THE FOLLOWING GROUP OF SLIDES WAS PRESENTED AT THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASPHALT USER PRODUCER GROUP MEETING ON MARCH 3,

Transcription

1 THE FOLLOWING GROUP OF SLIDES WAS PRESENTED AT THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASPHALT USER PRODUCER GROUP MEETING ON MARCH 3, N SLIDES WHICH HAVE A RED IN THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER HAVE NOTES WRITTEN FOR THEM TO DISCUSS THE DATA PRESENTED. YOU SHOULD READ THESE NOTES FOR THE DETAILS BEHIND THE DATA 1

2 ON MARCH 3, 2004 SIX INDIVIDUALS PRESENTED DISCUSSIONS ON THE USE AND IMPACT OF ACID MODIFICATION IN ASPHALT AT THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASPHALT USER PRODUCER GROUP MEETING. IN ORDER OF PRESENTATION THE WERE DAVE JONES-TRUMBULL ASPHALT GERALD REINKE-MTE SERVICES, INC. GAYLON BAUMGARTNER- PARAGON TECHNICAL SERVICES BRUNO MARCANT-RHODIA LAIRD WEISHAN- NEBRASKA DEPT OF ROADS BOB MCGENNIS-KOCH PAVEMENT SOLUTIONS 2

3 MOISTURE SENSITIVITY OF ACID MODIFIED ASPHALT & MIXTURES WITH and WITHOUT ANTI-STRIPPING AGENTS FOR PRESENTATION AT THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ASPHALT USER PRODUCER GROUP MEETING By Gerald Reinke MTE Services, Inc. MARCH 3, 2004 SANTE FE, NM OR 3

4 It s not what we don t know that hurts, it s what we know that ain t so Will Rogers 4

5 OR Quod enim mavult homo verum esse, id poitus credit What man wishes were true, he more readily believes. 5

6 SOME BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. DESPITE RECENT FLURRY OF CONCERNS RELATED TO ACID MODIFICATION OF ASPHALT THE INCORPORATION OF ACIDIC CHEMICALS INTO ASPHALTIC PRODUCTS & BITUMINOUS PAVING MATERIALS HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF RESEARCH FOR MANY YEARS. PATENT REFERENCE FROM 1939 (BURK ) STANDARD OIL, DIRECTED TOWARDS MANUFACTURING ASPHALT WITH THE USE OF ACIDS AND REDUCED TIMES OF AIR BLOWING ALEXANDER IN 1973 ( ), TOSCO-LION REFINING CO., DIRECTED TOWARDS THE USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACIDS TO PRODUCE PAVING GRADE ASPHALT WITHOUT BLOWING 6

7 BACKGROUND CONTINUED McGINNIS (ED) 1991 (CHEVRON) USE OF SOLVENT EXTRACTED ASPHALT, A BITUMINOUS MATERIAL AND PHOSPHORIC ACID MORAN (ESSO) 1989, 1991, 1992 USE OF ACID AND A WIDE RANGE OF POLYMERS REINKE, ENGBER (MTE) 2001, 2003 USE OF ACID WITH EPOXY GROUP BEARING TERPOLYMERS BAUMGARTNER, ET. AL (ERGON) 2000, 2001 METHODS OF PREPARING POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID AND POLYMER ASPHALT BLENDS PUZIC, ET. AL (EXXON RESEARCH) 1996, 1997 USE OF ACID AND DIENE CONTAINING 7 POLYMERS

8 BACKGROUND CONTINUED VAN DER WERFF, ET. AL (SHELL OIL) 1996 USE OF ACID AND GLYCIDYL CONTAINING POLYMERS. (MAINLY DIRECTED TOWARDS ROOFING APPLICATIONS) GERMANAUD ET. AL (ELF FRANCE) 1997 USE OF SBS, SULFUR AND ACID TO PRODUCE PMA PLANCHE, ET. AL (ELF FRANCE) 2000 USE OF EPOXY BEARING POLYMERS, ACID IN CONJUNCTION WITH SBS 8

9 I KNOW WHAT YOU RE THINKING JUST BECAUSE INDIVIDUALS AND COMPANIES ENGAGE IN OBTAINING PATENTS ON A PARTICULAR TECHNOLOGY DOESN T NECESSARILY MEAN THAT IT IS WORTHWHILE! 9

10 THERE ARE REALLY 2 AND PERHAPS 3 ISSUES WHEN IT COMES TO THE DISCUSSION OF ACID MODIFICATION OF ASPHALTS AND HMA MIXTURES 1. THE REACTION OF ASPHALT WITH AN ACID (GENERALLY POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID TODAY) TO YIELD AN IMPROVED PG GRADE RELATIVE TO THE BASE ASPHALT 2. THE USE OF AN ACID REACTANT ALONG WITH A POLYMER MODIFICATION OF THE ASPHALT. GENERALLY TODAY THE POLYMER IS EITHER SBS, SB, OR AN EPOXY BEARING ETHYLENE TERPOLYMER 3. THE USE OF AN ACID CATALYST AS PART OF THE OXIDIZING PROCESS TO PRODUCE A PG GRADED BINDER. 10

11 BUT LET S NOT FORGET OL WILL ROGERS WHAT IS IT THAT WE KNOW AND WHAT IS IT THAT WE KNOW THAT AIN T SO WE KNOW? THAT BITUMINOUS MIXES MADE WITH ACID IN THE ASPHALT 1. AGE FASTER (THAN?) 2. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THERMAL CRACKING 3. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FATIGUE FAILURE 4. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MOISTURE (THAN?) 5. CAN T BE BLENDED WITH ANTI-STRIPS 6. WILL REACT DETRIMENTALLY WITH CERTAIN TYPES OF AGGREGATES 11

12 IMPACT OF THE ADDITION OF ACID ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT BINDERS AND MIXES 12

13 84 IMPACT ON HIGH TEMPERATURE PG GRADE ADDITION OF 1.2% OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID BASE 0.6% 105% 1.2% 115% 1.2% 105% BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 111% 1.2% 115% BASE BASE BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 111% 1.2% 115% 1.2% 105% 1.2% 115% 1.2% 105% 1.2% 115% ASPHALT C ASPHALT B ASPHALT T ASPHALT M ASPHALT A 07/16/02 01:09:11 C:\DRIVE_E DATA\(A)Rhios600_2002\RHODIA\RHODIA MIX DATA\LARAMIE HIGH TEMP PG GRADES 5 BINDERS 3 PA TYPES.spf

14 IMPACT ON CRITICAL CRACKING TEMPERATURE OF BINDER IMPACT ON CRITICAL CRACKING TEMPERATURE ADDITION ADDITION OF 1.2% (0.6% OF 1.2% FOR OF DIFFERENT ONE SAMPLE TYPES OF DIFFERENT POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID TYPES OF POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID ASPHALT C BASE 1.2% 115% 1.2% 105% 0.6% 105% ASPHALT B BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 111% 1.2% 115% ASPHALT T ASPHALT M ASPHALT A BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 111% 1.2% 115% BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 115% BASE 1.2% 105% 1.2% 115% /16/02 01:16:39 C:\DRIVE_E DATA\(A)Rhios600_2002\RHODIA\RHODIA MIX DATA\LARAMIE CCT LOW TEMP GRADES 5 BINDERS POLYACID STUDY.spf 14

15 ASPHALT M 64-22, RTFO, 64 C, 300 PA CUM CRT-0001c NEAT ASPHALT M 64-22, RTFO, 64 C, 300 PA ASPHALT M 64-22, 1.2% 105% SPA, RTFO, 64 C, 300 PA % strain global time (s)

16 PG & PG MADE FROM IT, 58 C, 300 PACUM CRT-0001c PG USING 0.75% 105% ACID, 58 C, 300 PA PG USING POLYMER, 58 C, 300 PA PG , RTFO, 58 C, 300PA, % strain global time (s)

17 FLOWNUMBER FROM REPEATED CREEP & RECVOERY TEST 3.5% & 7% AIR VOIDS GRANITE MIXES: 68 KPA STRESS, 58 C TEST TEMP FLOWNUMBER= TIME TO TERTIARY FLOW 4000 GRANITE AGG MIX 3.5% VOIDS, UNMODIFIED BINDER GRANITE AGG MIX 3.5% VOIDS, ACID MODIFIED BINDER GRANITE AGG MIX 7% VOIDS, UNMODIFIED BINDER GRANITE AGG MIX 7% VOIDS, ACID MODIFIED BINDER FLOWNUMBER TO FAILURE, SEC'S % AV AC B % AV AC B ACID 7% AV AC B % AV AC B ACID 3.5% AV AC C % AV AC C ACID 7% AV AC C % AV AC C ACID 0 3.5% & 7% AIR VOIDS MIXES 18 07/15/02 03:08:23 C:\DRIVE_E DATA\AR2000\Analysis\Rhodia\LARAMIE 3.5% & 7% AV FLOWNUMBER FOR GRANITE MIXES, ALL BINDERS.spf

18 FLOWNUMBER FROM REPEATED CREEP & RECVOERY TEST 68 KPA STRESS, 58 C TEST TEMP FLOWNUMBER= TIME TO TERTIARY FLOW FLOWNUMBER TO FAILURE, SEC'S AC B PG GRANITE AGG UNMODIFIED BINDER GRANITE AGGREGATE, ACID MODIFIED BINDER LIMESTONE AGG UNMODIFIED BINDERS LIMESTONE AGG ACID MODIFIED BINDERS AC B PG ACID AC B AC B PG ACID AC C AC C PG ACID AC C AC C ACID 0 3.5% AIR VOIDS MIXES 19 07/15/02 03:24:18 C:\DRIVE_E DATA\AR2000\Analysis\Rhodia\LARAMIE 3.5% AV FLOWNUMBER FOR GRANITE & LIMESTONE MIXES, ALL BINDERS.spf

19 FLOWNUMBER TO FAILURE FOR ASPHALTS B AND C WITH AND WITHOUT ACID AT 7% AIR VOIDS, 68 KPA STRESS, 58 C TEST TEMP FOR GRANITE & LIMESTONE AGGREGATES FLOWNUMBER TO FAILURE, SEC'S GRANITE AGGREGATE MIXES--ASPHALT B LIMESTONE AGGREGATE MIXES--ASPHALT B GRANITE AGGREGATE MIXES--ASPHALT C LIMESTONE AGGREGATE MIXES--ASPHALT C B B B ACID B ACID C C C ACID C ACID 0 SOURCE B & B ACID SOURCE C & SOURCE ACID ALL MIXES 7% AIR VOIDS 20 03/02/04 01:55:23 C:\DRIVE_E\AR2000\Analysis\Rhodia\BP & CITGO BINDERS FLOWNUMBER 7% AV CISLER & MEDARY.spf

20 IMPACT OF AGING ON PROPERTIES OF MIXES PRODUCED WITH ACID CONTAINING BINDERS 21

21 Area Determination Abs Area= cm

22 Binder Unaged Binder RTFO Binder PAV Aging Study Abs cm

23 Abs N Binder Unaged Binder RTFO Binder PAV Mix Unaged Mix 5 Day Aged Mix 15 Day Aged Mix 25 Day Aged Aging Study ACID MODIFIED 1700 cm

24 Abs N Binder Unaged Binder RTFO Binder PAV Mix 5 Day Aged Mix 15 Day Aged Mix 25 Day Aged Aging Study POLYMER This region is unique To the Elvaloy polymer 1700 cm

25 Unaged ACREC Unaged ACREC 5 Day Aged 64-28P, AC Rec 64-28C, AC Rec P 64-28C PHASE 70C Unaged RTFO RTFO Y = X EMS = R 2 = Y = X EMS = R 2 = EMS = ACREC Unaged R 2 = ACREC 15 Day Aged ACREC 5 Day Aged Y = X EMS = R 2 = ACREC 10 Day Aged ACREC 25 Day Aged PAV ACREC 15 Day Aged ACREC 25 Day Aged Y = X Area PAV 03/02/04 02:16:19 C:\DRIVE_E\IR Data\MTE RESEARCH\Aging Study\Area vs Phase C.spf 26

26 1E+04ACREC Unaged ACREC Unaged Log10(Y) = X EMS = e-005 R 2 = ACREC 5 Day Aged ACREC 5 Day Aged POLYMER PG ACID MODIFIED Cum Strain 1000 ACREC 10 Day Aged Log10(Y) = X EMS = R 2 = ACREC 15 Day Aged ACREC 15 Day Aged ACREC 25 Day Aged ACREC 25 Day Aged Area /08/02 09:35:26 E:\IR Data\Mathy Spectra\Aging Study\Area vs Cum Strain.spf 27

27 Log10(Y) = X EMS = R 2 = Day Aged 15 Day Aged 25 Day Aged 25 Day Aged Flow Time (sec) Unaged 5 Day Aged 5 Day Aged 15 Day Aged 64-28P 64-28C 100. Unaged Log10(Y) = X EMS = R 2 = Area /06/02 08:50:14 S:\share\IR Data\MTE\Aging Study\Area vs Flow Time.spf 28

28 CRITICAL CRACKING TEMPERATURE IN DEG K CRITICAL CRACKING TEMPERATURE OF BINDER RECOVERED FROM AGED MIXES FOR PG 64-28P & PG C PG 64-28C PG P R 2 =0.96 R 2 = DAYS OF MIX 85 C IN AIR OVEN CCT IN DEG C

29 COMPARISON OF FATIGUE FAILURE BETWEEN PG POLYMER MODIFIED AND PG ACID REACTED CYCLES TO 20 C 1E+06 1E+05 1E+04 PG POLYMER MIX, UNAGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, UNAGED MICROSTRAIN 30

30 COMPARISON OF FATIGUE FAILURE BETWEEN PG POLYMER MODIFIED AND PG ACID REACTED CYCLES TO 20 C 1E+06 1E+05 1E PG POLYMER MIX, UNAGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, UNAGED PG POLYMER MIX, 5 DAY AGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, 5 DAY AGED MICROSTRAIN 31

31 COMPARISON OF FATIGUE FAILURE BETWEEN PG POLYMER MODIFIED AND PG ACID REACTED CYCLES TO 20 C 1E+06 1E+05 1E PG POLYMER MIX, UNAGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, UNAGED PG POLYMER MIX, 5 DAY AGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, 5 DAY AGED PG POLYMER MIX, 10 DAY AGED PG ACID REACTED MIX, 10 DAY AGED MICROSTRAIN 32

32 TEMPERATURE AT WHICH DSR OF RECOVERED BINDER = 2.2 kpa AGING COMPARISON OF SBS WITHOUT ACID & ELVALOY WITH ACID CATALYST AGGREGATE USED WAS A CRUSHED GRANITE ALL VALUES WHERE DSR = 2.2 kpa UNAGED 62.2 C RTFO 69.7 C PAV 22.5 C ELVALOY + ACID MODIFIED PG SBS MODIFIED PG ALL VALUES WHERE DSR = 2.2 kpa UNAGED 61.1 C RTFO 74.6 C PAV C DAYS OF MIX AGING AT 85 C 33

33 CCT FOR ELVALOY CCT FOR KRATON SBS CCT TEMP FOR ELVALOY & KRATON SBS UNAGED BINDER +/- 0.1 K CCT TEMP FOR ELVALOY PAV RESIDUE CCT TEMP FOR KRATON SBS PAV RESIDUE CCT TEMP FOR ELVALOY RTFO RESIDUE CCT TEMP FOR KRATON SBS RTFO RESIDUE CCT TEMP IN K CCT TEMP IN C DAYS OF MIX 85 C, FORCED DRAFT OVEN 34

34 MIX FLOWTIME TO FAILURE RELATED TO DAYS OF MIX 85 C IN FORCED DRAFT OVEN Mix Flowtime test conducted at 58 C & 68 kpa Stress Flow Time SBS Elvaloy Elvaloy day 5 day 10 day 15 day 20 day 25 day 35

35 IMPACT OF MOISTURE ON 1.ACID MODIFIED ASPHALT 2.POLYMER MODIFIED + ACID 3.BLENDS CONTAINING PHOSPHATE ESTER ANTI- STRIP ADDITIVE T-283 AND HAMBURG DATA 36

36 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS FOR SOURCE C AND SOURCE C % OR 0.6% POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID USING LIMESTONE AND GRANITE MIXES TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES IN KPA LIMESTONE TSR 88.2 LIMESTONE TSR 66.1 LIMESTONE TSR 73.0 GRANITE TSR 87.4 DRY STRENGTH VALUES 160 WET STRENGTH VALUES GRANITE TSR TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES IN PSI 0 CONTROL 1.2% ACID 0.6% ACID CONTROL 1.2% ACID /11/02 12:31:38 E:\(A)Rhios600_2002\RHODIA\RHODIA MIX DATA\LARAMIE TSR RESULTS FOR CITGO MIXES.spf

37 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS FOR SOURCE B AND SOURCE B % POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID USING LIMESTONE AND GRANITE MIXES TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES IN KPA LIMESTONE TSR 90.2 LIMESTONE TSR 86.8 GRANITE DRY STRENGTH VALUES WET STRENGTH VALUES TSR 83.8 GRANITE TSR TENSILE STRENGTH VALUES IN PSI 0 CONTROL 1.2% ACID CONTROL 1.2% ACID /11/02 12:33:29 E:\(A)Rhios \RHODIA\RHODIA MIX DATA\LARAMIE TSR RESULTS FOR BP MIXES.spf

38 CLICK ON SLIDE TO RUN VIDEO 39

39 MATHY RUT TEST WITH PG TESTED IN PMW HAMBURG WET AT 50 C 0 RUT DEPTH IN mm ONSET OF STRIPPING 7100 CYCLES -20 GRANITE E-10 MIX PG 50 C WET rerun RIGHT WHEEL 7.2&6.8%VOIDS RUT CYCLES AT 50 C & 158 LBS (702 N) 40

40 HAMBURG ONSET OF STRIPPING HAMBURG ONSET OF STRIPPING LIMESTONE AGG FROM MINNESOTA PROJECT CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSE PG PG 58-34C+ NO AS PG 58-34C + GRIPPER X PG 58-34P+ NO AS PG 58-34P + GRIPPER X PG 64-28C + NO AS 41

41 PG ACID MODIFIED 4.5 MILES, PAVED JULY

42 43

43 CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET HAMBURG ONSET OF STRIPPING FOR LIMESTONE MIX FIELD MIX FROM MINNESOTA PROJECT PG 64-28C PG 64-28C + GRIPPER X ONSET OF STRIPPING PG 64-28P 44

44 RUT DEPTH IN mm PMW HAMBURG RUT TEST OF PG AND PG BINDERS AB, PPA, PPA + GRIPPER, STRAIGHT RUN & PMA PG AIR BLOWN, 7.15% VOIDS PG % VOIDS PG 64-22, 7.2% VOIDS PG PPA + GRIPPER, 6.95% VOIDS POLYMER 7.5% VOIDS PG STRAIGHT RUN, 7.3% VOIDS SAME MIX FOR ALL BINDERS LIMESTONE AGGREGATE TEST 50 C & 703 N (158 LBS) 45

45 HAMBURG CYCLES TO STRIPPING HAMBURG RUT TEST CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET LIMESTONE AGG FROM OHIO ALL BLENDS LAB PRODUCED PG PG SR PG AB PG ACID PG ACID + GX CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET PG POLYMER 46

46 CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET HAMBURG RUT TEST CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET IOWA LIMESTONE AGG PG ACID PG ACID + GRIPPER CYCLES TO STRIPPING ONSET PG POLYMER 47

47 RUT TEST GRANITE E-3 MIX & PG TESTED WET AT 50 C 0-5 RUT DEPTH IN mm GRANITE E-3 PG WITH ELVALOY ACID GRANITE E-3 MIX PG (KRATON 1184 SBS) GRANITE E-3 MIX PG Elvaloy ACID RUT CYCLES AT 50 C & 158 LBS (702 N) 48

48 When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. Arthur Conan Doyle 49

49 EBRASKA I-80 CRACKING COMPARISON OF PG MADE WITH STYLINK & MADE WITH ELVALOY + ACID CONSTRUCTED 1999, SOME OF THE FIRST SUPERPAVE PROJECTS IN NEBRASKA EXTENSIVE CRACKING IN ELVALOY + ACID SECTIONS &MINIMAL CRACKING IN STYLINK SECTIONS ACID MODIFICATION WAS BLAMED FOR 50 THIS PROBLEM

50 Acid Type POLYMER Modification MODIFICATION 51

51 TO INVESTIGATE THIS PROBLEM CORES WERE CUT FROM BOTH THE STYLINK AND ELVALOY+ACID SECTIONS. ONE PORTION OF THE ELVALOY + ACID SECTIONS DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY CRACKING AND CORES WERE TAKEN FROM THIS LOCATION AS WELL. THE PROJECT CONSISTED OF A 80 mm BOTTOM LIFT AND A 50 mm TOP LIFT. BOTH LIFTS WERE CONSTRUCTED WITH THE SAME MIX AND BINDER 52

52 53

53 UNCRACKED SECTION TOP LIFT ~ 50 mm N BOTTOM LIFT ~ 80 mm 54

54 PROPERTIES OF BINDER RECOVERED FROM TOP 2 OF IDENTIFIED CORES SHIPPED GRADE = PG Core 405.9W Stylink, # C C S=252 Mpa M=0.306 Core 425E Elvaloy+acid, # C C S=264 Mpa M=

55 56

56 Nebraska I-80, Rec AC FROM BOTTOM LIFT 70 C Frequency Sweeps, G*/Sin(δ) 100 G*/SIN(δ), kpa Elv, Sec 425 E, Core 6, Slice B-3; KMC, Sec 416 W, Core 1, Slice B-3; Elv, Sec 419 E, Core 13, Slice B-3; KMC, Sec W, Core 11, Slice B-3; Elv, Sec 400 E, Core 10, Slice B-2; TEST FREQUENCY IN RADIANS/SEC 57 02/22/04 23:08:14 C:\DRIVE E\ATS PLOTIT 2004\Nebraska Project\70 C Frequency Sweeps BOTTOM LAYERS.spf

57 Nebraska I-80, Rec AC FROM BOTTOM LIFT 19 C Frequency Sweeps G* x Sin(δ), kpa G* x Sin(δ) (kpa) 1000 STYLINK, Sec 416 W, Core 1, Slice B-3; G''=3686 Elv, Sec 419 E, Core 13, Slice B-3; G''=2692 Elv, Sec 400 E, Core 10, Slice B-2; G''=3331 Elv, Sec 425 E, Core 6, Slice B-3; G''= Frequency (rad/s) 58 02/22/04 21:55:50 C:\DRIVE E\ATS PLOTIT 2004\Nebraska Project\19 C Frequency Sweeps FOR BOTTOM LAYERS.spf

58 10 NE I-80 ELV 400E, 20 C, AR2 NE I-80 ELV 400E, 20 C, AR2, Step NE I-80 ELV 400E, 20 C, AR1, Step NE I-80 ELV 419E, 13B-1 #3, 20 C, Step NE I-80 ELV 425E, 6B-1#2, 20 C, AR1, Step NE I-80 KMC 416E, 1B-1, C from C sweep AR1, Step NE I-80 KMC 405.9W#2, 11B-1 20 C, AR-2, Step 9 Log [ G* (Pa)] Log [ang. frequency (rad/sec)] 59

59 Nebraska I-80, FATIUGE EVALUATION OF BOTTOM LIFT SLICES CYCLES TO FATIGUE FAILURE 1E+06 1E+05 Elv 419 E, 13-B1; R 2 =0.958 Koch 416 W, 1B-1; R 2 =0.938 Elv 425 E, 6B-1; R 2 =0.998 Koch W, 11B-1; R 2 =0.970 Elv 400 E, 10B-1; R 2 =1 Elv 400 E, 9B-1; R 2 = E MICROSTRAIN 60 02/22/04 23:45:25 C:\DRIVE_E\(A)RHIOS600_2004\Nebraska Project\Nebraska I-80#1.spf

60 CYCLES TO 20 C AS A FUNCTION OF MIX FLOWTIME TO FAILURE AT 58 C, 34 kpa STRESS CYCLES TO FATIGUE 20 C, 10 Hz USING TORSIONAL FATIGUE TEST 9E+05 8E+05 7E+05 6E+05 5E+05 4E+05 3E+05 2E+05 1E+05 0 Elvaloy 419E Elvaloy 425E Elvaloy 400E Elvaloy 400E R 2 =0.48 Stylink405.9W Stylink 416W MIX FLOWTIME FROM DSR CREEP TEST 58 C & 34 kpa STRESS 61

61 9E+05 FATIGUE CYCLES TO 1000 µstrain & 20 C AS A FUNCTION OF COMPLEX MODULUS OF THE MIX TESTED AT 20 C FATIGUE CYCLES TO 1000 µstrain & 20 C 8E+05 7E+05 6E+05 5E+05 4E+05 3E+05 2E+05 1E+05 0 Y= E+23/X 2 : R 2 =0.20 Elvaloy 400E Elvaloy 400E Stylink 416W Elvaloy 419E Elvaloy 425E 6.0E E E E E E E E E E E E+09 COMPLEX MODULUS 20 C OF MIX, Pa Stylink405.9W 62 02/22/04 22:50:22 C:\DRIVE_E\AR2000\RESULTS\2004\NE I-80\CYCLES TO 1000 MS = F(MIX G 20C).spf

62 CYCLES TO FATIGUE 1000 µstrain AND 20 C AS A FUNCTION OF MIX AIR VOIDS 1E+06 9E+05 Y=( *LOG(X)); R 2 = 0.93 CYCLES TO C 8E+05 7E+05 6E+05 5E+05 4E+05 3E+05 2E+05 Stylink405.9W Elvaloy 400E Elvaloy 400E Stylink 416W Elvaloy 419E 1E AIR VOIDS IN MIX MEASURED BY CORELOK Elvaloy 425E 63 02/22/04 21:59:13 C:\DRIVE E\AR2000\RESULTS\2004\NE I-80\CYCLES TO 1000 µstrain=f(air VOIDS).spf

63 64

64 % Fatigue Cracking Coarse at Opt. AC Content 2.8 Million 2.8 Million 3.4 Million No Cracking Low Med High Air Void Content 65

65 % Fatigue Cracking Fine at Opt. AC Content 3.9 Million No Cracking No Cracking Low Med High Air Void Content 66

66 BUT LET S NOT FORGET OL WILL ROGERS WHAT IS IT THAT WE KNOW AND WHAT IS IT THAT WE KNOW THAT AIN T SO WE KNOW THAT BITUMINOUS MIXES MADE WITH ACID IN THE ASPHALT 1. AGE FASTER (THAN?) 2. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THERMAL CRACKING 3. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FATIGUE FAILURE 4. ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MOISTURE (THAN?) 5. CAN T BE BLENDED WITH ANTI-STRIPS 6. WILL REACT DETRIMENTALLY WITH CERTAIN TYPES OF AGGREGATES 67

67 WHAT DO WE KNOW NOW? MAYBE LESS THAN WHEN WE STARTED 1. MIXES MADE WITH ACID MODIFIED BINDERS DO SEEM TO AGE MORE RAPIDLY THAN THOSE MADE WITH POLYMER + ACID BUT DO THEY AGE FASTER THAN UNMODIFIED BINDERS? 1. DOES THAT MATTER IF THE LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES REMAIN INTACT? 1. STIFFER MIXES RESIST RUTTING 2. FATIGUE IS THE QUESTION 68

68 WHAT DO WE KNOW NOW? THE ISSUE OF FATIGUE 1. OUR DATA INDICATES THAT FATIGUE OF MIXES USING POLYMER IS BETTER THAN THAT OF MIXES WITH ACID ONLY UP TO A POINT 1. ONCE THE MIX HAS BEEN AGED THE MIX FATIGUE RESULTS SEEM TO MERGE. 2. BAHIA, ET. AL PRESENTED RESULTS AT 2004 TRB SHOWING COMPARABLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES FOR ACID AND POLYMER MODIFIED PAV RESIDUES 69

69 WHAT DO WE KNOW NOW? THE ISSUE OF MOISTURE SENSITIVITY 1. THIS IS A MIX PROBLEM AND SHOULD BE TREATED AS A MIX PROBLEM 2. THERE ARE COMPATIBLE ANTI-STRIPPING ADDITIVES AVAILABLE USE THEM WHEN NEEDED 1. FOR MANY AGGREGATES THE PPA APPEARS TO SERVE AS AN ANTI-STRIP 3. THE TOOLS ARE AVAILABLE TO PREVENT INCOMPATIBLE SYSTEMS FROM REACHING THE ROAD USE THEM 70

70 SOME FINAL COMMENTS 1. ACID MODIFICATION g POLYMER MODIFICATION 1. USE THE MIX ANALYSIS TOOLS WE HAVE TO DETERMINE WHERE AND WHEN POLYMER IS NEEDED 2. ACID MODIFICATION CAN FILL A NICHE WHEN SOME ADDITIONAL BINDER STIFFNESS IS NEEDED 2. ABOVE ALL ELSE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN AGENCY, SUPPLIER AND CONTRACTOR IS ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS 71

71 AND REMEMBER Errors using inadequate data are much less than those using no data at all Charles Babbage 72