Nuclear Energy Future (Teaching) F. Calviño X. Ortega ETSEIB-UPC Barcelona, Spain

Transcription

1 Nuclear Energy Future (Teaching) F. Calviño X. Ortega ETSEIB-UPC Barcelona, Spain

2 Spanish Nuclear Snapshot -2-

3 Spanish Nuclear Snapshot Operational Shutdown Year Type P (Mwe) Years Type P (Mwe) Almaraz I 1980 PWR 977 Vandellós I C-U CO2 160 Almaraz II Ascó I Ascó II PWR PWR PWR José Cabrera (Zorita) PWR Cofrentes 1984 BWR 1092 Santa María de Garoña 1971 BWR 466 Trillo 1987 PWR 1066 Vandellós II 1987 PWR Never finished ( Moratoria ) Lemoniz I & II, Valdecaballeros I & II, Trillo II

4 1984 Lemoniz (Lemoiz) Valdecaballeros -4-

5 Spanish Nuclear Snapshot Electricity (MWh) Year Nuclear % N % Esp (%) E % Wind (%) W W/E % Con (%) , , ,4 34, ,6 11, , ,4 32, ,2 13, , ,3 30, ,8 17, ,4 26, , ,9 27, ,6 19, ,1 6,8 34, , ,6 24, ,8 20, ,6 9,0 45, ,2 Nuclear production: stable Nuclear share: going down 3%/year Electricity consume: increasing 10%/year -5-

6 European Nuclear Snapshot 41% 40% -6-

7 European Nuclear Snapshot -7-

8 Nuclear Snapshot Nuclear production: stable Nuclear share: going down a few %/year Electricity/Energy consume: increasing 2%/year Nuclear Share: 30% (Electricity) 15% (Total energy) Are you now convinced of the impossibility of ignoring Nuclear Energy in the next years? So, we CHERNE still need to educate future engineers in the classical NPP technologies -8-

9 Public opinion. Acceptance QD4 Are you in favor or opposed to the use of these different sources of energy in your country? Social education, Special Eurobarometer 262. Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures Fieldwork: May June Publication: January

10 Public opinion. Acceptance QD4.4 Are you in favor or opposed to the use of Nuclear Energy in your country? Special Eurobarometer 262. Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures Fieldwork: May June Publication: January

11 Public opinion. Actions QD12 In your opinion, which two of the following should be given top priority in the (NATIONALITY) Government s energy policy? (MAX. 2 ANSWERS) Passive safety, Waste burning, different fuels (?), Special Eurobarometer 262. Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures Fieldwork: May June Publication: January

12 Public opinion. Future QD7 And thinking about energy in 30 years, which do you think will be the three most used energy sources in your country? (MAX. 3 ANSWERS) EU citizens expect: The use of fossil fuels, in particular oil will drop drastically and will be replaced by renewable energy. The future energy mix is expected be more diversified than it is today Despite the strong opposition expressed to nuclear energy as a source of energy, its share is expected to stay approximately the same in the future. In other words, respondents appear to consider nuclear energy as a necessary evil and an integral part of the future energy mix. Special Eurobarometer 262. Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures Fieldwork: May June Publication: January

13 Public opinion. Conclusions Energy issues are considered to be important but not at first glance EU citizens perceive great future promise in the use of renewable energies, and nuclear energy also has its place in the future energy mix. Citizens appear to opt for changing the energy structure, enhancing research and development and guaranteeing the stability of the energy field rather than saving energy as the way to meet energy challenges. The possible future consequences of energy issues do not generate deep fears in Europeans minds. Europeans appear to be fairly familiar with energy issues, although their knowledge seems somewhat vague Remarks: Gender, age, education and occupation appear to influence citizens opinion to a certain extent: males, the highly educated and those in managerial position seem to be more knowledgeable of energy issues. They are also slightly more in favor of the use of renewable energies and nuclear energy. EU citizens appear to approach energy issues with a practical orientation that is related to concerns about energy prices and energy supply. This is also confirmed by looking at the environmentally oriented group Special Eurobarometer 262. Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures Fieldwork: May June Publication: January

14 Public opinion Acceptance: NE most opposed, but 20% (55%) in favor (not strongly against) Future Nuclear share: Same in 50 years from now Energy prices: most important Energy supply: second most important Environmental/Health: maybe, the main reason of fear to NPP Are you now convinced of the viability of Nuclear Energy in the next 50 years time? So, we CHERNE need to educate future engineers in the future NPP technologies -14-

15 NPP Evolution. Challenges Four main challenges categories: 1. Sustainable Nuclear Energy 2. Competitive Nuclear Energy 3. Safe and Reliable Systems 4. Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection Sustainable Nuclear Energy - Recycling used fuel to recover its energy content, and by converting U-238 (Th?) to new fuel - Having a positive impact on the environment through the displacement of polluting energy and transportation sources by nuclear electricity generation and nuclear-produced hydrogen - GWR (DGR) must accept waste from many more plant-years (substantial reduction in the amount of wastes and their decay heat) - Greatly simplifying the scientific analysis and demonstration of safe repository performance for very long time periods (beyond 1000 years), by a large reduction in the lifetime and toxicity of the residual radioactive wastes sent to repositories for final geologic disposal A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -15-

16 NPP Evolution. Challenges Competitive Nuclear Energy - Achieving economic life-cycle and energy production costs through a number of innovative advances in plant and fuel cycle efficiency, design simplifications, and plant sizes - Reducing economic risk to nuclear projects through the development of plants built using innovative fabrication and construction techniques, and possibly modular designs. - Allowing the distributed production of hydrogen, fresh water, district heating, and other energy products to be produced where they are needed Safe and Reliable Systems - Increasing the use of inherent safety features, robust designs, and transparent safety features that can be understood by nonexperts - Enhancing public confidence in the safety of nuclear energy. Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection - Providing continued effective proliferation resistance of nuclear energy systems through improved design features and other measures - Increasing physical protection against terrorism by increasing the robustness of new facilities. A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -16-

17 NPP Evolution. Gen IV. Goals Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, will: - Sustainability 1 provide sustainable energy generation that meets clean air objectives and promotes long-term availability of systems and effective fuel utilization for worldwide energy production. - Sustainability 2 minimize and manage their nuclear waste and notably reduce the longterm stewardship burden, thereby improving protection for the public health and the environment. - Economics 1 have a clear life-cycle cost advantage over other energy sources. - Economics 2 have a level of financial risk comparable to other energy projects. - Safety and Reliability 1 (operations) will excel in safety and reliability. - Safety and Reliability 2 have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage. - Safety and Reliability 3 eliminate the need for offsite emergency response. - Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection 1 increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and the least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials, and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism.. A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -17-

18 NPP Evolution. (GIF) Gen IV. Most promising Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR): features a fast-neutron-spectrum, helium-cooled reactor and closed fuel cycle; Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR): features a fast-spectrum, sodium-cooled reactor and closed fuel cycle for efficient management of actinides and conversion of fertile uranium; Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR): features a fast-spectrum lead of lead/bismuth eutectic liquid metal-cooled reactor and a closed fuel cycle for efficient conversion of fertile uranium and management of actinides; Molten Salt Reactor (MSR): produces fission power in a circulating molten salt fuel mixture with an epithermal-spectrum reactor and a full actinide recycle fuel cycle. Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR): a graphite-moderated, helium-cooled reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle; Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR): a high-temperature, high-pressure watercooled reactor that operates above the thermodynamic critical point of water; A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -18-

19 NPP Evolution vs Teaching Core of actual NE teaching (?) Evolution of NE teaching (?) A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -19-

20 NPP Teaching. (Near) Future Overview of Generation III+ and IV: Are our students aware of the actual reactors been installed and the possible future evolution? Fast neutron physics: Can our students understand how to transport fast neutrons? Are they able to predict the rate of transuranics consumption-production in the cross section resonances region? Shall they use multigroup transport, MC codes,?... Material science: Are our students prepared to select a given material for the next generation reactors? (Heat, radiation,.) Passive safety: Will our students be able to participate in the conceptual design of a Passive safety system?... Hydrogen production, heating, many more : Debate Any of these could be a nice CHERNE Activity Are we ready for the teaching and R+D fun coming in the next few years? A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems. GIF (Viewed: ) -20-