Asphalt. Stone Matrix. Theory and Practice. Krzysztof Btazejowski. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

Transcription

1 Stone Matrix Asphalt Theory and Practice Krzysztof Btazejowski CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Rnton London New York CRC Press is an imprint ol the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

2 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Foreword Acknowledgmen ts x Author Some Words on Terminology xv xxv XXIX xxi xxxi" xxxv Chapter 1 The Concept of Stone Matrix Asphalt A Brief History From Germany to...or SMA All Over the World Strengths and Weaknesses of SMA Differences in SMAs around the World Content of SMA 6 Chapter 2 Skeleton of Coarse Aggregates Definition of an SMA Aggregate Skeleton Formation of a Coarse Aggregate Skeleton Gap Gradation Definition of an SMA Skeleton According to the Original German Method Definition of an SMA Skeleton with Other Methods Comments on the Presented Methods Among the Skeleton Grains Summary 20 Chapter3 Mastic Fine Aggregate Filler Concept of Specific Area Idea of Voids in Dry-Compacted Filler Mortar F:B Index Review of Materials Applied as Fillers Commercially Produced Fillers (Added Fillers) Fly Ashes Hydrated Lime Baghouse Fines from Asphalt Plants Fillers: Re'sume 30 v

3 vi Contents 3.3 Binder Types of Applied Binders Selection of a Binder Summary 32 Chapter 4 Stabilizers (Drainage Inhibitors) The Draindown Effect Stabilizers (Drainage Inhibitors) Binder-Absorbing Additives Loose Cellulose Fibers Pelletized Loose Fibers Granulated Fibers Granulated Cellulose Fibers with Additives Packing and Delivery Forms Summary Binder Viscosity Promoters Proper Selection of the Amount of a Stabilizer in a Mix Testing Methods for Stabilizers Stabilizer Test Results Binder Draindown Testing Summary 46 Chapter 5 Requirements for SMA Materials Requirements for Aggregates Requirements According to European Standard EN United States Requirements for Binders Requirements According to European Standards United States Requirements for Stabilizers Germany United States Finland Reclaimed Asphalt Other Materials Natural Asphalt Artificial Slag Aggregates 71 Chapter 6 Designing SMA Composition Selecting SMA Gradation and Size In Which Course? What Thickness of a Course? 74

4 Contents vii Traffic Loading and Location According to the European Standard EN General rules Original Zichner's Proportions rule Binary Systems Designing an Aggregate Mix by Applying Gradation Limits Designing a Gradation Curve Designing the Aggregate Mix Larger than 2 mm Part I: Coarse Aggregate Content Part II: Gradation within the Coarse Aggregate Fraction Part III: Shape of Particles of the Coarse Aggregate Fraction Part IV: Impact of the Grains' Density Laboratory Example Designing an Aggregate Mix Less than 2 mm Content of the Fine Aggregate Fraction Filler Content Designing a Binder Content Requirements for an SMA Mixture Design Summary 102 Chapter 7 Overview of SMA Design Methods German Method Description of the Method Volumetric Parameters Comments U.S. Method Stage 1: Selecting an Aggregate Stage 2: Selecting a Gradation Curve Stage 3: Determining Air Voids in a Compacted Coarse Aggregate Ill Dry-Rodded Method Ill Stage 4: Determining an Initial Content of Binder Stage 5: Testing an Aggregate Mix and an Asphalt Mixture Stage 6: Selecting an Aggregate Mix Stage 7: Selecting an Optimum Content of Binder 117

5 viii Contents 7.3 Czech Method General Principles Design Method Summary Dutch Method General Principles and Some Theory Coarse-Aggregate Skeleton Fine Aggregate and Filler Binder and Stabilizer (Drainage Inhibitor) Practical Guidelines for Design SMA Constituents Designing an Asphalt Mixture Preparation of Samples Design Method Application of the Method during Production Control Summary of the Method Other Methods of Design Dilation Point Method Irish Method Bailey's Method Method of Successive Iterations 134 Chapter 8 Analyses and Laboratory Tests Preparing Samples in a Laboratory Preparing Samples with the Use of the Marshall Hammer Preparing Samples with the Use of a Gyratory Compactor Visual Assessment of Laboratory Samples Preparing Samples with a Granulated Stabilizer Draindown Testing Original Schellenberg's Method Method after AASHTO T Methods after EN Summary and Comments on Draindown Testing Filler Tests Tests of Specific Surface with the Use of Blaine's Method Determination of Compacted Filler Air Voids after Rigden's and Rigden-Anderson's Methods Rigden's Method after EN

6 Contents x Ridgen's Method Modified by Anderson Comparison of Methods Tests of Filler Stiffening Properties Method of a Softening Point Difference Method for Testing the Increase in Mortar Viscosity Other Factors and Filler Tests German Filler Test 148 Chapter 9 The Production of SMA Requirements for the Organization of an Asphalt Mixing Plant Practical Considerations of the SMA Production Process Production Process SMA Production Temperature Mixing: Basic Information Sequence of Mixing Constituents in a Batch Asphalt Plant Mixing SMA with a Granulated Stabilizer Mixing SMA with a Loose Stabilizer Other Patterns of Batching Constituents in a Batch Plant Production of SMA in a Drum-Mix Plant Fluctuations in Batching of Components Systems of Batching Stabilizers Storing the Ready-Made SMA Mixture in a Silo SMA Mixture Production Control Control according to the German Document ZTV Asphalt-StB Control according to U.S. Documents Factory Production Control after EN Other Examples of Production Control Problems and Tips 163 Chapter 10 Transport and Laydown of the SMA Mixture Transport of the Mixture to a Laydown Site Loading a Truck Transport 166

7 X Contents Discharging Other Techniques for Discharging Mixture Laydown Conditions Minimum Temperature of Air and Underlying Layer Underlying Layer's Maximum Temperature Wind and Rain Surface Preparation Bonding Layer (Tack Coat) Preparing Pavement Facilities Preparing Edges of the Courses Placement of a Mixture Layer Thickness Mixture Temperature during Compaction Mechanical Spreading Paver Other Remarks Manual Placement Compaction Types and Number of Rollers Types of Rollers The Number of Rollers Operating Rollers General Rules Sequence Speed of the Rollers Number of Roller Passes Time Available for Compaction Final Remarks Placement of SMA in Kompaktasphalt Technique Testing the Finished Layer Air Voids in a Compacted SMA Layer Compaction Factor Compaction Factor as a Quotient of Bulk Densities Compaction Factor as a Quotient of the Bulk and Maximum Densities Macrotexture Nuclear Gauge Density Measurements Finishing the Layer Gritting Gritting Materials Gritting Execution Edge Sealing Opening to Traffic 193

8 Contents xl Chapter 11 Problems Longitudinal Fat Spots of Binder Longitudinal Fat Spots of Mastic (Segregation) Fat Spots of Mastic with Segregation Fat Spots of Mastic without Segregation Small Circular Fat Spots Stabilizer Lumps Too Closed SMA Structure Too Porous SMA Structure SMA Seepage and Permeability to Water Problems Related to Temperature and Laying Techniques Problems of Manufacture and Transportation Mixture Production in an Asphalt Plant Transport of a Mixture to the Working Site Construction-Related Problems Paver-Made Streaks Paver Standstills Continuous Porosity by the Edge Longitudinal Porosity behind the Center of the Paver Longitudinal Porosity (off Center) Porosity in Other Distinctive Places Spot Porosity Transverse Porosity Cracking of SMA Course When Rolling Unevenness or Irregularities Summary Squeezed-Out Mastic in Wheel Paths SMA Susceptibility to Polishing Overdosage of an Antistrip Additive 216 Chapter 12 Characteristics of the SMA Course Rutting Resistance The Impact of Mixture Parameters Creep Tests Triaxial Dynamic Compression Test Wheel-Tracking Test Asphalt Pavement Analyzer Test Results Crack Resistance Low Temperature Cracking Reflective Cracking 223

9 icji Contents Test Methods for Crack Resistance Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test Method Test Results Fatigue Life Test Methods Test Results Workability Comparability Definitions and Test Methods Results of SMA Compactability Tests SMA Compaction Enhancing Agents Antinoise Properties Test Results Antiskid Properties Test Results Durability: Water and Frost Resistance AASHTO T 283 Method EN Method Nonstandardized Methods Test Results Antispray and Light Reflection Properties Permeability Test Results Fuel Consumption Economical Effectiveness 238 Chapter 13 Special Applications of SMA Airfield Pavements Requirements for Airfield Pavements Pros and Cons of SMA for Airfields Airport in Frankfurt on the Main Gardermoen Airport in Oslo Johannesburg Airport SMA on Bridge Deck Structures Examples of SMA Pavements on Bridges Bridge in Roosteren, the Netherlands West Bridge on the Great Belt Link, Denmark Bridge in Plock, Poland Bridge in Wroclaw, Poland Thin SMA Courses 246

10 Contents xi" 13.4 Atypical SMAs SMA in an Intermediate Course Low Noise SMA Kjellbase Colored SMA 252 Chapter 14 European Standards Concerning SMA The European Standard EN Definitions Identification of an SMA Mixture Requirements for Constituent Materials Binders Road Binder Polymer Modified Binder Natural Asphalts Aggregates Reclaimed Asphalt Additives Requirements for an SMA Mix Gradation Binder Content Homogeneity and Quality of Coating with Binder Void Content Preparation of Samples Determination of the Void Content Voids Filled with Binder Binder Draindown Water Sensitivity Resistance to Abrasion by Studded Tires Resistance to Permanent Deformation Selection of Device and Test Parameters according to EN Categories of Requirements according to EN Additional Conditions for Preparing Samples Reaction to Fire Resistance to Fuel on Airfields Resistance to Deicing Fluids for Application on Airfields Temperatures of Asphalt Mixtures Evaluation of Conformity 268

11 xiv Contents 14.8 Factory Production Control EN Levels of Requirements General Guidelines for a Control System of Production Homogeneity Control of Compliance with an SMA Mix Recipe Determination of the Operating Compliance Level Start in Control Analysis of Mixture Composition Selection of a Method for Estimation of Extraction Results Determination of Compliance of a Tested Sample with a Recipe Reaching the OCL Assessment Control of Production Variability Additional Tests of Asphalt Mixture Characteristics Examples of Requirements 277 Afterword 279 References 281 Index 295