WEEK 4: Economics: Foundations and Models
|
|
- Britton Hill
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 WEEK 4: Economics: Foundations and Models Economics: study of the choices people and societies make to attain their unlimited wants, given their scarce resources Market: group of buyers and seels of good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade Three important ideas in economics: 1. People are rational 2. People response to economic incentives 3. Optimal decisions are made at the margin Marginal analysis: analysis that involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs Scarcity: The situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfil those wants. Resources: Inputs used to produce goods and services, including natural resources such as land, water and minerals, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability. Trade-off: The idea that, because of scarcity, producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service. Trade-offs force society to make choices: 1. What goods and services will be produced 2. How will the goods and services be produced 3. Who will receive the goods and services produced 1. What goods and services will be produced? When choosing between alternative options, economists use the concept of opportunity cost. - Opportunity cost: The opportunity cost of any activity is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to engage in that activity. 2. How will the goods and services be produced? In many cases, firms face a trade-off between using more workers and using more machines. 3. Who will receive the goods and services produced? This largely depends on how income is distributed. Centrally planned vs. market economics: Centrally planned economy: economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated Market economy: economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting markets allocate economic resources A central feature of market economies is consumer sovereignty. o o Consumer sovereignty: The concept that in a market economy it is ultimately consumers who decide what goods and services will be produced. This occurs because firms must produce goods and services that meet the wants of the consumers, or the firms will go out of business. The modern mixed economy Mixed economy: An economy in which most economic decisions result from the interaction of buyers and sellers in markets, but in which the government plays a significant role in the allocation of resources.
2 Efficiency and equity Productive efficiency: When a good or service is produced using the least amount of resources. Allocative efficiency: When production reflects consumer preferences; in particular, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing it. Dynamic efficiency: Occurs when new technology and innovation are adopted over time Voluntary exchange: Occurs in markets when both the buyer and seller of a product are made better off by the transaction. Equity: The fair distribution of economic benefits between individuals and between societies. An efficient outcome may or may not be considered by society to be equitable. Economic Models: Economic models: Simplified versions of reality used to analyses real-world economic situations. Economic variable: Something measurable that relates to resources that can have different values, for example, wages, prices, liters of petrol. Economic models make behavioral assumptions about the motives of consumers and firms. To develop a model economists generally follow these steps: 1. Decide on the assumptions to be used in developing the model. 2. Formulate a testable hypothesis. 3. Use economic data to test the hypothesis. 4. Revise the model if it fails to explain the economic data. 5. Retain the revised model to help answer similar economic questions in the future. Forming and testing hypotheses in economic models A hypothesis in an economic model is a statement that may be either correct or incorrect about an economic variable. In testing hypotheses, economists distinguish between correlation and causality. Normative and positive analysis Positive analysis: Analysis concerned with what is, and involving value-free statements that can be checked by using the facts. Normative analysis: Analysis concerned with what ought to be, and involving value judgements, which cannot be tested.
3 WEEK 1: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Market Graphing the Production Possibility Frontier Production possibility frontier: a curve showing the maximum attainable combinations of two products that may be produced with available resources Opportunity cost: the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to engage in an activity Increasing marginal opportunity costs: The bowed out shape of the production possibility frontier illustrates the concept of increasing marginal opportunity costs Increasing marginal opportunity costs demonstrate an important economic concept: Economic growth: Economic growth: expansion of society s production potential. (Illustrated using the production possibility frontier) Trade: the act of buying or selling a good or service in a market Absolute advantage vs. comparative advantage Absolute advantage: ability of an individual, firm or country to produce moreof a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources Comparative advantage: ability of an individual, firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producer Comparative advantage and gains from trade: Basis for trade is comparative advantage, not absolute advantage Individuals, firms or countries are better off if they specialise in producing goods and services for which they have a comparative advantage and obtain other desirable goods and services by trading The Market System: Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade Product Markets: markets for good such as computers and services - such as medical treatment Factor markets: markets for the factors of production, such as labour, capital, natural resources and entrepreneurial ability The gains from free markets: Free Market: market with few government restrictions on how a good or service can be produced or sold, or on how a factor of production can be employed
4 Smith assumed individuals act in a rational, self-interested way If not restricted by government, then firms would be led by the invisible hand to the market to provide consumers with what they wanted Price mechanism: system in the free market where price changes lead to producers changing production in accordance with the level of consumer demand The role of the entrepreneur: Entrepreneur: someone who operates a business, bringing together the factors of production to produce goods and services Entrepreneurs are central to the working of the market system The legal basis of a successful market: Property rights: rights individuals or firms have to the exclusive use of their property, including the right to buy or sell it Private property rights provide the legal basis of a successful market system To enforce contracts and property rights there must be an independent court system with impartial judges Production will fall if property rights are not well enforced a move to a point inside the PPF
5 WEEK 2: The Interaction of Demand and Supply The demand side of the market: Quantity demanded: amount of a good or service that a consumer is willing and able to buy at a given price Demand schedule: table showing the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product demanded Demand curve: a curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product demanded Market demand: demand by all the consumers of a given good or service The Law of Demand: holding everything else constant, when the price of a product falls the quantity demanded will increase, and when the price of a product rises the quantity demanded will decrease Ceteris paribus holding everything else constant. Requirement that when analysing the relationship between two variables such as price and quantity demanded other variables must be held constant What explains the law of demand: 1. The substitution effect: The change in the quantity demanded of a good or service that results from a change in price, making the good or service more or less expensive relative to other goods or services that are substitutes (holding constant the effect of the price change on consumer purchasing power) 2. The income effect: The change in the quantity demanded of a good or service that results from the effect of a change in price on consumer purchasing power (holding all other factors constant) Variables that shift market demand: 1. Income 2. Prices of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Population and demographics 5. Expected future prices 1. Income o Normal good: good for which the demand increases as income rises and decreases as income falls o Inferior good: good for which the demand increases as income falls and decreases as income rises 2. Prices of related goods o Substitutes: goods or services that can be used for the same or similar purpose o Complements: goods and services that are used together 3. Tastes
Lecture 1: Introduction
Lecture 1: Introduction Yulei Luo SEF of HKU January 19, 2013 Luo, Y. (SEF of HKU) ECON1002C/D January 19, 2013 1 / 16 Economics, Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Economics: The study of the choices people
More informationAfter studying this chapter you will be able to
3 Demand and Supply After studying this chapter you will be able to Describe a competitive market and think about a price as an opportunity cost Explain the influences on demand Explain the influences
More informationEconomics: Foundations and Models
R. GLENN HUBBARD ANTHONY PATRICK O BRIEN Macroeconomics FOURTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Economics: Foundations and Models Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives 1.1 Three Key Economic Ideas 1.2 The Economic
More informationMarket Equilibrium, the Price Mechanism and Market Efficiency. Chapter 3
Market Equilibrium, the Price Mechanism and Market Efficiency Chapter 3 Equilibrium Equilibrium is defined as a state of rest, self-perpetuating in the absence of any outside disturbance. Example: a book
More informationTest Yourself: Basic Terminology. If all economists were laid end to end, they would still not reach a conclusion. GB Shaw
Test Yourself: Basic Terminology If all economists were laid end to end, they would still not reach a conclusion. GB Shaw What is economics? What is macroeconomics? What is microeconomics? Economics is
More informationPrinciples of Microeconomics , 10e (Case/Fair/Oster) TB2 Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice
Principles of Microeconomics, 10e (Case/Fair/Oster) TB2 Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice 2.1 Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost 1) Production is the process by which A) products
More informationECON MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES Instructor: Dr. Juergen Jung Towson University. J.Jung Chapter Introduction Towson University 1 / 69
ECON 202 - MACROECONOMIC PRINCIPLES Instructor: Dr. Juergen Jung Towson University J.Jung Chapter 2-4 - Introduction Towson University 1 / 69 Disclaimer These lecture notes are customized for the Macroeconomics
More informationTen Principles of Economics. Chapter 1
Ten Principles of Economics Chapter 1 Economy...... The word economy comes from a Greek word for one who manages a household. A household and an economy face many decisions: Who will work? What goods and
More informationIB Economics Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply 1.4: Price Signals and Market Efficiency
IB Economics: www.ibdeconomics.com 1.4 PRICE SIGNALS AND MARKET EFFICIENCY: STUDENT LEARNING ACTIVITY Answer the questions that follow. 1. DEFINITIONS Define the following terms: [10 marks] Allocative
More informationCHAPTER 1. What Is Economics? 1.1 The Economic Problem 1.2 Economic Theory 1.3 Opportunity Cost and Choice CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS: LESSON 1.
CHAPTER 1 What Is Economics? 1.1 The Economic Problem 1.2 Economic Theory 1.3 Opportunity Cost and Choice 1 CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS: LESSON 1.1 Consider CHAPTER 1 What Is Economics? Why are characters in
More informationHow is it decided which goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and who will buy them?
Chapter 2: The Market System and Circular Flow Learning objectives: Differentiate between laissez-faire capitalism, the command system and the market system. List the main characteristics of the market
More information1.1 Efficiency in economics What is efficiency in economics?
1 Economic Efficiency Efficiency is one of the most important concepts in A Level Economics. There are two aspects to economic : allocative and productive. Confusingly, there are many types of. Learn definitions
More informationChapter 1. The Art and Science of Economic Analysis. These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook
Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis These slides supplement the textbook, but should not replace reading the textbook What is the economic problem? Because we live in a world of scarce resources,
More informationFIRST INTRODUCTION TO. Dr. Mohammed A. Alwosabi. ECON140: Microeconomics Ch.1 Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi. Chapter 1
Chapter 1 FIRST INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS Dr. Mohammed A. Alwosabi 1 The Fundamental Problem of Economics: Scarcity and Choice It is a fact of life that we cannot get everything we want. We all want more
More informationPrinciples of Economics, Fourth Edition N. Gregory Mankiw
PowerPoint Lecture Presentation to accompany Principles of Economics, Fourth Edition N. Gregory Mankiw Prepared by Kathryn Nantz and Laurence Miners, Fairfield University. Economy...... The word economy
More informationPrinciples of Macroeconomics, 11e - TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster) Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice
Principles of Macroeconomics, 11e - TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster) Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice 2.1 Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost 1) The process by which resources are transformed
More informationSupply and Demand: CHAPTER Theory
3 Supply and Demand: CHAPTER Theory Markets and Prices A market is any arrangement that enables buyers and sellers to get information and do business with each other. A competitive market is a market that
More informationTEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS. The word Economy... An individual economic agent faces many decisions: Intro Macroeconomic Theory Professor Minseong Kim
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Chapter 1 The word Economy... Comes from a Greek word for one who manages a household. An individual economic agent faces many decisions: Should I go to college or should I
More informationChapter 4: Demand Section 2
Chapter 4: Demand Section 2 Objectives 1. Explain the difference between a change in quantity demanded and a shift in the demand curve. 2. Identify the factors that create changes in demand and that can
More informationEC 201 Lecture Notes 1 Page 1 of 1
EC 201 Lecture Notes 1 Page 1 of 1 ECON 201 - Macroeconomics Lecture Notes 1 Metropolitan State University Allen Bellas The textbooks for this course are Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy by William
More informationThe Basics of Economics (Chapter 1)
The Basics of Economics (Chapter 1) 0 Billions of people could benefit from better economic policies. Millions are dying because of bad ones. Sometimes the logic of economics is so compelling that it s
More informationUnit I: Basic Economic Concepts
Unit I: Basic Economic Concepts What is Economics in General? Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is the condition in which our wants are greater than our limited resources. Since we are unable
More informationMultiple Choice Part II, A Part II, B Part III Total
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY ECON 103 (2007-2) MIDTERM EXAM NAME Student # Tutorial # Multiple Choice Part II, A Part II, B Part III Total PART I. MULTIPLE CHOICE (56%, 1.75 points each). Answer on the bubble
More informationTen Principles of Economics. Principles of Economics. Economy... Scarcity... N. Gregory Mankiw. A household and an economy face many decisions:
A Lecture Presentation in PowerPoint to Accompany Principles of Economics Second Edition by N. Gregory Mankiw Ten Principles of Economics by Greg Mankiw Chapter 1 Copyright by Harcourt, Inc. Prepared by
More information1 Ten Principles of Economics CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 0
1 Ten Principles of Economics CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 0 In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What kinds of questions does economics address? What are the principles of
More informationUnit One, Day One (pages 6-20, 28) ECONOMICS: The study of how limited productive resources are efficiently allocated in a world of unlimited wants.
Unit One, Day One (pages 6-20, 28) ECONOMICS: The study of how limited productive resources are efficiently allocated in a world of unlimited wants. SCARCITY: WANTS EXCEED RESOURCES We want more than we
More informationTen Principles of Economics
C H A P T E R 1 Ten Principles of Economics Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
More information1. Supply and demand are the most important concepts in economics.
Page 1 1. Supply and demand are the most important concepts in economics. 2. Markets and Competition a. Def: Market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. P. 66. b. Def: A competitive
More informationUnit 2 Economic Models: Trade-offs and Trade
Unit 2 Economic Models: Trade-offs and Trade Objectives Why models simplified representations of reality play a crucial role in economics Two simple but important models: the production possibility frontier
More informationThe Foundations of Microeconomics
The Foundations of Microeconomics D I A N N A D A S I L V A - G L A S G O W D E P A R T M E N T O F E C O N O M I C S U N I V E R S I T Y O F G U Y A N A 1 4 S E P T E M B E R, 2 0 1 7 Wk 3 Lectures I
More informationMicroconomics. Chapter 2 Trade-offs, Comparative Advantage, and the Market System. 6 th edition
1 Microconomics 6 th edition Chapter 2 Trade-offs, Comparative Advantage, and the Market System Modified by Yulin Hou For Principles of Microeconomics Florida International University Fall 2017 Production
More informationThe Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice
Chapter 2 The Economic Problem: Prepared by: Fernando & Yvonn Quijano 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair The Economic Problem: 2 Chapter Outline Scarcity,
More informationTotal Test Questions: 80 Levels: Grades Units of Credit:.50
DESCRIPTION This course focuses on the study of economic problems and the methods by which societies solve them. Characteristics of the market economy of the United States and its function in the world
More informationOCR Economics AS-level
OCR Economics AS-level Microeconomics Topic 1: Scarcity and Choice 1.1 The basic economic problem Notes Economic and free goods Economic goods benefit society, have the problem of scarcity and have an
More informationWhere Prices Come From: The Interaction of Demand and Supply
R. GLENN HUBBARD ANTHONY PATRICK O BRIEN Microeconomics FOURTH EDITION CHAPTER 3 Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Where Prices Come From: The Interaction of Demand and Supply 3.1 The Demand Side
More informationEconomics 110 Midterm #2 Practice Multiple Choice Qs Spring 2014
Midterm #2 Practice Multiple Choice Questions: Elasticity is a. a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions. b. the study of how the allocation of resources affects
More information1.3. Levels and Rates of Change Levels: example, wages and income versus Rates: example, inflation and growth Example: Box 1.3
1 Chapter 1 1.1. Scarcity, Choice, Opportunity Cost Definition of Economics: Resources versus Wants Wants: more and better unlimited Versus Needs: essential limited Versus Demand: ability to pay + want
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. FIGURE 1-2
Questions of this SAMPLE exam were randomly chosen and may NOT be representative of the difficulty or focus of the actual examination. The professor did NOT review these questions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose
More informationEconomics: Core Concepts Part II
Economics: Core Concepts Part II When everybody else is better off, they can buy more, they strengthen demand, strengthen the market, strengthen the country. -Carlos Slim Helu The production possibilities
More informationThings people like and desire.
1 Wants 1 Things people like and desire. 2 Needs 2 Things you must have to live. 3 Scarcity 3 When there is not enough for all who want it. 4 Choice 4 To make a decision. 5 Goods 5 Things that can satisfy
More informationIntroduction Question Bank
Introduction Question Bank 1. Science of wealth is the definition given by 2. Economics is the study of mankind of the ordinary business of life given by 3. Science which tells about what it is & what
More informationFramingham State College Department of Economics and Business Principles of Microeconomics 1 st Midterm Practice Exam Fall 2006
Name Framingham State College Department of Economics and Business Principles of Microeconomics 1 st Midterm Practice Exam Fall 2006 This exam provides questions that are representative of those contained
More informationTen Principles of Economics
C H A P T E R 1 Ten Principles of Economics Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
More informationProfessor Christina Romer. LECTURE 3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND FRAMEWORK January 24, 2017
Economics 2 Spring 2017 Professor Christina Romer Professor David Romer LECTURE 3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND FRAMEWORK January 24, 2017 I. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETS A. Implications of scarcity and the gains from
More informationThinking Like an Economist
The Economist as a Scientist Thinking Like an Economist Chapter 2 The economic way of thinking... Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method. Copyright 2001 by Harcourt,
More informationTotal Test Questions: 80 Levels: Grades Units of Credit:.50
DESCRIPTION This course focuses on the study of economic problems and the methods by which societies solve them. Characteristics of the market economy of the United States and its function in the world
More informationTen Principles of Economics
Wojciech Gerson (1831-1901) Seventh Edition Principles of Economics N. Gregory Mankiw CHAPTER 1 Ten Principles of Economics In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions What kinds of questions
More information8/31/09. Understanding economic resources and economic systems is essential to lessening economic problems.
Chapter 2 Economic Resources and Systems pp. 18-33 Back to Table of Contents Introduction to Business, Economic Resources and Systems Slide 2 of 64 Understanding economic resources and economic systems
More informationECONS 101 Introduction to Economics 1
ECONS 101 Introduction to Economics 1 Session 2 Introduction II Lecturer: Mrs. Hellen Seshie-Nasser, Department of Economics Contact Information: haseshie@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationUnit I: Basic Economic Concepts
Unit I: Basic Economic Concepts What is Economics in General? Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is the condition in which our wants are greater than our limited resources. Since we are unable
More informationPowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University
PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 1 1 Ten Principles of Economics PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 2 Ten Principles
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
HW 2 - Micro - Machiorlatti MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is measured by the price elasticity of supply? 1) A) The price
More informationCHAPTER 2 Production Possibilities Frontier Framework
CHAPTER 2 Production Possibilities Frontier Framework Chapter 2 introduces the basics of the PPF, comparative advantage, and trade. This is not exactly a tools of economics chapter; instead it explores
More informationThe principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
1 Ten Principles of Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F MICROECONOMICS FOURTH EDITION N. GREGORY MANKIW Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2007 update 2008 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved
More informationUnit I The Principles of Economics
Economics Chapters 1-2 & 4-6 Duke Chapter 1 Unit I The Principles of Economics Explain the difference between a need and a want. Explain the difference between goods and services. Scarcity - Find three
More informationMarket Equilibrium: Part II
Market Equilibrium: Part II Announcements PS #4 is posted on web page. It is big and not all questions are very easy. It is time to start studying. PS#5 will be even bigger. (also more challenging) A sample
More information3 CHAPTER OUTLINE CASE FAIR OSTER PEARSON. Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium. Input Markets and Output Markets: The Circular Flow
CASE FAIR OSTER PEARSON PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/shelly Tefft 2of 68 Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium 3 CHAPTER OUTLINE Firms and
More informationPowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University
PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 1 Ten Principles of Economics PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University 2 Ten Principles
More informationMarginal Analysis. Thinking on the Margin. This is what you do when you make a decision. You weigh your options, and make a choice.
1 Marginal Analysis 6 Thinking on the Margin This is what you do when you make a decision. You weigh your options, and make a choice. If I do this, then I can t do that is it worth it? 7 Marginal Analysis
More informationECONOMICS 103. Dr. Emma Hutchinson, Fall 2017
ECONOMICS 103 Dr. Emma Hutchinson, Fall 2017 http://web.uvic.ca/~ehutchin/teach/103/103f17.html Reminder: familiarize yourself with all course policies by reading the course outline and all posted info.
More informationEcon 101: Principles of Microeconomics
Econ 101: Principles of Microeconomics Ch. 3: Supply and Demand: A Model of a Competitive Market Fall 2010 Herriges (ISU) Chapter 3: Supply and Demand Fall 2010 1 / 37 Outline 1 The Demand Curve Building
More informationEcon 200 Lecture 4 April 12, 2016
Econ 200 Lecture 4 April 12, 2016 0. Learning Catalytics Session 62335486 1. Change in Demand 2. Supply and the Law of Supply 3. Changes in Supply 4. Equilibrium Putting Supply and Demand Together 5. Impact
More informationBasics of Economics. Alvin Lin. Principles of Microeconomics: August December 2016
Basics of Economics Alvin Lin Principles of Microeconomics: August 2016 - December 2016 1 Markets and Efficiency How are goods allocated efficiently? How are goods allocated fairly? A normative statement
More informationMechanism through which buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) communicate to trade goods and services.
By the end of this learning plan, you will be able to: Use marginal (Cost-Benefit) analysis in decision-making Apply supply and demand analysis to price determination Assess the role price plays in a market
More informationPrinciples of Economics: Micro: Exam #1: Chapters 1-5 Page 1 of 7
Principles of Economics: Micro: Exam #1: Chapters 1-5 Page 1 of 7 print name on the line above as your signature INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This Exam #1 must be completed within the allocated time (i.e., between
More informationWalter Nicholson, Amherst College Christopher Snyder, Dartmouth College PowerPoint Slide Presentation Philip Heap, James Madison University
Intermediate Microeconomics and Its Application 11th edition by Walter Nicholson, Amherst College Christopher Snyder, Dartmouth College PowerPoint Slide Presentation Philip Heap, James Madison University
More informationCh. 7 outline. 5 principles that underlie consumer behavior
Ch. 7 outline The Fundamentals of Consumer Choice The focus of this chapter is on how consumers allocate (distribute) their income. Prices of goods, relative to one another, have an important role in how
More informationOCR Economics A-level
OCR Economics A-level Microeconomics Topic 1: Scarcity and Choice 1.4 Opportunity cost Notes The scarcity of resources gives rise to opportunity cost. The opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the
More informationWhich term means making decisions based on what you believe to be the best combination of costs and benefits?
Quiz Show Game Which term means making decisions based on what you believe to be the best combination of costs and benefits? Which term means making decisions based on what you believe to be the best combination
More informationA n s w e r s t o R e v i e w Q u i z z e s
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM Chapter 2 The Economic Problem A n s w e r s t o R e v i e w Q u i z z e s Page 36 1. The unattainable combinations of production that lie beyond the PPF curve illustrate the concept
More informationChapter 6 Elasticity: The Responsiveness of Demand and Supply
hapter 6 Elasticity: The Responsiveness of emand and Supply 1 Price elasticity of demand measures: how responsive to price changes suppliers are. how responsive sales are to changes in the price of a related
More information1. T F The resources that are available to meet society s needs are scarce.
1. T F The resources that are available to meet society s needs are scarce. 2. T F The marginal rate of substitution is the rate of exchange of pairs of consumption goods or services to increase utility
More informationEconomics helps us understand what means love of gain (money is a root of all evil)
What is Economics? Economics is a study of human behavior. Economics helps us understand what means love of gain (money is a root of all evil) Scarcity Economics is the study of the choices made by people
More informationSection 1.2 Introduction to Economics
Section 1.2 Introduction to Economics Economics Economics is a science that examines how goods and services are produced, sold, and used All economic resources are limited; needs and wants are unlimited
More informationOpportunity Cost. First quiz on Monday. Your First Job Ten Principles Scarcity Opportunity Cost. Fundamental Economic Concepts and Reasoning
Opportunity Cost First quiz on Monday. Your First Job Ten Principles Scarcity Opportunity Cost Fundamental Economic Concepts and Reasoning But first, a review of scarcity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=np-dzsdzymk&li
More informationEconomics Guided Reading Chapter Two Economic Systems Section 1 Answering the Three Economic Questions
Name: Date: Block # Economics Guided Reading Chapter Two Economic Systems Section 1 Answering the Three Economic Questions Directions Following the page and heading prompts to read your Economics textbook
More informationBremen School District 228 Social Studies Common Assessment 2: Midterm
Bremen School District 228 Social Studies Common Assessment 2: Midterm AP Microeconomics 55 Minutes 60 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements in this exam is followed by five
More informationEconomics Unit 1 Exam Scarcity and Economic Reasoning
Economics Unit 1 Exam Scarcity and Economic Reasoning Multiple Choice (2 points each) Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Directions: Use the chart below to answer
More informationDemand and Supply. Chapter 2 pages 18-24, 27-3-, 33-34
Demand and Supply Chapter 2 pages 18-24, 27-3-, 33-34 Markets Market- where buyers and sellers come together to carry out an economic transaction Markets can be physical places where goods/services are
More information0 questions at random and keep in order
Page 1 of 52 This chapter has 265 questions. Scroll down to see and select individual questions or narrow the list using the checkboxes below. 0 questions at random and keep in order s - (241) Topic: 01-15
More information2. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a market system? A. public ownership of all capital.
Practice Test Chapter 2 1. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a command system? A. private ownership of all capital. B. central planning. C. heavy reliance on markets. D. wide-spread
More informationEconomics Scetion 5 Examintation #1 February 5, 2004
Economics 101 - Scetion 5 Examintation #1 February 5, 2004 Last Name: First Name: Student Number: Instructions: Answer all questions on this exam. Note that the pages of this exam are double sided. Answers
More information2, 1 EE CONOMIC SYSTEMS
2, 1 For use with textbook pages 31 38 EE CONOMIC SYSTEMS KEY TERMS economic system The way in which a nation uses its resources to satisfy its people s needs and wants (page 31) traditional economy A
More informationECONOMICS (Povletich) Unit 1 Review Sheet Introduction to Economics
ECONOMICS (Povletich) Unit 1 Review Sheet Introduction to Economics There will be 30-40 multiple choice questions and 4-5 free-response questions on your test that will take place on Tuesday 2/9 (periods
More informationPart II: Economic Growth. Part I: LRAS
LRAS & LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM - 1 - Part I: LRAS 1) The quantity of real GDP supplied at full employment is called A) hypothetical GDP. B) short-run equilibrium GDP. C) potential GDP. D) all of the above.
More informationAP Microeconomics Review With Answers
AP Microeconomics Review With Answers 1. Firm in Perfect Competition (Long-Run Equilibrium) 2. Monopoly Industry with comparison of price & output of a Perfectly Competitive Industry (which means show
More informationChapter 2 Market forces: Demand and Supply Demand
Chapter 2 Market forces: Demand and Supply Demand Market demand curve A curve indicating the total quantity of a good all consumers are willing and able to purchase at each possible price, holding the
More informationChapter 1. Introduction. Learning Objectives. The Nature of Economics
Chapter 1 The Nature of Economics Introduction Rhesus monkeys are willing to forgo 10% of their income of cherry juice to examine photos of leading and attractive members of their group. This behavior
More informationMicroeconomics. More Tutorial at
Microeconomics 1. Suppose a firm in a perfectly competitive market produces and sells 8 units of output and has a marginal revenue of $8.00. What would be the firm s total revenue if it instead produced
More informationPerfectly competitive markets: Efficiency and distribution
Perfectly competitive markets: Efficiency and distribution By Fernando del Río Assistant Professor, University of Santiago de Compostela Introduction Free markets have been the main mechanism used to allocate
More information5. Which of the following goods best meets the definition of scarcity? a. air b. water in the ocean c. water in a city d.
Chapter 1 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Households and economies both a. must allocate scarce resources. b. face many decisions. c. face tradeoffs. d. must have a central decision maker.
More informationExclusive. Hyun Kim Jung Hoon Hong Daiki Kim Meejoo Song Wooseung Sohn
Exclusive Hyun Kim Jung Hoon Hong Daiki Kim Meejoo Song Wooseung Sohn 1 I. INTRODUCTION In our presentation, there are four main subjects that we will be explaining today. Those subjects are: 1. Private
More informationUNIT 4 PRACTICE EXAM
UNIT 4 PRACTICE EXAM 1. The prices paid for resources affect A. the money incomes of households in the economy B. the allocation of resources among different firms and industries in the economy C. the
More informationVANCOUVER ISLAND UNIVERSITY. ECON211: Principles of Microeconomics, Spring 2013 SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM. Name (Last, First): ID #: Signature:
Important: Please remember it is a sample exam. Number of questions in each section and structure of questions in Part B would vary as discussed in class VANCOUVER ISLAND UNIVERSITY ECON211: Principles
More informationEconomics Unit 4, Lesson 1. Demand. Change in QD or Change in D 2012, TESCCC
Economics Unit 4, Lesson 1 Demand Change in QD or Change in D Objectives 1. Understand the difference between a change in demand and a change in quantity demanded. 2. Identify the determinants of a change
More informationCASE FAIR OSTER PEARSON 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
e PART II I The Market System: Choices Made by Households and Firms e CASE FAIR OSTER PEARSON 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I
More informationDownloaded for free from 1
Micro Chapter 6 -price ceiling or price cap: government regulation that makes it illegal to charge a price higher then a specified level -effects of the price cap on the market depend on whether the ceiling
More informationThe exam has a total of 50 questions (100 points). You will have 75 minutes to complete the exam. Good Luck!
Econ 111 Practice Midterm 1 The exam has a total of 50 questions (100 points). You will have 75 minutes to complete the exam. Good Luck! Print your Name Sign the honor Pledge affirming that you have neither
More informationChapter. The Economic Problem CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE
The Economic Problem Chapter CHAPTER IN PERSPECTIVE Chapter studies the production possibilities frontier, PPF. The PPF shows how the opportunity cost of a good or service increases as more of the good
More information