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely. R22) If an energy-efficient furnace costs $750 more compared to a standard model, how likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R23) What if the cost was discounted 25%, so that you would pay $560 more for an energy-efficient furnace compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-45

180 R24) What if the cost was discounted 50%, so that you would pay $375 more for an energy-efficient furnace compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R25) What if the cost was discounted 75%, so that you would pay $190 more for an energy-efficient furnace compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R26) What if the cost was discounted 100%, so that you would pay $0 more for an energy-efficient furnace compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-46

181 ASHP sub-section: I would like to ask you a few questions about your interest in purchasing energy efficient air source heat pump system. Suppose your current heat pump system were to stop working in the next 2 years. An energy efficient air source heat pump system would consume 10% less energy, saving approximately $65 per year, compared to a standard model. For each question, please indicate your likelihood to purchase an energy efficient air source heat pump system on a scale of 0-10, in which 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely. R27) If an energy-efficient air source heat pump system costs $1300 more compared to a standard model, how likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R28) What if the cost was discounted 25%, so that you would pay $975 more for an energy-efficient heat pump system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R29) What if the cost was discounted 50%, so that you would pay $650 more for an energy-efficient heat pump system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-47

182 R30) What if the cost was discounted 75%, so that you would pay $325 more for an energy-efficient heat pump system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R31) What if the cost was discounted 100%, so that you would pay $0 more for an energy-efficient heat pump system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-48

183 Central Air Cooling sub-section: I would like to ask you a few questions about your interest in purchasing an energy efficient central-air cooling system. Suppose your current central-air cooling system stopped working in the next 2 years, and an energy efficient central air system would consume 13% less energy, saving approximately $10 per year, compared to a standard model. For each question, please indicate your likelihood to purchase a more efficient central-air system on a scale of 0-10, in which 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely. R32) If an energy-efficient central-air system costs $475 more compared to a standard model, how likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R33) What if the cost was discounted 25%, so that you would pay $350 more for an energy-efficient central air system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R34) What if the cost was discounted 50%, so that you would pay $240 more for an energy-efficient central air system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-49

184 R35) What if the cost was discounted 75%, so that you would pay $120 more for an energy-efficient central air system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R36) What if the cost was discounted 100%, so that you would pay $0 more for an energy-efficient central-air system compared to a standard model? How likely are you to purchase the energy efficient model? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-50

185 Section 4: Building Insulation I would like to ask you a few questions about your interest in upgrading insulation for your home s attic and other areas. Updating and increasing insulation could save up to 10% of your home s annual energy bills, or up to $180 per year. For each question, please indicate your likelihood to purchase new insulation on a scale of 0-10, in which 0 means not at all likely and 10 means extremely likely. R37) If added insulation costs $1,000, how likely are you to purchase the insulation to increase the energy efficiency of your home? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R38) What if the cost of added insulation was discounted 25%, so that you would pay $750 to increase the insulation level in your attic? How likely are you to purchase the insulation? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R39) What if the cost of added insulation was discounted 50%, so that you would pay $500 to increase the insulation level in your attic? How likely are you to purchase the insulation? Not at all likely Extremely Likely R40) What if the cost of added insulation was discounted 75%, so that you would pay $250 to increase the insulation level in your attic? How likely are you to purchase the insulation? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-51

186 Not at all likely Extremely Likely R41) What if the cost of added insulation was discounted 100%, so that you would pay $0 to increase the insulation level in your attic? How likely are you to purchase the insulation? Not at all likely Extremely Likely NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-52

187 D.2 Commercial Phone Survey Commercial On-site Survey Nexant/NorthWestern Energy General Info (Complete before visit): Company Name: UNIQUE ID Contact Name: Account #: Contact Phone Number: No. Electric Meters: Address: No. Gas Meters: City, State, Zip: Annual kwh: # Bldgs onsite: Annual dkt: # Bldgs surveyed: Site Visit Date: Engineer: Site Visit Time: Notes: Survey Key NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-53

188 N/A = Not Applicable NX = Not Available = Highest Priority Data Points General Info 4. Our records indicate that you have an account with NorthWestern Energy with (# electric meters) electric meters and (# gas meters) gas meters. Is this correct? Y / N 5. If no, please indicate the actual number of meters: Electric Gas 6. Do you have any other energy service providers? If yes, please check which services apply to this business: Electric Gas Propane 7. If you do not have natural gas service, is natural gas available nearby? Y / N 8. Is the facility leased or owned? Own / Lease 9. If leased, who makes decisions about the lighting and HVAC systems? Landlord / Tenant 10. Is there a staff person whose duties include energy conservation and/or management? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-54

189 11. When is this building occupied? [Check appropriate season and corresponding months] All Year Summer Only Winter Only Other Seasonal Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12. What is the weekly occupancy schedule of this building? Day Business Hours Closed All Day? Open 24 Hours? Sunday From: To: Monday From: To: Tuesday From: To: Wednesday From: To: Thursday From: To: Friday From: To: Saturday From: To: 13. How many people occupy this building [core business hrs / non-core]? / 14. Of the following options, what is the primary use of your building? [Check appropriate space] Education Grocery Health Lodging Office Restaurant Retail Warehouse Other 15. If Other: Please describe: 16. If Hospital: How many beds does this facility have? 17. If Restaurant: How many meals are served per day? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-55

190 18. If Lodging: How many rooms are offered? 19. If Education with classrooms: How many students are serviced? Building Information 20. How old is this building? years 21. How large is this building in square feet, not including any parking garages? ft If this building has an interior parking garage, how large is it? ft How many floors is this building? 24. Have there been any renovations/additions since date of original construction? Y / N a. What year did renovations/additions occur? b. What is the approximate affected square footage? ft Was this building commissioned upon original construction? Y / N 26. When was the last time this building was commissioned? 27. LEED Building? Please indicate certification level. 28. Does this building have a data center? Y / N 29. If the building has a data center, what percentage of the total square footage is it? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-56

191 Envelope 30. Please include info. About the majority of the building: ONLY Select ONE option for each section. NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-57

192 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-58

193 HVAC System 31. Packaged HVAC System System 1 System 2 System 3 HVAC System Type (See Table Below) HVAC Zone Description Regular Maintenance? (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Percent of Building (%) Age (Years) Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Manufacturer Model Name Model Number Rated Cooling Capacity (Tons) Rated Heating Capacity (Btu/hr) Performance Rating (Circle One) EER SEER EER SEER EER SEER Performance Rating Value Compressors: Quantity HP or Volts/Phase/FL Amps Supply Fans: Motor HP Motor Efficiency (%) Return Fan: Motor HP Motor Efficiency (%) Primary Heat: Fuel Type (See Table Below) Efficiency (%) Supplemental Heat: Fuel Type (See Table Below) Efficiency (%) Terminal Reheat Type (See Table Below) Evaporative Cooling (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Insulated Duct (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Air-to-Air Heat Recovery (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Economizer (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Packaged HVAC System Types 1=Packaged Single Zone-A/C Only 2=Packaged Single Zone-A/C w/ Heat 3=Packaged Multi Zone 4=Packaged VAV 6=Heat Pump, Air Source 7=Heat Pump, Ground Source 8=Heat Pump, Water Source 9=Split System 11=Unit Ventilator 12=Window/ Wall A/C Unit 13=Window/ Wall Heat Pump Temperature Control Types 1=Thermostat-Programmable 2=Thermostat-Manual 3=EMS 4=Always on 5=Evaporative Cooler 10=Unit Heater 5=Manual on/off NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-59 6=Time Clock

194 Fuel Types 1=Electric 2=Natural Gas 3=Fuel Oil 32. 4=LPG 4=Other Central HVAC System-Air Handler System 1 System 2 System 3 HVAC System Type (See Table Below) HVAC Zone Description Regular Maintenance? (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Percent of Building (%) Age (Years) Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Manufacturer Model Name Model Number Cooling Coils (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Heating Coils (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Supply Fans: Volume Control Motor HP Volts/Phase/FL Amps Motor Efficiency (%) Return Fan: Volume Control Motor HP Volts/Phase/FL Amps Motor Efficiency (%) Terminal Reheat Type 5=Purchase HW or Steam 6=Wood 7=Other (Make Note) Terminal Reheat Types 1=Electric 2=Hot Water 3=Steam 1=Discharge Damper 2=Inlet Vain 3=VFD 1=Discharge Damper 2=Inlet Vain 3=VFD 1=Elec 2=Water 3=Steam 4=None Evaporative Cooling (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Insulated Duct (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Air-to-Air Heat Recovery (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Economizer (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-60

195 HVAC System Type 1=CV-Single Zone 7=VAV-Cooling Only 13=Hydronic Heat Pump 2=CV-Multi Zone 8=VAV-Terminal Reheat 14=Induction 3=CV-Dual Duct 9=VAV-Dual Duct 15= Radiant Slab Heat 4=CV-Terminal Reheat 10=Fan Coil 16=PTAC 5=FPS-Fan Powered VAV-Series 11=Baseboard 17=Unit Ventilators 6=FPP-Fan Powered VAV-Parallel 12=Heat & Vent 18=Radiators Temperature Control Types 1=Thermostat-Programmable 2=Thermostat-Manual 3=EMS 4=Always on 5=Manual on/off 6=Time Clock 33. Central HVAC System-Boiler System 1 System 2 System 3 Fuel Type (See Table Below) Heating Zone Description Regular Maintenance (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Percent of Building (%) Age (Years) Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Manufacturer Model Name/Number Input Capacity Efficiency (%) Number of Identical Boilers Number of Units on Standby (Btu/h) Hot Water Pumps Quantity Motor HP Motor Efficiency Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Capacity Control Type 1=Constant Speed 2=Variable Speed Heating Pipes Insulated (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Number of Units on Standby Fuel Types 1=Electric 2=Natural Gas 3=Fuel Oil 4=LPG Temperature Control Types 5=Purchase HW or Steam 1=Thermostat-Programmable 6=Wood 2=Thermostat-Manual 7=Other (Make Note) 3=EMS NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study 4=Always on D-61 5=Manual on/off 6=Time Clock

196 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-62

197 Central HVAC System-Chiller System 1 System 2 System 3 Chiller Type (See Table Below) Zone Description Regular Maintenance (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Percent of Building (%) Age (Years) Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Manufacturer Model Name/Number Rated Cooling Capacity (Tons) Performance Rating (Circle One) EER - IPLV - kw/ton EER - IPLV - kw/ton EER - IPLV - kw/ton Performance Rating Value Compressor: Design Full Load KW (or) Volts/Phase/FL Amps Number of Identical Boilers Number of Units on Standby Chillers Heat Rejection System Condenser Type Capacity Control Fan Control (See Table Below) 1=Fixed Temp 2=Floating Temp 3=Head Pressure 1=Constant 2=Cycle 3=Pony Motor 4=Two-Speed 5=Variable Speed Water Side Economizer (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Temperature Control Type (See Table Below) Condenser Fans: Quantity HP Motor Efficiency (% or S,H,P) Chiller Types 1=Centrifugal 5=Absorption, Hot Water 2=Reciprocating 6=Absorption, Natural Gas 3=Rotary 7=Absorption, Steam 4=Scroll Condenser Types 1=Air Cooled Condenser 2=Cooling Tower (Open) 3=Evaporative Cooler Temperature Control Types 1=Thermostat-Programmable 2=Thermostat-Manual 3=EMS 4=Always on 5=Manual on/off 6=Time Clock NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-63

198 Chilled Water Pumps Pump Use Quantity Motor HP Motor Efficiency Capacity Control Temperature Control Type Number of Units on Standby Condenser Water Pumps Quantity Motor HP Motor Efficiency Capacity Control Temperature Control Type Number of Units on Standby 1=Primary 2=Secondary 1=Constant Speed 2=Variable Speed (See Table Below) 1=Constant Speed 2=Variable Speed (See Table Below) Temperature Control Types 1=Thermostat-Programmable 2=Thermostat-Manual 3=EMS 4=Always on 5=Manual on/off 6=Time Clock NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-64

199 HVAC Controls 35. Is the Heating system set to a single temperature? (No control schedule used) Y / N a. If YES, what is the set temperature? F b. If NO, please fill out the schedule below. Heating set-points and schedules: System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Occupied Unoccupied 36. Does the heating system employ temperature reset controls? Y / N 37. Heating Months (for system lock-out or reset) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 38. Is the Cooling system set to a single temperature? (No control schedule used) Y / N a. If YES, what is the set temperature? F b. If NO, please fill out the schedule below. Cooling set-points and schedule: System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Occupied NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-65

200 Unoccupied 39. Cooling Months (for system lock-out or reset) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 40. Are the temperature set points self-reported or verified from a thermostat? (circle one) 41. How often are the temperature sensors or thermostats calibrated? 42. If Lodging type facility: Is a key card energy control system used? Y / N Ventilation 43. Is an indoor parking garage with ventilation present? Y / N 44. If yes, how large is the parking garage? ft If yes, is the garage ventilation system controlled with CO sensors? Y / N 46. For interior spaces, is any demand-controlled ventilation system employed? Y / N 47. Are ventilation hoods used? Y / N 48. Are any demand based controls used on the ventilation hoods? Y / N 49. Are the ventilation hoods variable volume? Y / N 50. Is make-up air provided directly at the ventilation hood? Y / N 51. Are ERV s, enthalpy wheels, or other heat exchangers used? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-66

201 Domestic Hot Water 52. Does this building have domestic water heating? Y / N Domestic Water Heating Water Heater Type Fuel Type Age Location (See Table Below) (See Table Below) (Years) (Conditioned or Unconditioned) System 1 System 2 System 3 Tank Wrap (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Pipe Wrap (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Circulation Pump (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Continuously Circulating (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Set-Point ( F) Is a Setback Used (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Manufacturer Model Name/Number Tank Capacity Input Capacity Recovery Efficiency (Gal) (KW or Btu/hr) (Gal/hr) (EF) Heating Pipes Insulated (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Is Drain Water Heat Recovery Used (Circle One) Y / N Y / N Y / N Water Heater Types 1=Heat Pump 2=Heat Recovery 3=Instantaneous (Tankless) 4=Self-Contained 5=Storage Tank (Central Boiler) 6=Other (Make Note) Fuel Types 1=Electric 2=Natural Gas 3=Fuel Oil 4=LPG 5=Purchase HW or Steam 6=Wood 7=Other (Make Note) 53. Number of faucets with given flow rate: <0.5 GPM 0.5 to 1.5 GPM 1.5 to 3.0 GPM >3.0 GPM Number NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-67

202 Motion Controllers? (# that have M.C.) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-68

203 Lighting 54. What is primary lighting application? (1=standard interior lighting, 2=high-bay) 55. What is the estimated interior lighting power density for the building[s]? W/ft What is the estimated exterior lighting power density for the building[s]? W/ft Has the lighting system been updated in the last 5 years? Y / N 58. Lighting configuration: Please select ONE number from each of the tables below for each interior zone. Lamp Type (see below) Length in ft (if Applicable) Lamp Wattage # of Fixtures Lamps/ Fixture Ballast Type (See Below) Control Type (See Below) Average weekly hours of use Zone# Zone Description NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-69

204 Please select ONE number from each of the tables below for each exterior space. Lamp Type (see above) Length in ft (if Applicable) Lamp Wattage # of Fixtures Lamps/ Fixture Ballast Type (See above) Control Type (See above) Average weekly hours of use NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-70

205 Are bi-level lighting controls used in stairways? Y / N 61. What type of exit signs does this building have? (1=Incandescent, 2=Compact fluorescent, 3=LED, 4=Other, 5=Don t Know) 62. Has the lighting system been updated in the last 5 years? Y / N 63. Lighting Willingness to Pay a. What lighting type made up the largest share of interior lighting? (1 = T12, 2 = T8, 3 = HPS or MH, 4 = Incandescent or CFL, 5 = Don t Know) If 59a = 5, skip to 61 b. How many of these bulbs do you keep in storage? c. How many of these ballasts do you keep in storage? d. If converting one of your fixtures to a more energy efficient fixture costs, how likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? (T12 = $150 per fixture, T8 = $2.50 per lamp, HPS/MH = $225 per fixture, Incandescent/CFL = $30 per lamp) Not at all likely Extremely Likely e. What if the cost was discounted fill-in 1 to convert to a more energy efficient fixture? How likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-71

206 Not at all likely Extremely likely Fill-In % 50% 75% 100% 64. Exit Sign Willingness to Pay a. What type of exit signs did the building have? (1 = CFL, 2 = Incandescent, 3 = LED, 4 = Other, 5 = Don t know) If 60a = 3, 4, or 5, skip to 61 b. If converting one of your exit signs to a more energy efficient LED exit sign costs $50 per sign, how likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? Not at all likely Extremely Likely c. What if the cost was discounted [fill-in 1], so that you would pay [fill in 2] to install an occupancy sensor? How likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? Not at all likely Extremely likely Fill-In 1 Fill-In NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-72

207 25% $38 50% $25 75% $13 100% Nothing 65. Occupancy Sensor Willingness to Pay [ask if majority of zones/rooms do not have occupancy sensors] a. If installing a more energy-efficient occupancy light sensor in one room costs $150, how likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? Not at all likely Extremely Likely b. What if the cost was discounted [fill-in 1], so that you would pay [fill in 2] to install an occupancy sensor? How likely are you to purchase one in the next two years? Not at all likely Extremely likely Fill-In 1 Fill-In % $113 50% $75 75% $38 100% Nothing NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-73

208 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-74

209 Plug Loads Appliances: If there is more than one type of appliance in the building, note the average age, frequency of use, and the % of the total Quantity that are EnergyStar. Quantity (Average) Age (years) Hours of Use (hrs/wk) % that are EnergyStar 66. Personal Computers % 67. Laptops % 68. Secondary Monitors % 69. Servers % 70. Printers % 71. Scanners % 72. Photocopiers % 73. Fax Machine % 74. All-in-one (printer/copier/scanner/fax) % 75. Water coolers % 76. Air purifiers/dehumidifiers % 77. Television % 78. Security Cameras % 79. Battery Chargers % 80. Snack Machines (non-refrigerated vending machines) % NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-75

210 81. Beverage Machines (refrigerated vending machine) % 82. Coffee Maker % 83. Microwave % 84. Space Heaters % 85. Residential Style Refrigerators % 86. Paper Shredder % 87. Is a network computer energy management system used? Y / N 88. Are any vending machine controllers used? Y / N 89. How many vending machines use controllers? % NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-76

211 90. Does this building have a washer and/or dryer? Y / N Commercial Residential Washer Dryer Washer Dryer Type (majority) (1=front load, 2=top load) Quantity Ozonating Cycle? Y / N -- Y / N -- Age (years) [average] Manufacturer Model Name Model Number Loads per week (Average) % that are ENERGY STAR % % % % Dryer fuel type (1=electric, 2=natural gas, 3=propane) Efficiency (MEF) 91. Does this building have residential style dishwashers? Y / N Age (years) Quantity NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-77

212 Manufacturer Model Name Model Number Loads per week % that are ENERGY STAR % Efficiency (EF) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-78

213 Cooking 92. Does this building have any commercial kitchen equipment? Y / N Which equipment is present? If there is more than one type used in the building, note the most common fuel, average age, average frequency of use, and the % of the total Quantity that are ENERGY STAR. Fuel Quantity Average Age (years) Frequency of Use (hrs/wk) % that are ENERGY STAR 93. Standard Oven E / G / P % 94. Convection Oven E / G / P % 95. Range E / G / P % 96. Fryer E / G / P % 97. Hot food holding cabinet E / G / P % 98. Electric Steam Cooker E / G / P % 99. Griddle E / G / P % 100. Pizza Oven E / G / P % 101. Warming Table E / G / P % 102. Heat Lamps E / G / P % 103. Soup Pots E / G / P % 104. Continuous Toaster E / G / P % 105. Microwave E / G / P % 106. Are ventilation hoods used? Y / N 107. Are any demand based controls used for the ventilation hoods? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-79

214 108. Are the ventilation hoods variable volume? Y / N 109. Is make-up air provided directly at the ventilation hood? Y / N 110. Is any other cooking equipment present? Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Type Qty Average Age (years) Fuel E / G / P E / G / P E / G / P E / G / P E / G / P Wattage/Input Usage (Hrs/wk) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-80

215 111. Number of pre-rinse spray valves with given flow rate: Exact Flow rate (GPM) (if known) <0.5 GPM 0.5 to 1.5 GPM 1.5 to 3.0 GPM >3.0 GPM Number Motion Controllers? (# that have M.C.) 112. Are commercial dishwashers used? Y / N 113. Is the dishwasher a low-temp system? Y / N 114. Is the dishwasher ENERGY STAR? Y / N 115. Does the dishwasher have a booster heater? Y / N 116. Booster heater details: System 1 System 2 System 3 Age (years) Fuel E / G / P E / G / P E / G / P Manufacturer Model Name Model Number NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-81

216 Refrigeration 117. Does this building have any commercial refrigeration equipment? Y / N (Non-residential-style refrigerators) Refrigeration equipment details: (Types: 1=Solid Door Refrigerator/Freezer, 2=Glass Door Refrigerator/Freezer, 3=Open Medium Temp Display Case, 4=Open Low Temp Display Case, 5=Display case with doors) Type Size (ft 3 ) Qty Stand alone? Age (years) % ENERGY STAR System 1 Y / N System 2 Y / N System 3 Y / N System 4 Y / N System 5 Y / N System 6 Y / N System 7 Y / N System 8 Y / N System 9 Y / N System 10 Y / N Walk-in Refrigerated space details: (Types: 1=Walk-in Refrigerator, 2=Walk-in Freezer, 3=Refrigerated Warehouse, 4=Freezer Warehouse) NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-82

217 Type Model # Size (ft 2 ) Qty Avg. Age (years) Strip Curtains Lighting (Fluorescent, LED, Incand, None) Compressor (hp) System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 System 8 System 9 System 10 If a multiplex compressor system is used describe it below: Age (years) Qty Compressor Compressor (hp) System 1 System 2 System 3 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-83

218 System Are anti-sweat heater controls used on display case doors? Y / N 119. What type of lights do display cases have? (1=fluorescent, 2=LED) 120. Are display case lights controlled by motion sensors? Y / N 121. Are VFDs used on compressors? Y / N 122. Are VFDs used on condenser fans? Y / N 123. Are ECM Motors in use? Y / N 124. Are demand defrost controls used? Y / N 125. Are floating head pressure controllers used? Y / N 126. Are high-efficiency evaporator fans used (Circle one: PSC / ECM / Other)? Y / N 127. Are night covers used on open display cases? Y / N 128. Are evaporator fan controls used? Y / N 129. Has this refrigeration system been commissioned? Y / N 130. Would re-commissioning be appropriate for this system? Y / N 131. Is a heat recovery system used? Y / N 132. Do any display cases have special doors that don t require anti-sweat heat? Y / N 133. Does this building have any ice makers? Y / N Ice maker details: Capacity (lbs/hr) Qty Stand alone? Age (years) Energy- Star? Ice Maker 1 Y / N Y / N Ice Maker 2 Y / N Y / N Ice Maker 3 Y / N Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-84

219 Water 134. Does this building have any irrigation systems connected to the electric meter? Y / N Irrigation Pump Details: Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Size of land being irrigated (ft 2 ) Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Serial Number Size (hp) RPM Enclosure Type (1=ODP, 2=TEFC) Efficiency (%) VFD Installed Y / N Y / N Y / N Control Type: (1=Manual, 2=Timer, 3= Smart Controller, 4=Other) 135. Does this building have a hot tub? Y / N 136. Does the hot tub use a cover when not in use? Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-85

220 137. What type of fuel is used to heat the hot tub? [Check one] Electricity Natural Gas Propane Other 138. Does this building have a pool? Y / N 139. What type of fuel is used to heat the pool? [Check one] Electricity Natural Gas Propane Other 140. Pool pump details: Pump Age (years) Manufacturer Model Number Serial Number Size (hp) RPM Enclosure Type NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-86

221 (1=ODP, 2=TEFC) Efficiency (%) 141. How is the pool pump controlled? Runs continuously Timer VSD Other 142. When is the pool used? Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-87

222 Motors / Engines (Process Related) 143. Does this facility have Motors or Engines that are process related? Y / N Description Qty. Service Type (Below) Control Type (Below) hp NEMA Type (Below) Nom. Eff. % Drive Type (Below) Duty Type (Below) Avg Age (yrs) Avg. Run hrs/wk NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-88

223 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-89

224 Air Compressors 144. Does this facility have Air Compressors? Y / N 145. Does the facility have a leak Reduction Maintenance Program? Y / N Description Compressor Type (below) Application Type (below) Control Type (Below) Hp Quantity Nom. Eff. % Drive Type (Below) Avg. Run hrs/wk Air Dryer 1 Y / N 2 Y / N 3 Y / N 4 Y / N 5 Y / N 6 Y / N 7 Y / N 8 Y / N 9 Y / N 10 Y / N 11 Y / N 12 Y / N NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-90

225 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-91

226 Other Process Loads 146. Does this building have any other process loads? Y / N 147. Briefly describe each process load: (Include product produced if applicable) Description Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 Process 5 Process 6 Process 7 Process 8 Process Load Details Qty Avg. Age (years) Mfg Model Number Primary Fuel Type (see table below) Secondary Fuel Type (see table below) Avg. run hrs per wk Avg. Unit Capacity kw Avg Unit Capacity Btuh Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-92

227 Process 5 Process 6 Process 7 Process 8 NorthWestern Energy Energy End Use and Load Profile Study D-93