EPRI CCP Research Update. University of Kentucky

Transcription

1 EPRI CCP Research Update University of Kentucky Lexington, KY April 19, 2012 Ken Ladwig

2 About EPRI Established in 1973 Objective, tax-exempt, collaborative research Participating companies provide over 90% of North American electricity generated. Independent, nonprofit center for public interest energy and environmental research 2

3 EPRI Coal Combustion Product Research CCP Research initiated in years of experience and results Provides utilities with information and technologies for management of CCPs Provides scientific information to inform policy regulatory decisions Current focus is to help ensure sustainable CCP management practices combining environmentally sound disposal and continued beneficial use 3

4 EPRI CCP Research Portfolio Characterization Disposal CCP Management Utilization Environmental Risk 4

5 EPRI Research to Support the Regulatory Process: Washington Meetings Several Reports and Assessments Hazardous waste costs CCP characteristics Damage cases Risk assessment/receptor analysis Leaching protocols/ph evolution CCP use (benefits/fills/ag) Seismic risk Comments on Proposed Rule (2010) Comments on NODA (2011) Research was designed to provide technical information in advance of the proposed rule 5

6 EPRI Research to Support the Regulatory Process: Non-hazardous Waste Disposal Costs Liners and Caps Pond Closure Dewatering/Liquefaction Landfills over closed ponds Remediation CCP Use EPA/USDA risk assessment for FGD gypsum in agriculture EPA risk assessment for ash used in concrete CCP Characterization/LEAF Regulatory Support Research is designed to provide technical information to assist with implementation of the final rule 6

7 Non-hazardous Disposal Site Costs for CCRs Objective Develop planning level costs for compliance with proposed Subtitle D non-hazardous waste rule Status Cost estimates (URS) Report in review Deliverables Report,

8 Non-hazardous Disposal Site Costs for CCRs Four Scenarios Closure of existing impoundment New impoundment construction Closure of existing landfill New landfill construction Baseline Costs Typical sites Good site conditions Well defined assumptions 8

9 Non-hazardous Disposal Site Costs for CCRs Cost Impact for Site-Specific Factors Environmental/cultural permitting Wetland Mitigation Historical Site Remediation Site improvements Road/bridge construction Structural walls Subsurface improvements Karst mitigation Soft subgrade/weak layers Other design considerations Property acquisition Deep excavation 9

10 Liners and Caps Objective Evaluate liners and caps for use at CCP disposal sites Status State of the science review (NRT) Report in preparation Use of GCLs (UW) Project just starting Deliverables Report (Review), 2012 Interim Report (GCL), 2012 Topsoil Drainage Layer Cap Barrier CCP Leachate Collection Liner Barrier Native Soil 10

11 Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) Clay (sodium bentonite) between two geotextiles Very low permeability (<5 x 10-9 cm/sec) <15 mm thick Self-healing if punctured Performs better than compacted clay 11

12 Leakage Rate (lphd) GCL Performance Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate (30) GM Sand Leak Detection 200 (31) GM/CCL (32) (19) Initial (41) GM/GCL (19) Subsequent (8,15) (4) After Filling Filling Final Cover GCL technology is an alternative that performs at or above standard federal performance levels. EPA/530/F-97/002 12

13 Composite Liner EPA CCR Proposal EPA reluctant to allow GCLs, but interested in receiving data and information 13

14 GCL Research Plan Standard and Treated GCLs Characterize CCP Leachates - ionic strength and ph monovalent vs multivalent cations Index Tests - Composition, XRD, swell, fluid loss Hydraulic Conductivity Tests - Pre-hydrated - 20 kpa to 450 kpa Alternative Hydration Conditions 14

15 Pond Closure Objective Development/documentation of cost-effective and environmentally protective closure in compliance with new CCP rule Status Static Liquefaction (Geosyntec, Georgia Tech) Report in preparation Other projects initiating Deliverables Liquefaction Report,

16 Pond Closure Static Liquefaction Geotechnical properties Mechanisms, prediction Dewatering Methods Pore pressures, rate of filling Leachate handling/treatment Special Conditions Landfill over pond Partial closures Accelerated closures 16

17 Pond Closure Groundwater Monitoring Saturated ash Risk assessment Remediation Caps Alternative designs, ET caps Runoff management Settlement/slope stability 17

18 Leaching of Fly Ash Concrete Objective Determine the relative leaching characteristics of concrete with and without fly ash Status Lab leaching (VU) Concrete samples cast Deliverables Interim Report,

19 Leaching of Fly Ash Concrete Screening Source Materials 3 ash types Cast Specimens Mortar and concrete 28-day cure Leaching Batch vs ph (1313) Batch vs L/S (1314) Monolith (1315) Longer Cure Times 19

20 Treat Island HVFA Concrete Performance US Army Corp outdoor exposure site Long-term performance of concrete blocks Blocks placed Retrieve at 25 years 3 HVFA sets 1987, 1990, 1992 Tests (minimum) Strength Cl permeability 20

21 Dry Sorbent Injection Products Objective Evaluate effect of sodium sorbent injection for acid gas (SO 2 /SO 3 /Cl) control on disposal and use of CCPs Status Analyzing samples Injection rate dependent Deliverables Report, 2012 PeerLit, 2011, leaching Report , Dec 2010, screening characterization 21

22 FGD Gypsum in Agricultural Network Objective Develop environmental and agronomic data for use of FGD gypsum in agricultural applications Summary/Status Network: 13 test sites in 7 states Field work completed Reports in preparation Deliverables Site Reports, 2011 & 2012 Earthworm Report, 2012 Report , Mar. 2006, lit review Workshops, 2006, 2007,

23 FGD Gypsum in Agricultural Network Objective Develop environmental and agronomic data for use of FGD gypsum in agricultural applications Summary/Status Network: 13 test sites in 7 states Field work completed Reports in preparation Deliverables Site Reports, 2011 & 2012 Earthworm Report, 2012 Report , Mar. 2006, lit review Workshops, 2006, 2007,

24 FGD Gypsum in Ag Greenhouse Study Objective More detailed evaluation of mercury and other constituents in a controlled environment Summary/Status 65 tubs, 3 soils Hg volatilization, leaching, worm & plant uptake Experiments completed Compiling results Deliverables PeerLit, 2012 PeerLit,

25 FGD Gypsum in Ag Risk Assessment Objective Evaluate environmental risk of FGD gypsum application and establish guidelines for application rate and concentrations Summary/Status Joint USDA & EPA Incorporating data from EPRI and others Deliverables Report, 2012 Draft expected in April

26 FGD Gypsum to Control Phosphorus in Runoff Objectives Demonstrate use of FGD gypsum for P control Develop BMP Outreach and education Summary/Status Developing funding base September 2012 to August 2015 Deliverables Annual Progress Reports Final Technical Reports Best Management Practice Webcasts, Workshops Photo Courtesy of ACAA 26

27 FGD Gypsum for Phosphorus Mitigation 27

28 Purpose Development of FGD gypsum application as an agricultural Best Management Practice to control nutrient loading in sensitive watersheds 28

29 Objectives Perform Field Demonstrations Work with States to Develop BMPs Work with NRCS to Develop National Practice Standards Perform Regional Education/Outreach Activities Explore Connection to Water Quality Trading 29

30 Collaborators Project Team EPRI Warren Dick (OSU)/ Darrell Norton (USDA, Purdue) Greenleaf Advisors/Beneficial Reuse Management Local Ag Advisors We Energies/Funders Potential Funding Sources USDA-NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant Supplemental Funding EPA/Great Lakes Foundations (e.g., Joyce Foundation, ACAA Educational) States In-Kind Support 30

31 ICR Data Analyses Project: Ongoing EPRI Project Obtain the data; have as much as EPA would have Requested power plants send non-cbi data to EPRI Synthesize data before EPA issues the proposed rule FGD cost/benefit analyses, extrapolating the available data to broader industry Landfill leachate treatability Dry bottom ash Metal cleaning wastes Others? Finalize EPRI analyses after the rule and final data are publicly released 31

32 Effluent Guidelines ICR: 9 Parts A Plant Operations B FGD C Ash Handling D Ponds/Water Treatment E Metal Cleaning Wastes F - Ponds/Landfills Leachate G Leachates (includes sampling) H Nuclear I - Finances 32

33 Development of High Volume Uses of Ash in Road Applications Documentation of case histories, economics, and engineering performance Lab & field projects engineering properties and environmental performance Life-cycle analyses on common basis costs and benefits Demonstrate large market for non-spec ash 33

34 Development and Demonstration of High Volume Uses for Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA) Solid Products Develop use applications for SDA by-products Lab and field studies Address SDA retrofits (most post-esp) Engineering performance, economics, and environmentally safety SDA products currently have low use potential 34

35 ASHphalt Research on the practical use of fly ash in asphalt Lab and test section studies Engineering performance, handling and mixing procedures, and environmentally safety Encapsulated use for non-spec fly ash 35

36 Additional Projects Leaching Assessment LEAF Oxyanions Metals Immobilization Groundwater Quality Signatures Isotope field study Tiered Analysis Chemical Profiles Selenium Chromium Fugitive Dust Health impacts Control 36

37 Together Shaping the Future of Electricity 37