PROTECTION OF OIL CASING TUBE STEEL VIA SURFACE TREATMENT IN CHINA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

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1 Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2013) (5 pages) c World Scienti c Publishing Company DOI: /S X PROTECTION OF OIL CASING TUBE STEEL VIA SURFACE TREATMENT IN CHINA: A LITERATURE REVIEW Surf. Rev. Lett Downloaded from JIAOJUAN ZOU, NAIMING LIN, LIN QIN and BIN TANG* Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan , P. R. China *Tangbin6405@sina.com FAQIN XIE School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an , P. R. China Received 19 January 2013 Accepted 23 January 2013 Published 2 April 2013 Oil casing tube is the foundation member of an oil well and it plays an important role in oil exploration and exploitation. The oil casing tubes are prone to failure induced by corrosion and wear during applications. Based on the fact that the damages caused by corrosion and wear are rst generated on the of oil casing tube, adopting an appropriate treatment technology would be a promising approach to protect itself from deterioration. Surface treatments can fabricate protective layers with di erent composition or structure from the substrate. This paper reviewed the existing literatures about the protection of oil casing tube steel via treatment in China. Keywords: Protection; oil casing tube; steel; treatment. 1. General Background Sustainable economic growth around the world has resulted in too great a consumption of oil/gas and other resources over the last decades. 1,2 In order to safeguard the oil/gas supply and ensure the global energy security, far more oil/gas wells should be exploited. 1,2 In the oil and gas exploration eld, the petroleum tube which spends one-third of the entire oil well development cost is an important structural member of an oil/gas well, and the oil casing tube occupies 73 76% of the total petroleum tube consumption. 1,2 Oil casing tubes are prone to deterioration and failure when they are operated under the complex and adverse work conditions in oil/gas wells. 3 It has been reported that oil casing tube directly in uences the service time of oil well, meanwhile, the oil well would determine the oil eld lifetime. 1,2 The open hole completion and well bore structure are shown in Fig. 1. The internal and external corrosion must be taken into account in the actual operation of an oil casing tube. 4 Until now, based on the studies about corrosion mechanism, corrosion characteristic and corrosion * Corresponding author

J. Zou et al. Surface treatment Corrosion resistant alloy tube Corrosion Cathode protection Injection of inhibitor Fig. 1. Drawing of open hole completion and well bore structural.

2 J. Zou et al. Surface treatment Corrosion resistant alloy tube Corrosion Cathode protection Injection of inhibitor Fig. 1. Drawing of open hole completion and well bore structural. in uencing factors of petroleum tubing, corrosion protective methods such as adoption of anticorrosion alloy tubes, inhibitor injection, cathode protection and treatment have been proposed (Fig. 2). 5 However, the total amount of noble metallic elements in the integral anticorrosion alloy tube is quite high, which can, in turn, increase the petroleum production cost. The methods of inhibitor injection or cathode protection are limited because of their own working mechanisms. Normally, oil casing tube also experiences severe wear and erosion whose destructive e ect is not inferior to corrosion. 6 Therefore, the treatments could be considered as promising candidates for protecting the oil casing tube steel in oil/gas production. Most types of material degradation such as wear, corrosion and fracture are usually located at the of a component. 7 Meanwhile, it has been well accepted that failure of material in engineering is mainly determined by the properties of the material rather than by bulk properties, and treatment is an attractive method to solve the aforementioned problems. 8,9 Surface treatment would be of great interest as it would aim to arrive at a compromise between the cost and the performance with further properties to prevent or reduce the wastage of materials. 10 Many researchers have concentrated on improving the properties of plain carbon steel oil casing tube by treatment in order to satisfy the requirements of operations for petroleum production. In this paper, the protection of oil casing tube steel via treatment in China was reviewed. 2. Surface Treatments At present, three types of treatments have been successfully applied in the protection of oil casing steel (Fig. 3), which can be classi ed into: covering, alloying and laser treatment. They have been reviewed in detail from Secs As J55, N80 and P110 are the most widely applied materials for oil casing tubes, the review of treatments is mainly centered on them Surface covering Up to now, covering is the most widely used method to protect the oil casing tube. The protective e ects of the covering on the oil casing tubes covering alloying laser treatment Fig. 2. Drawing of open hole completion and well bore structural. Fig. 3. Surface treatments applied in the protection of oil casing steel

3 are attributed to their mechanical isolation or/and desirable performance of the formed coatings. Li prepared an Ni P coating, a Zn Ni coating and an Ni Cr Fe Ta Mo Ti alloy coating on the of an N80 oil casing tube steel using electroless plating, electroplating, and thermal spraying, respectively. 11 The mentioned coatings indicated better corrosion resistance than the N80 oil casing tube steel substrate in a CO 2 high-pressure and high-temperature corrosion tests. By performing electroless plating, Ye obtained an Ni P coating on the J55 oil casing tube steel substrate. The Ni P coating signi cantly improved the corrosion resistance of the substrate. 12 You investigated an Ni Fe P composite coating on the P110 oil casing tube steel fabricated by electroless plating technology. The Ni Fe P composite coating showed excellent CO 2 corrosion resistance over the range MPa at C in reaction kettle. 13 Hu used electroplating to form an Ni Cr alloy coating on N80 oil casing tube steel. 14 The corrosion tests results suggested that the Ni Cr alloy coating showed corrosion property than that of the N80 oil casing tube steel. Sun prepared an Ni Cr Mo Fe Cu Co multi-element coating on the of an N80 oil casing tube steel using supersonic plasma spraying technology where it was found that the coating prepared exhibited promising corrosion resistance in the CO 2 environment. 15 Long synthesized at W-base amorphous alloy coating on an P110 oil casing tube steel by electroplating and the corrosion resistance of this coating in the CO 2 environment was also estimated. The results showed that the amorphous alloy coated sample possessed better corrosion resistance. 16 Wang produced Cu coating and Ni P coating on an P110 oil casing tube steel by electroplating and electroless plating, respectively. These two kinds of coatings signi cantly improved the tribological performance of P110 steel. 17 Lin deposited an Ni-base alloy coating on P110 oil casing tube steel via electro spark deposition. The obtained coating was continuous and compact and showed higher wear and corrosion resistance in comparison with the P110 substrate. 18,19 Except for the metallic coating, organic coatings have been applied in protecting oil casing tube steel due to its advantages of compactness, good fusibility, excellent overall adhesion and corrosion resistance, as well as easy construction. Zhang developed high-performance mesoporous silica (MPS) coating Protection of Oil Casing Tube Steel via Surface Treatment in China based on an organic polymer. The coating had good comprehensive strength properties and could resist harsh environmental conditions. Moreover, it exhibited improved H 2 S corrosion resistance and scale inhibition. 20 A layer of wear/corrosion-resistant organic coating on the of the J55 oil casing tube steel was produced by Wang. 21 Meanwhile, the friction and wear behaviors of the bare and coated oil casing tube steel were compared. It was suggested that the wear resistance of the coated J55 oil casing tube was ve times higher than that of the uncoated J55 sample. Liu prepared a wear-resistant coating composed of silicon carbide, composite nylon, epoxy and polymer Surface alloying Generally, alloying of metallic materials can be achieved by thermal di usion, laser radiation, and plasma bombardment. 23 However in this section, the emphasis was mainly on thermal di usion type alloying with metallic and nonmetallic elements. Li prepared an Al Zn Si alloy coating on an N80 oil casing tube steel via hot-dip technology, and the corrosion resistance of the N80 oil casing tube steel was enhanced. 11 Jiang studied the e ect of hot-dip Al coating on the corrosion resistance of the N80 oil casing tube steel. The results indicated that the obtained Al coating which consisted of a pure aluminum layer and an Fe Al intermetallic compound layer showed better corrosion resistance as compared with raw N80 steel. 24 Wang conducted mechanical energy aided aluminizing of the N80 oil casing tube steel. This technology maintained the basic mechanical properties of the substrate and enhanced its corrosion resistance. 25 Huang rst processed an N80 oil casing tube steel by the mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) and then aluminized the SMAT-treated sample via pack cementation. Both the duplex-treated and aluminized N80 oil casing tube steel showed excellent corrosion resistance. The SMAT/aluminizing duplex treatment had provided a coating with much higher thickness value for N80 steel than the one-step aluminizing treatment Lin produced chromizing coating on P110 oil casing tube steel by pack cementation. The obtained coating indicated promising wear resistance; good anticorrosion property and high erosion-resistant behavior in a series of tests Zhong also prepared chromaluminizing coating on the

4 J. Zou et al. P110 oil casing tube steel via pack cementation. This co-di usion coating showed good anti-wear property and corrosion resistance. 35 Ye et al., Bi et al. and Sun produced nitriding layers on J55 oil casing tube steels and had obtained promising corrosion resistance on the s Li treated N80 oil casing tube steels by nitrding and quench-polish-quench (QPQ) process, respectively. He found that the corrosion resistance of the tested samples could be sorted in the following sequence: bare N80 oil casing tube steel < nitriding layer < QPQ treated sample. 39 Wang prepared C N O S and C N O Cr di usion layers to improve the corrosion resistance of an N80 oil casing tube steel and the results were satis ed. 40,41 An et al. studied the in uences of boronizing on the mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance of an N80 oil casing tube steel. The results showed that the boronizing layer was composed of FeB and F 2 B. This layer exhibited high hardness, good wear and corrosion resistance. 42, Laser treatment Owing to its advantages of precise control of processing, the ability to selectively process speci c areas of a component and the ability to process complex parts, laser beams have been extensively applied in the treatment of many kinds of metallic materials. 44 In practice, laser hardening, laser cladding, and laser remelting have been conducted to treat the oil casing tube steel. Wang strengthened the s of J55 oil casing tube steels via laser hardening. The treatment signi cantly improved the hardness values which were achieved by re ning the microstructure in the near of the above material. 45 Zhang modi ed the inner wall of the N80 steel oil casing tube by laser phase transformation and a promising abrasion resistance was obtained. 46 Niu preset Ni Cr Ti B 4 C alloy powder onto the of an N80 steel oil casing tube and then produced an alloying layer by laser cladding. The obtained alloying layer was mainly composed of Ti and TiB 2 particles and -(Fe, Ni, Cr) solid solution. As expected, the alloying layer exhibited higher hardness and corrosion resistance than those of the substrate. 47 Cheng also prepared a corrosion-resistant alloy coating on N80 steel oil casing tube via laser cladding, while the preset alloy powder contained the elements of Ni, Cr, Ti and C. 48 Through laser cladding, Xing produced an alloy coating on N80 steel oil casing tube with the alloy powder of Ni, Cr, Ti and graphite. 49 Li treated the interior wall of an N80 steel oil casing tube by laser spiral remelting to form a high hardness, martensitic, structure in the melt-zone. After treatment by laser spiral melting, both the wear and corrosion resistance of N80 steel on the were signi cantly enhanced Summary As an important and necessary structural member of an oil/gas well, the oil casing tube has a signi cant e ect on the security and reliability in the exploitation of oil and gas resources. Viewed from this paper, the protections of oil casing tube via treatment, including covering, alloying and laser treatment have been proved to be e ective and convenient. However, with the rapid increase in demand of oil and gas, many oil companies are going to develop the oil/gas wells under harsher conditions, and the existing basic approaches may be unsuitable or ine ective. Thus, developing new treatment technologies/equipments and adopting composite technology of the current technologies are needed. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No , the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No. 2012M520604, the Key Technologies R&D Program of Shanxi Province under Grant No , the Youth Foundation of Taiyuan University of Technology under Grant No. 2012L050 and the Foundation for Talents Introduction of Taiyuan University of Technology under Grant No. tyut-rc201157a. References 1. H. L. Li, Y. P. Zhang and L. H. Han, Steel Pipe 36 (2007) H. L. Li, Y. P. Zhang and L. H. Han, Steel Pipe 37 (2008)

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